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ज कुंडली
ा आप एक दूसरे के लए ह?

Kundali Milan Hindi खोल

 Home   »   class9Economics-notes   »   Notes of Ch 3 Poverty as a Challenge|

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Notes of Ch 3 Poverty as a
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Study Material and Notes of Ch 3 Poverty as a Challenge

Class 9th Economics

Topics in the Chapter

Overview
Introducation
Poverty as seen by social scientists
Poverty Line
Poverty Estimates
Inter-State Disparities
Global Poverty Scenario
Causes of Poverty
Anti-Poverty Measures
The Challenges Ahead

Overview

(i) Poverty as a challenge faced by independent India.

(ii) Poverty in social sciences.
(iii) Concept of Poverty line.

(iv) Causes of poverty

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(v) Anti-poverty measures taken by the government
(vi) Official concept of poverty into human poverty

Introduction

• Poverty can be defined as lack of daily requirements of

livelihood like food, clothing, education etc.

• The poor could be landless labourers in villages or people

living in overcrowded jhuggis in urban areas.

• Every 4th person in India is poor. India has the largest single
concentration of the poor in the world.

Poverty as seen by Social scientists

(i) Social Exclusion

(ii) Vulnerability

• Social exclusion: For analysis of poverty, social exclusion is

very useful. As per this concept poverty must be seen in terms
of the poor liviving only in a poor surrounding with other poor
people.

• Vulnerability: Vulnerability describes the greater probability

of being more adversely affected than other people, which is
done due to earthquake or simply a fall in the availability of
jobs.

• Measurement of vulnerability to poverty describe the greater

probability of certain communities i.e., members of a
backward caste or individuals i.e. a widow or a physically
handicapped person.

• Poverty Line: Poverty line is a way which is used to identify

the poor. It is a method used to measure poverty. In this
method poverty is measured with the help of consumption and
income level of the people.

• If the level of income and consumption falls below the

minimum level of income and consumption of this line, then
the person is considered to be poor.

Poverty Estimates

• Economic Survey 2011–12, Ministry of Finance, Government

of India

The poverty ratio in the year 1973 is 55 per cent and 30 per
cent in 2009-10 which shows decline in the poverty ratios.
Poverty ratios further came down to about 26 per cent in 2000
and 36 per cent in 1994.

Therefore, the poverty ratio is continuously decreased from

1974 to 2000.

Vulnerable Groups

• In India, proportion of people below poverty line is also not

same for all social groups and economic categories.

• Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe households are

vulnerable to poverty in social groups.

• In same direction rural agricultural labour households and

the urban casual labour households are vulnerable to poverty
in economic categories.

Global Poverty Scenario 

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World Development Indicators 2012, The World Bank.

ज कुंडली

ा आप एक दूसरे के लए ह?

Kundali Milan Hindi खोल

• Through huge investments in human resource development

and rapid economic growth poverty is substantially decreased
in China and Southeast Asian countries.

• In china number of poors has come down from  85 per cent in
1981 to 14 per cent in 2008.

• In Asian countries i.e India, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Nepal,

Bhutan, Pakistan despite decline in the percentage of the poor
the decline has not been rapid.

• In India, poverty is higher than the national estimates. It is

done because of different poverty line definition.

• In Latin America the ratio of poverty has declined from 11%

in 1981 to 6.4 per cent in 2008.                                                                    
     
Causes of Poverty

(i) Low growth rate

During the British colonial administration, the rate of growth

was very low which was the basic cause of poverty.

(ii) Discouragement of development of industries and

handicra s Products

• Discouragement of development of industries and

handicra s Products is one historical reason of poverty. The
policies of the colonial government discourage development of
industries, like textile industries which is the basic source of
income of the poor. An uneducated person can easily get job in
this type of industries as labour and sustains his livehood.

• Discouragement of handicra s Products is also a major

causes of poverty, during the British colonial administration.
The households can easily earn money by the way of to
produce handicra s products.

(ii) High growth rate of population

The population is increasing instead of low level of income.

Which  becomes cause of poverty.

(iii) Huge income inequalities

There are huge income inequalities between have or have not.

For this term, huge income inequalities makes it difficult to
properly implement the poverty elimination policies of
government. Therefore , it is the major cause of poverty.

(iv) Lack of land resources

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Lack of land resources is the also major cause of poverty.

Incomes of the villagers are fully based on agriculture income
and lack of land resources creates low level of agriculture
income which becomes the major cause of poverty.

Anti-Poverty Measures

• Anti-poverty strategy of the government is based broadly on

two plank:

(i)Promotion of economic growth

(ii)Targeted anti-poverty programmes

(i)Promotion of economic growth

• According to official poverty estimation, the growth rate

jumped from the average of about 3.5 percent a year in the
1970s to about 6 percent during the 1980s and 1990s. With the
help of high rate of growth, reduction of poverty is possible.

• It shows a link between poverty reduction and economic

growth. Therefore, promotion of economic growth helps to
reduce poverty.

(ii)Targeted anti-poverty programmes

• National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA)

It was launched in September 2005 and it provides 100 days

assured employment every year to every rural household in
200 districts. Later, the scheme will be extended to 600
districts. One third of the proposed jobs would be reserved for
women. In this Act if an applicant is not provided employment
within fi een days, then he/she will be entitled to a daily
unemployment allowance. The central government and state
governments will also establish National Employment
Guarantee Funds and State Employment Guarantee Funds for
implementation of the scheme.

• Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana (PMRY)

Prime Minister Rozgar Yozana (PMRY) was launched on 2nd

October, 1993. The objective of the programme is to create
self-employment opportunities for educated unemployed
youth in rural areas and small towns. It also helped in setting
up small business and industries.

• Swarnajayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana (SGSY)

This programme was launched on 1st April, 1999. The

objective of this programme is to help rural people to organise
themselves into self help groups by the way of promoting
enterprises at the village level. This programme helps to exist
poor families above the poverty line. In this programme the
government provides subsidy and bank credit to the rural
people for generating the income.

• Rural Employment Generation Programme (REGP)

This programme was launched in 1995. The target of this

programme is to provide 25 lakh new jobs to the rural and
small towns persons under the Tenth Five Year plan.

• Pradhan Mantri Gramodaya Yozana (PMGY)

This programme was launched in 2000. The objective of this

programme to develop standard of living of the rural people by
the way of focus in five critical areas i.e primary health, 
primary education, rural shelter, rural drinking water and rural
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electrification.

• Sampoorna Grameen Rojgar Yojana (SGRY)

This programme was launched in september , 2001.The

Employment Assurance Schemes and JGSY would be merged
with SGRY.The aim of the programme is to provide wage
employment and to create durable community, social and
economic assets.

The Challenges Ahead

• Poverty reduction remains India’s most compelling challenge

despite the progress. Because of unequal distribution of
income, increase in population etc.

• The positive situation can be done by the way of higher

economic growth, increasing stress on universal free
elementary education, declining population growth,
increasing empowerment of the women and the economically
weaker sections of society, providing health care, education
and job security.

• Unemployment: Unemployment is a situation where a person

have not job despite of he/she able to do job. It is a big cause
of poverty. Unemployment is also a situation of being
joblessness when people are in condition of without job and in
situation of seeking job during recession.

• It is a sign of poverty, where an individual is unemployed. It is

a loss of human resourses to the  nation and stigma to the
society.

• Child labour: Child labour is a situation where a child is

employed for earning money. Which is mentally, physically
and socially dangerous and harmful for the childern. Child
labour is a basic problem of poverty. Because of doing work,
child can not be lliterate and he/she is unable to make his/her
future.

• The Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 1986

defines a child as any person who has not completed his
fourteenth year of age.

• According to International labour Organization (ILO), the

term ‘child labour’ is o en defined as work that deprives
children of their childhood, their potential and their dignity,
and that is harmful to physical and mental development.

• Illiteracy: Illiteracy is the condition where a person unable to

read and write. In India Illiteracy is a major problem of
poverty.

NCERT Solutions of Poverty as a Challenge

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Mohd Faisal Jamil

thanx a lot to team studyrankers
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Arziya Janet John

Thanks it really good to understand
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Shristi Kaushik
Thanks for short notes . It really helped me a lot
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Ajay Sushankk
Thank you for short notes
U skipped inter-state disparities
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Vidya Shree Acharya Viadnankalbre

thank you sir
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Kumar Vijay
hvvy
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Asharaf Ali
Thank you,
This Note is uesful for me
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Taran Sandhu Sandhu

ya ya ya baby
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Parth Sharma
aacha hai.....................bahut aacha................. .
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Piyush Bisht
bhadiya hai
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these are uncredible and useful
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