INTRODUCTION TO GEOMETRIC TOLERANCING Geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GD&T) is an international engineering language that is used on engineering drawings (blueprints) to describe product in three dimensions. GD&T uses a series of internationally recognized symbols rather than words to describe the product. These symbols are applied to the features of a part and provide a very concise and clear definition of design intent. GD&T is a very precise mathematical language that describes the form, orientation and location of part features in zones of tolerance. These zones of tolerance are then described relative to a Cartesian coordinate system. The GD&T sysiem has a strong mathematical base which is essential in today's computerized world. This international engineering language is similar to any other language such as French, German, Japanese or Spanish. There are certain grammar and punctuation rules that must be learned and practiced. This is especially important because we want to avoid the possibilty of slang creeping into the language. This slang could Possibly lead to misunderstandings or incorrect interpretations of the language. Like any language it takes a while to lear the GD&T system. People from various companies and backgrounds have various knowledge levels. People can apply and interpret the system on a scale of 1 to 10. There are some personnel that might be considered conversational, others can read it but not write it, and others might be experts. It takes time, practice and patience to thoroughly understand the system. In the lato 1990's a fellow by the name of Stanley Parker from the Royal Torpedo Factory in Scotland first realized that there were some problems using limit type tolerancing. He was one of the first people to devise the geomettic tolerancing system. The geometric tolerancing system has been updated, refined and expanded since that time and is now recognized world wide as the method to use in defining product. The latest American National Standards on the subject is the American National Standards Institute/American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME Y14.5M-1994 Dimensioning and Tolerancing and ASME Y14.5.1M-1994 Mathematical Definitions of Dimensioning and Tolerancing. In the international arena there is the International Standards Organization ISO 1101:1983 and other associated series of standards on the subject, The information in this book must be considered as advisory and is to be used at the Giscretion of the user. In some instances, figures show added detail for emphasis. In other instances, figures are incomplete by intent. Numerical values of dimensions and tolerances are illustrative only. Be sure to consult the above standards for additional specific information on the subject. BRB BB Be B= RP DRT 4 2 TTD Pe |AMERICAN NATIONAL AND INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS On the following pages are American National Standards and International Standards on the subject of dimensioning and tolerancing and product definition. The included list of standards is only a sample of the more common documents available. For a complete listing or catalog see the proper organization. z ISO (the“international Organization for Standardization) is a world wide federation of national standards institutes (ISO member bodies). The work of developing International Standards is carried out through ISO téchnical committees. The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) is the primary source and official sales agent for ISO standards in the United States. ANSI is also a source for American National Standards and national standards from other countries. American National Standards Institute 11 W. 42nd St. New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4953 or 642-4993 Additional sources for some American National Standards and other standards: i American Society of Mechanical Engineers 345 E. 47th St New York, NY 10017 (800) 843-2763 Society of Automotive Engineers 400 Warrendale Dr. Warrendale. PA 15096 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Service Center 445 Hoes Lane Piscataway, NJ 08854AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS RELATED TO PRODUCT DEFINITION AND DIMENSIONAL METROLOGY Yi4_ series of standards typically related to product definition ASME Y1.1-1989 ANSI Y14.1-1980 ASME Y14.2M-1992 ASME Y14.3-1993 ASME Y14.5M-1994 ASME Y14.5.1M-1994 ANSI Y14.6-1978 ANSI Y14.6aM-1981 ASME Y14.7.1-1971 ASME Y14,7.2-1978 ASME Y14,8M-1989 ANSI Y14.36-1978 ANSI/IEEE 268-1982 Abbreviations Drawing Sheet Size and Format Line Conventions and Lettering Multi View and Sectional View Drawings Dimensioning and Tolerancing Mathematical Definition of Dimensioning and Tolerancing Principles Screw Thread Representation ‘Screw Throad Representation (Metric Supplement) Gear Drawing Standards-Part 1, for Spur, Helical, Double Helical, and Rack Gear and Spline Drawing Standards-Part 2, Bevel and Hypoid Gears Castings and Forgings Surface Texture Symbols Metric Practice B89 series of standards typically related to metrology ASME/ANSI B1.2-1983 ANSI B4.1-1967 ANSI Bd. ANSI B4.3-1978 ANSI B4.4M-1981 ANSI B5.10-1981 ANSIVASME B46.1-1985, ASME B89.1.2M-1991 ASME B89.1.6M-1984 ASME B89.1.9M-1984 ASME B89.1.10M-1987 ASME B89.1.12M-1990 ANSI B89.3.1-1972 ASME B89.3.4M-1985 ANSI B89.6.2-1973 ASME B92.1-1970 ASME B92.2M-1980 ANSV/ASME B94.6-1984 ANSI B94.11M-1979 Gages and Gaging for Unified Inch Screw Threads Preferred Limits and Fits for Cylindrical Parts Preferred Metric Limits and Fits General Tolerances for Metric Dimensioned Product Inspection of Workpieces Machine Tapers-Self Holding and Steep Taper Series Surface Texture Calibration of Gage Blocks by Contact Comparison Measurement of Qualified Plain internal Diameters for Use as Master Rings and Ring Gages Precision Gage Blocks for Length Measurement Dial Indicators (For Linear Measurements) Methods for Performance Evaluation of Coordinate Measuring Machines Measurement of Out-of-Roundness Axes of Rotation, Methods for Specifying and Testing Temperature and Humidity Environment for Dimensional Measurement Involute Splines and Inspection, Inch Version Metric Module, Involute Splines Knurling Twist Drills Note: See ANSI or ASME for complete listing. = PRR SS SB SS SBS SB TS OS UT OUT hell