EDITORIAL FOR IPPA BULLETIN 29, 2009
Peter Bellwood
School of Archaeology and Anthropology, Australian National University, Canberra ACT 0200, Australia.
Email: peter.bellwood@anu.edu.au
HANOI CONFERENCE DECEMBER 2009
At the date of printing (January 2010), this conference is
already over. It was a great success with around 600
delegates in attendance. For full details go to the IPPA
website at
http://arts.anu.edu.au/arcworld/ippa/19thcongress.htm,
and see also the announcements page at
http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/.
The program for the conference, that also lists sponsors, is
printed at the end of this Bulletin. Delegates who visited
the Ba Dinh site on the mid-week conference tour will be
interested to read the article by Dinh et al. in this issue.
GRANUCCI FUND WINNERS FOR 2008
Sofwan Noerwidi of the Center for Archaeological
Research, Yogyakarta (Jl. Gedongkuning 174, Yogya-
karta) was granted funds for archaeological research at the
site complex of Kendenglembu in East Java. A full report
on this research by Sofwan is included in this issue of
BIPPA.
Nuno Vasco Oliveira from the office of the Secretary
of State for Culture, Ministry of Culture, Timor Leste,
was granted funds for “Documenting archaeological sites
in Timor-Leste – a first systematic approach”. Nuno’s
description of the project runs as follows:
There is as yet no East Timorese trained archaeologist,
nor any graduate studies in archaeology in Timor-Leste.
This project aims at training local staff of the National
Directorate for Culture (Direcção Nacional de Cultura,
DNC), under the Secretary of State for Culture (SEC) of
the República Democrática de Timor-Leste (RDTL), in
documenting archaeological sites in the country. The
DNC staff is part of the future National Museum of
Timor-Leste and has had previous training in museum
collections management provided by the Museum and Art
Gallery of the Northern Territory (MAGNT). MAGNT
has also provided the DNC with a database to manage its
museum collection which will now be extended to include
all archaeological sites in Timor-Leste. The National
Museum will act as a repository for archaeological collec-
tions and associated research resulting from excavations
or works undertaken in Timor-Leste. Therefore, training
of local staff to document archaeological sites and man-
age them at a national level is a fundamental first step in
order to create an institutional archaeological framework
that will enable protecting the country’s existing heritage
IPPA BULLETIN 29, 2009: 1
and raise awareness for the need to develop graduate
studies in this area.
Archaeological work in Timor-Leste was initiated in
the 1930s by Alfred Bühler, and later continued by a team
led by the Portuguese anthropologist António de Almeida
who recorded and excavated several archaeological sites
in the former Portuguese colony. Between 1975 and 1999
little archaeological research was undertaken, and none
resulted in any known publications in English. Since the
1999 referendum, which ultimately led to Independence
in May 2002, Timor-Leste has seen archaeological work
resumed. The East Timor Archaeological Project (ETAP),
a joint project between the Australian National University
(ANU) and James Cook University (JCU), has been
recording archaeological sites in Timor-Leste since 2000.
One of its members, Sue O’Connor, has continued field-
work in the country and many more sites have since been
recorded, ranging from aceramic shell middens to caves
and rock shelters, some of them with evidence of rock
paintings. Additional archaeological fieldwork in Timor-
Leste included the work undertaken by Peter Lape and
some of his graduate students from the University of
Washington (UW), who carried out research survey and
excavations in several sites in the eastern part of the
country. Much of these works have recently been pub-
lished and it is expected that lists of sites will soon be
provided by these archaeologists, to be incorporated
within the national database of archaeological sites in
Timor-Leste.
GRANUCCI ANNOUNCEMENT
There will be no Granucci awards for 2009 since the
available funding will be used to enable delegates from
Indonesia and Timor-Leste to attend the IPPA conference
in Hanoi.
THE ONLINE IPPA BULLETIN
The IPPA Bulletin is now edited by Ben Marwick and
Peter Lape at the University of Washington, Seattle, and
future issues will be published online at
https://digital.lib.washington.edu/ojs/index.php/BIPPA/.
Ben and Peter also have an IPPA email account at
bippa@uw.edu. Hopefully, many of you who attended the
Hanoi conference will submit your papers for future
issues. The ANU website for BIPPA and
ippa@anu.edu.au will be kept open until further notice.
http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/

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Announcements

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BIPPA 29 is being put online More...

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IPPA conference and membership matters: 19TH CONGRESS OF

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Information about the 19th IPPA conference, to be held in Hanoi in
December 2009. More...

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Vol 29 (2009)

Table of Contents

IPPA BULLETIN 29, 2009: 1 EDITORIAL FOR IPPA PDF

BULLETIN 29, 2009
Peter Bellwood 1
MISSING TYPES: OVERCOMING THE TYPOLOGY PDF
DILEMMA OF LITHIC ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTHEAST
ASIA.
Miriam Haidle, Alfred Pawlik 2-5
IS THE FUNCTIONAL APPROACH HELPFUL TO Abstract PDF
OVERCOME THE TYPOLOGY DILEMMA OF LITHIC
ARCHAEOLOGY IN SOUTHEAST ASIA?
Alfred Pawlik 6-14
SHOULDERED ADZES, BIFACES, AND CHERT PRISMS: A Abstract PDF
CHARACTERIZATION OF MIMOTIEN STONE TOOL
ASSEMBLAGES FROM LATER CAMBODIAN
PREHISTORY
Miriam Haidle 15-20
A TYPO-TECHNOLOGICAL DEFINITION OF TABONIAN Abstract PDF
INDUSTRIES
Elise Patole-Edoumba 21-25
ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESEARCH AT KENDENG LEMBU, Abstract PDF
EAST JAVA, INDONESIA
Sofwan Noerwidi 26-32
LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE COASTAL AND Abstract PDF
INLAND INTERACTION IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST,
YOGYAKARTA
J. Susetyo Edy Yuwono 33-44
THE SITES OF GUA PASAUNG (RAMMANG-RAMMANG) Abstract PDF
AND MALLAWA: INDICATORS OF CULTURAL CONTACT
BETWEEN THE TOALIAN AND NEOLITHIC COMPLEXES
IN SOUTH SULAWESI
Budianto Hakim, Muhammad Nur, Rustam 45-52
ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES IN BA BE NATIONAL PARK. Abstract PDF
Nang Chung Trinh 53-55
GEOARCHAEOLOGY OF THE MARITIME REGION IN Abstract PDF
NORTHEAST VIETNAM
Nguyen Quang Mien, Tran Trong Ha 56-60
SA HUYNH REGIONAL AND INTER-REGIONAL Abstract PDF
INTERACTIONS IN THE THU BON VALLEY, QUANG NAM
PROVINCE, CENTRAL VIETNAM
Lam Thi My Dzung 68-75
AN AUSTRONESIAN PRESENCE IN SOUTHERN JAPAN: Abstract PDF
EARLY OCCUPATION IN THE YAEYAMA ISLANDS.
Glenn R. Summerhayes, Atholl Anderson 76-91
CONSERVING THE PAST THROUGH PLAY: Abstract PDF
EDUCATIONAL GAMING AND ANTI-LOOTING
OUTREACH IN CAMBODIA
Damien Huffer 92-101
http://ejournal.anu.edu.au/index.php/bippa/
Home > Vol 29 (2009) > Yuwono

LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE COASTAL AND INLAND

INTERACTION IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA

J. Susetyo Edy Yuwono

Abstract

The Gunung Sewu karst in the Southern Mountains of

Java Island has specific characteristics from a geoarchaeological
viewpoint. Cross disciplinary approaches
utilising Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and
geographical and geological information, are very useful
for examining correlations between site distributions and
geophysical processes. The geographical and geological
aspects of the region contribute information for understanding
prehistoric interactions between coastal and
inland communities. GIS technology was applied in an
examination of terrain, the karst landscape, and the
distributions of cave sites.

Full Text: PDF

LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE COASTAL AND INLAND INTERACTION
IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA
J. Susetyo Edy Yuwono
Jurusan Arkeologi, Fakultas Ilmu Budaya, Gadjah Mada University, Yogyakarta 55281, Indonesia
Email: setyoedy@yahoo.com
Key words: Java archaeology, karst, Landsat imagery, GIS, cave archaeology.
Translated by Anggraeni and Peter Bellwood
ABSTRACT
The Gunung Sewu karst in the Southern Mountains of
Java Island has specific characteristics from a geoar-
chaeological viewpoint. Cross disciplinary approaches
utilising Geographic Information Systems (GIS), and
geographical and geological information, are very useful
for examining correlations between site distributions and
geophysical processes. The geographical and geological
aspects of the region contribute information for under-
standing prehistoric interactions between coastal and
inland communities. GIS technology was applied in an
examination of terrain, the karst landscape, and the
distributions of cave sites.
INTRODUCTION
Gunung Sewu is a karst region which covers three kabu-
paten in three provinces; Kabupaten Gunungkidul
(Yogyakarta), Kabupaten Wonogiri (Central Java) and
Kabupaten Pacitan (East Java). It runs for 80 km along
the southern coast of Java from Parangtritis in the west to
Pacitan Bay in the east. The karst extends inland for about
30 km to the north between two depressions, the Wono-
sari Basin in the west and the Baturetno Basin in the east
(Pannekoek 1949; van Bemmelen 1970; Yuwono 2006)
(Fig. 1).
The southern edge of the karst region is dominated by
coastal cliffs and bays. Inland, the karst is characterised
by conical hills with polygonal dolines and a labyrinthine
network of dry valleys. Some depressions are wet all year,
but others contain wet season lakes only. Otherwise, most
of the water flow in the region is sub-surface, and apart
from the dolines the karst is rather barren and without
surface water.
On the other hand, the Miocene limestones of the
Wonosari Formation (Mark 1961; Bemmelen 1970)
contain large numbers of phreatic caves and rock shelters
suitable for prehistoric occupation. More than 100 cave
sites have been recorded, but few have been excavated
(Simanjuntak 2002; Yuwono 2002). Tanudirjo et al.
(2003) located more than 40 caves during a survey of
Kecamatan Tanjungsari, 22 recognised as archaeological
sites.
However, interaction patterns among the cave com-
IPPA BULLETIN 29, 2009: 33-44
munities during the prehistoric period have not as yet
been studied. Therefore, this research aims to:
1. expand the survey into the western part of Gunung
Sewu (Kabupaten Gunungkidul);
2. study the distribution patterns of caves in the context
of the Gunung Sewu landscape;
3. recover archaeological data through excavation for
investigating prehistoric interaction between coastal
and inland region.
RESEARCH STRATEGY
The research comprised interpretation of maps and
Landsat imagery, surface survey, and excavation. The
research area consists of the western part of Gunung
Sewu, especially Tanjungsari and the adjacent area of
Kabupaten Gunungkidul, Yogyakarta Province (Fig. 2).
The surface survey was based on a 1:25.000 Rupa
Bumi Indonesia (RBI) digital map, Shuttle Radar Topog-
raphic Mission (SRTM) imagery made in 2005, and on
data from Landsat ETM band 457 (30 m resolution
(Yuwono 2004). The occupational suitability of a cave
was determined by factors such as the size and capacity of
the chamber (Yuwono 2006).
The survey produced 22 caves with archaeological po-
tential, 20 without. Most of the caves at Tanjungsari were
located in 2003, while those at Semanu and in the eastern
part of Tanjungsari were surveyed in this research (Table
1, at end of paper). Excavations were carried out in Song
Jrebeng in the coastal area and at Song Tritis further
inland (Fig. 2). Song Jrebeng had the richest surface finds
amongst the coastal cave sites, while Song Tritis was
chosen based on its morphology. Excavations at Song
Jrebeng and Song Tritis were undertaken in July and
August 2006. Two test pits were excavated in each cave
(TP 1 and TP 2). The excavation at Song Jrebeng was
about 60 cm deep, at Song Tritis about 1 m.
RESULTS OF THE RESEARCH
Song Jrebeng (Fig. 3)
Song Jrebeng is a rockshelter 85 m above sea level near
Pantai Kukup, Kabupaten Gunungkidul. It is about 23 m
wide and 5 m high, and faces south to Pantai Kukup,
 YUWONO: LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA

Figure 1. The Gunung Sewu region based on an SRTM image, 2005 (Source: Samodra 2006).

Figure 2. Research area: Tanjungsari and surrounding regions (Source: RBI map and Landsat imagery ETM band 457).

34
 BULLETIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION 29, 2009

Figure 3. Plan of Song Jrebeng and locations of testpits.

Figure 4a. Kukup coastal landscape from Song Jrebeng. Figure 4b. Kukup coastal landscape from Song Jrebeng.

which lies about 700 m away (Fig. 4). The chamber is
about 8 m deep. The cave is situated in a steep hill side
(550) about 50 m above the valley floor, and is quite
difficult to reach (Fig. 5). However, compared to the other
caves in the region, its archaeological potential was
considered to be the highest. The cave floor is dry and
loose sediment, with occasional disturbances (Fig 6a, b).
Song Tritis
Song Tritis is situated at Desa Ngestirejo, Tanjungsari, 7
km northeast of Song Jrebeng (Fig. 2), at about 247 m
above sea level. This large rockshelter faces southeast. Its
mouth is 80 m wide, 5 m high, and the inner space is
about 20 m deep.

35
 YUWONO: LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA

Song Tritis is in one of several hills which encircle a

polygonal depression with a permanent lake called Telaga
Tritis (Figs 7a, 7b, 8). Compared to Song Jrebeng, this
cave is very easy to reach from an access road to the lake.
The existence of this access has disturbed the surface
finds.

Figure 7a. The location of Song Tritis.

Figure 5. The position of Song Jrebeng on a hill slope.

Figure 7b. The lake near Song Tritis.

Figure 6a. TP1 at Jrebeng (Photo: Taufiqurrahman S.)

Figure 8. TP1 at Tritis (Photo: Suhartono).

Most of the interior of Song Tritis is covered by lime-

stone boulders. Nevertheless, there was space for excava-
tion at the back (Fig. 9). The surface here is lower than
the cave mouth, so that rain water can enter the cave
Figure 6b. TP2 at Jrebeng (Photo: Taufiqurrahman S. along the dripline. The surface soil in the excavated area

36
 BULLETIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION 29, 2009

Figure 9. Plan of Song Tritis and locations of testpits.

Figure 10. Well preserved animal bones from Tritis (Photo: Figure 11. The bone cluster in Fig. 10, in situ in TP1 at Tritis
Suhartono). (Photo: Suhartono).

37
 YUWONO: LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA
Figure 12. Samples of labyrinth-conekarst in Gunung Sewu
(after Haryono & Day 2004)
Figure 13. Samples of residual conekarst in Gunung Sewu (after
Haryono & Day 2004)
of coarse sand, damp and dark brown in color. However,
the results of stratigraphic analysis and granulometry,
conducted by Eko Haryono in Laboratium Geografi
Tanah at Gadjah Mada University, suggest that the caves
would have been dry enough to support human occupa-
tion in the past.
The materials uncovered in the excavations were clas-
sified into organic (shell and non-shell) and non organic
materials (Table 2, at end of paper).
Taxonomic analysis undertaken in the Faculty of Bi-
ology at Gadjah Mada University showed similarities in
the species of animals exploited for consumption in the
two caves, but with significant differences in percentages.
The animal remains consist of species of Bos, Cervus,
Sus, Gallus, Macaca, Hystrix, Tragulus, Rattus, Capra,
Rhinoceros, Trionyx, Varanus and Geochelone, and
indeterminate specimens of Bovidae, Leporidae, Pongi-
dae, Vivveridae, Muridae, Rodentia, Testudinata and
Pisces. Bones dominated over shells in the inland cave of
Song Tritis (bout 84.45%) and the fragments were larger
than those from Song Jrebeng (Figs 10, 11). It seems that
these animals were butchered in or surrounding the cave.
On the other hand, shells were dominant in Song Jre-
beng (76.51% of organic materials). They can be divided
into four classes: Bivalvia (5 families), Echinoidea (1
family), Gastropoda (17 families) and Polyplacopora (1
family). Not all families found in the coastal site occurred
38
in the inland site (Table 3). The number of opercula found
at Song Jrebeng approached 3000, compared to only 4
from Song Tritis. Such differences are very significant.
Non-organic materials found in the two caves also
showed differences (Table 2). It is quite possible that
stone artefacts were not so important in the coastal site of
Song Jrebeng, where the most common artefacts were
bone awls and spatulae (56 specimens) and shell scrapers
(7 specimens).
INTERPRETATIONS FROM IMAGE AND SURFACE
SURVEYS
Song Jrebeng and Song Tritis represent coastal and inland
caves respectively. These two caves, about 7 km apart,
had similar finds but with differences in percentages.
Some other caves within the surveyed area also displayed
high archaeological potential (Table 1, at end of paper).
By overlaying a map of cave distribution and the re-
sults of three-dimensional analysis using data a Triangu-
lated Irregular Network (TIN), it can be seen that the
archaeological caves tend to form a linear pattern. The
dominant factor which influenced this was the dry valley
network, a most important component of a karst land-
scape. This pattern also channelled interaction between
coastal and inland communities.
The Gunung Sewu karts consists of two main forms; a
labyrinthine cone-karst with a dense rectilinear valley
pattern shown in Fig. 12, and a residual version of the
same shown in Fig. 13. The residual cone-karst is charac-
terised by isolated hills separated by plains (Haryono and
Day 2004). The valleys allowed movement between
coastal and inland areas, to as far inland as the Wonosari
Basin to the north of Gunung Sewu. This basin contained
a swamp during the Late Pleistocene into the Middle
Holocene (Raharjo 2002). Four major corridors which
connected coastal areas and the Wonosari have been
located, based on the interpretation of Landsat imagery
and the TIN map.
1. The Sepanjang Corridor
This corridor runs from Sepanjang beach to the north,
connecting groups of coastal caves (Jrebeng, Porangan,
Watusigar, Gupak Warak, Ngleses, Ngringin, Watula-
wang and Bajak) with the inland caves (Gua Sumur,
Gunung Kubon and Biru) (Fig. 14).
2. The Bruno Corridor
This corridor runs from Krakal beach to the north, almost
parallel to the Sepanjang corridor. Many cave sites were
found along it, from Gua Bruno in the south through
Bledhek, Telaga Ciut, Nglibeng, Tritis, Ngorodowo,
Jurug, Kombo and Pacul Gowang in the north (Fig. 15).
3. The Sundak Corridor
This corridor links Gua Bruno and Gua Bawahan I (Fig.
16) and provided alternative access to the eastern caves in
the Semanu region. Other caves may be found along this
corridor, especially in the Tepus region.
BULLETIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION 29, 2009

Figure 14. The Sepanjang Corridor.

Figure 15. The Bruno Corridor.

39
YUWONO: LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA

Figure 16. The Sundak Corridor.

Figure 17. The Baron Corridor.

40
 BULLETIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION 29, 2009

Figure 18. The overall network of karst valleys and caves.

Figure 19. The distributions of archaeological and water-filled caves in the study area.

41
 YUWONO: LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA
4. The Baron Corridor
This most westerly corridor starts from Baron beach and
joins the Sepanjang corridor at Gunung Kubon. This
corridor might have been used by the inhabitants of
Sangobranti, Jrebeng, Porangan and Watusigar caves in
the coastal area, and Mandung, Gunung Kubon and
Sumur caves in the inland region (Fig. 17).
Figure 18 shows all the valley corridors in the re-
search area. This figure also indicates cross-links between
the Song Jrebeng and Tritis communities. The corridors
which may have been used were coastal-coastal, coastal-
inland, or on some occasions inland-inland.
The distribution of the Tanjungsari cave sites corre-
lates with other components of the Gunung Sewu karst, in
particular the large Bribin-Baron underground river
system. Many uninhabitable caves (gua air) such as
sinkholes and collapsed dolines, together with blind
valleys, also follow this underground system (Fig. 19).
Hydrological examination of the Bribin–Baron under-
ground river system undertaken by Soenarto (2004)
justifies these correlations between archaeological phe-
nomena and endokarstic structures (Yuwono 2006).
CONCLUSIONS
The linear distribution patterns of cave sites in the re-
search area suggest that prehistoric settlement in Gunung
Sewu was much influenced by terrain and other elements
of palaeo-landscape. Karstic valley corridors determined
the nature of interaction between communities within
different geographical regions. The excavations at Song
Jrebeng and Song Tritis showed that both sites shared
coastal and inland resources, but in different proportions.
Tanjungsari and adjacent areas form only a small re-
gion of the whole Gunung Sewu complex, and reveal
interesting geoarchaeological phenomena. Broader
research is still needed, and the location chosen for future
research is the Sundak Corridor, close to the former valley
of the Solo River.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Many thanks due to the Anthony F. Granucci Fund and
IPPA for funding and the opportunity to undertake the
research; to Daud Aris Tanudirjo for the valuable sugges-
tions and support; and to Eko Haryono for analysis of the
sediments from Song Tritis.
REFERENCES
Bemmelen, R. . van. 1970. The Geology of Indonesia. vol.
IA, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff.
Haryono, E. and M. Day. 2004. Landform differentiation
within the Gunung Kidul kegelkarst, Java, Indo-
42
nesia. Journal of Cave and Karst Studies: 66,
no. 2, pp. 62-69.
Pannekoek, A. . 1949. Outline of the geomorphology of
Java. TAG Th 1949, pp. 270-326. Leiden: E.J.
Brill.
Mark, P. 1961. Stratigraphic Lxicon of Indonesia.
Publikasi Keilmuan no. 31 Seri Geologi. Band-
ung, Kementrian Perekonomian Pusat Djawatan
Geologi.
Rahardjo, W. 2002. Paleogeografi daerah Pegunungan
Selatan Jawa Tengah selama Plestosen hingga
awal Holosen: Suatu tinjauan awal. Seminar
Gunungkidul dalam Visi Budaya dan Lingkun-
gan Purba. Yogyakarta, FIB UGM.
Samodra, H. 2006. Pembentukan lembah kering purba
kawasan karst: Contoh kasus Gunung Sewu. In
Maryanto I., Noerdjito M. and Ubaidillah R.
(eds). Manajemen Bioregional: Karst, Masalah
dan Pemecahannya, pp. 87-98 Puslit Biologi
LIPI.
Simanjuntak, T. (ed). 2002. Gunung Sewu in Prehistoric
Times. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University
Press.
Soenarto, B. 2004. Tinjauan dari aspek hidrologi kondisi
fisik daerah karst Bribin-Baron, Pendidikan dan
Pelatihan Scientific Karst Exploration Tingkat
Nasional, Bogor, Rasamala KPA Sylvalestari
dan Lawalata IPB.
Tanudirjo D., T. Prasodjo and Anggraeni. 2003. Potensi
gua-gua sebagai tempat hunian manusia prase-
jarah di Kecamatan Tanjungsari, Kabupaten
Gunungkidul, Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta. La-
poran Penelitian. Yogyakarta, Lembaga Peneli-
tian UGM.
Yuwono, J.S.E. 2002. Laporan hasil ekskavasi dan
analisis pendahuluan situs Song Bentar, Dusun
Bentar, Desa Kenteng, Kecamatan Ponjong.
Yogyakarta. PTKA Gunungkidul FIB UGM –
The Toyota Foundation.
Yuwono, J.S.E. 2004. Arkeologi karstik dan metode
penelusuran potensi kawasan: Introduksi tentang
model penerapannya di Gunung Sewu.
Pendidikan dan Pelatihan Scientific Karst
Exploration Tingkat Nasional. Bogor, Rasamala-
KPA Sylvalestari dan Lawalata IPB.
Yuwono, J.S.E. 2006. Perspektif geoarkeologi kawasan
karst: kasus Gunung Sewu. In Maryanto I.,
Noerdjito M. and Ubaidillah R. (eds).
Manajemen Bioregional: Karst, Masalah dan
Pemecahannya, pp. 181-203 Puslit Biologi LIPI.
 BULLETIN OF THE INDO-PACIFIC PREHISTORY ASSOCIATION 29, 2009

Table 1. The full list of Tanjungsari and Semanu cave sites.

NO CAVES KECAMATAN KABUPATEN ABSCISSA ORDINATE CATEGORY

1 Biru Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 454214 9109302 Potential
2 Sumur Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 452472 9109376 Potential
3 Gunung Kubon Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 452610 9109034 Potential
4 Mandung Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 451018 9105594 Potential
5 Sangobranti Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 449938 9101984 Potential
6 Kukup Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 450968 9101046 No Potential
7 Jrebeng Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 451313 9101652 Potential (excavated)
8 Porangan Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 451905 9102264 Potential
9 Watusigar Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 452200 9101782 Potential
10 Gupak Warak Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 452755 9101212 Potential
11 Watulawang Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 453398 9100526 Potential
12 Ngringin Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 453673 9100920 Potential
13 Ngleses Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 453874 9101070 Potential
14 Bajak' Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 454331 9100940 Potential
15 Gobyak Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 454592 9102904 No Potential
16 Bersole Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 455680 9104254 No Potential
17 Ngorodowo Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 455844 9106014 Potential
18 Sempu Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 454918 9106768 No Potential
19 Bowong Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 455344 9107306 No Potential
20 Bowong II Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 455533 9107454 No Potential
21 Pacul Gowang Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456215 9108344 Potential
22 Ngawat I Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456457 9109208 No Potential
23 Ngawat II Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456609 9109420 No Potential
24 Ngawat III Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456716 9109338 No Potential
25 Bodeh I Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456723 9110170 No Potential
26 Bodeh II Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456717 9110170 No Potential
27 Bawahan I Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 459612 9109846 Potential
28 Bawahan II Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 459608 9109944 No Potential
29 Cabe Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457077 9108532 No Potential
30 Kombo Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457597 9108290 Potential
31 Tabuhan Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457534 9108092 No Potential
32 Mblubuk Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457569 9108014 No Potential
33 Ngropah Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 458798 9107816 No Potential
34 Jurug Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456701 9107286 Potential
35 Tritis Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456961 9105674 Potential (excavated)
36 Tangkil Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456626 9104504 No Potential
37 Nglibeng Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457010 9104532 Potential
38 Telaga Ciut Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457786 9104292 Potential
39 Jurug Tileng Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 457529 9104038 No Potential
40 Bledhek Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 456680 9103198 Potential
41 Bruno Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 455868 9100812 Potential
42 Kirik Tanjungsari Gunungkidul 455863 9100752 No Potential
43 Jurug Semanu Gunungkidul 463371 9108366 Potential
44 Kolah Semanu Gunungkidul 463778 9108758 Potential
45 Ngotok Semanu Gunungkidul 463587 9110918 Potential
46 Plebengan Semanu Gunungkidul 462936 9110344 Potential
47 Sempon Semanu Gunungkidul 463948 9110544 Potential
48 Tlogo Sempon Semanu Gunungkidul 464339 9109844 Potential
49 Siyo1 Semanu Gunungkidul 464163 9109818 Potential
50 Siyo 2 Semanu Gunungkidul 464191 9109770 Potential
51 Siyo 2 Semanu Gunungkidul 464165 9109684 Potential
52 Putri Semanu Gunungkidul 461140 9109490 Potential

43
 YUWONO: LATE PLEISTOCENE TO MID-HOLOCENE IN THE GUNUNG SEWU KARST, YOGYAKARTA

Table 2. Find distributions at Song Jrebeng and Song Tritis.

CATEGORY OF FINDS SONG JREBENG SONG TRITIS

Number of specimens % Number of specimens %
Organic materials (non shell) 3,408 23.32 9,305 84.45
Organic materials (shell) 11,180 76.51 1,539 13.97
Non organic materials 22 0.15 175 1.59
Unidentified 3 0.02 0 0
Total 14,613 100.00 11,019 100.00

Table 3. Molluscan families recovered from Song Jrebeng and Song Tritis (analysed by Rury Eprilurahman, Faculty of Biology,
Gadjah Mada University).

CLASS FAMILY SONG JREBENG SONG TRITIS

1 Bivalvia Arcidae *
Mytillidae * *
Spondylidae *
Tridacnidae *
Veneridae * *
2 Echinoidea Echinidae *
3 Gastropoda Acmeidae * *
Buccinidae *
Cerithiidae * *
Clausiliidae * *
Cypraeidae * *
Fasciolariidae *
Fissurellidae *
Haliotidae *
Hiponicidae *
Muricidae * *
Neritidae * *
Patellidae *
Pleuroceridae * *
Tonnidae *
Trochidae *
Turbinidae * *
Viviparidae *
4 Polyplacopora Chitonidae * *

44