iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT i
ABTRACT ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS iii
LIST OF FIGURES vi
LIST OF TABLES vii
LIST OF SYMBOLS ix
CHAPTER TITLE
1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1. General 1
1.2. Objectives of the Study 2
1.3. Scope of the Study 2
1.4. Outlines of the Study 2
2 HYDROLOGIC STUDY FOR CULVERT DESIGN 4
2.1. General 4
2.2. Hydrology 4
2.2.1. Watershed Characteristics 5
2.2.2. Peak Design Flow 5
2.3. Methods of Estimation of Maximum Flood 6
2.3.1. Empirical Methods 6
2.3.2. Rational Method 7
2.3.3. Flood Frequency Methods 7
2.3.4. Unit Hydrograph Method 8
2.3.4.1. Soil conservation service method 9
2.4. Calculation of Design Discharge 12
2.5.1. Development of Design Flood Hydrograph 12
2.5.2. Selection of Return Period 17
3 HYDRAULIC DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS OF HIGHWAY
CULVERT 19
3.1. General 19
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3.2. Culvert
19
3.2.1. Materials 20
3.2.2. Types 20
3.2.3. Inlets 21
3.2.4. Culvert Location 23
3.2.5. Culvert Slope 23
3.2.6. Culvert Elevation 23
3.3. Data Requirement for Hydraulic Culvert Design 23
3.3.1. Site Data 23
3.3.2. Waterway Data 24
3.3.2.1. Cross sections. 24
3.3.2.3. Stream slope 25
3.3.2.4. Resistance 25
3.3.2.5. Tailwater 25
3.3.2.6. Upstream storage 25
3.3.3. Roadway Data 26
3.3.3.1. Cross section 26
3.3.3.2. Culvert length 27
3.3.4. Allowable Headwater 27
3.3.5. Outlet Velocity 27
3.4. End Treatment 28
3.5. Culvert Flow 29
3.5.1. Inlet Control 29
3.5.2. Outlet Control 30
3.6. Improved Inlet Culverts 31
3.6.1. Side-tapered Inlets 31
3.6.2. Slope-tapered Inlet 32
3.6.3. Beveled Inlet Edges 32
3.7. Roadway Overtopping 33
3.8. Performance Curve 33
3.9. Design Procedures Culvert 33
3.9.1. Inlet Control Headwater 34
3.9.2. Outlet Control Headwater 34
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3.9.3. Discharge of Roadway Overtopping 35

3.9.4. Determination of Outlet Velocity and Normal Depth 36
4 HYDRAULIC ANALYSIS ON HIGHWAY CULVERT 38
4.1. General 38
4.2. Hydraulic Analysis of Culvert 38
4.2.1. Selection of Inlet Edge Condition 41
4.2.2. Hydraulic Analysis of Selected Culvert 41
5 DISCUSSION, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 44
5.1. Discussion and Conclusion 44
5.2. Recommendations 45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDIX 47
LIST OF PUBLICATION 78
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Page
1.1. Location Map of the Study 3
2.1. Unit Hydrograph for Case Study Area 10
2.2. Ten Homogeneous Regions of Myanmar 13
2.3. Depth-Area Duration 16
3.1. Culvert Shapes 20
3.2. Four Standard Inlet Types 21
3.3. Entrance Contraction 22
3.4. Side-tapered Inlet 22
3.5. Slope-tapered Inlet 22
3.6. Cross Section Locations 24
3.7. Roadway Cross Section and Culvert Length 26
3.8. End Treatment 28
3.9. Typical Inlet Control Flow Condition 29
3.10. Typical Outlet Control Flow Conditions 30
3.11. Side Tapered Inlet 31
3.12. Slope Tapered Inlet 32
3.13. Beveled Entrance 32
3.14. Culvert with Overtopping Flow 33
3.15. Discharge Coefficient for Roadway Overtopping 36
4.1. Performance Curve of Selected Culvert 43
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LIST OF TABLES
Table Page
2.1. SCS Dimensionless Unit Hydrograph Ordinates 11
2.2. Regional Dimensionless Frequency Curve for Basin II 14
2.3. Computation of One Day Maximum Rainfall 14
2.4. Computation of Point Rainfall with respect to Duration 15
2.5. Probable Four Hour Design Point Rainfall 15
2.6. Areally Distributed Design Storms for Different Return Periods 16
2.7. Spatially Distributed Four Hour Design Rainfall Excess Series 17
2.8. Judicially Allocated Four Hour Design Rainfall Excess Series 17
2.9. Adopted Composite Design Flood Hydrograph at 50 Years Return Period 18
3.1. Conditions likely to Control Culvert Headwater 31

4.1. Constants for Inlet Control 39

4.2. Results of Headwater Depth of Different Sizes with Different Inlet Edge
Conditions 40
4.3. Hydraulic Analysis of Selected Culvert 42
4.4. Roadway Discharge of Selected Culvert 43

A.1. Hydraulic Analysis of 14'x14' (45° Wingwall Flare) 48

A.2. Hydraulic Analysis of 14'x14' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 49
A.3. Hydraulic Analysis of 14'x14' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 50
A.4. Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 51
A.5. Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 52
A.6. Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (45° Wingwall Flare) 53
A.7. Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 54
A.8. Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 55
A.9. Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 56
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A.10.Hydraulic Analysis of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 57

A.11.Hydraulic Analysis of 16'x15' (45° Wingwall Flare) 58
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A.12. Hydraulic Analysis of 16'x15' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 59

A.13. Hydraulic Analysis of 16'x15' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 60
A.14. Hydraulic Analysis of 16'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 61
A.15. Hydraulic Analysis of 16'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 62
A.16. Hydraulic Analysis of 2x8'x15' (45° Wingwall Flare) 63
A.17. Hydraulic Analysis of 2x8'x15' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 64
A.18. Hydraulic Analysis of 2x8'x15' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 65
A.19. Hydraulic Analysis of 2x8'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 66
A.20. Hydraulic Analysis of 2x8'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 67
A.21. Roadway Discharge of 14'x14' (45° Wingwall Flare) 68
A.22. Roadway Discharge of 14'x14' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 68
A.23. Roadway Discharge of 14'x14' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 69
A.24. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 69
A.25. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 70
A.26. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (45° Wingwall Flare) 70
A.27. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 71
A.28. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 71
A.29. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 72
A.30. Roadway Discharge of 15'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 72
A.31. Roadway Discharge of 16'x15' (45° Wingwall Flare) 73
A.32. Roadway Discharge of 16'x15' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 73
A.33. Roadway Discharge of 16'x15' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 74
A.34. Roadway Discharge of 16'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 74
A.35. Roadway Discharge of 16'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 75
A.36. Roadway Discharge of 2x8'x15' (45° Wingwall Flare) 75
A.37. Roadway Discharge of 2x8'x15' (18°-33.7° Wingwall Flare) 76
A.38. Roadway Discharge of 2x8'x15' (90° Headwall with 3/4" Chamfer) 76
A.39. Roadway Discharge of 2x8'x15' (90° Headwall with 45° Bevel) 77
A.40. Roadway Discharge of 2x8'x15' (90° Headwall with 33.7° Bevel) 77
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LIST OF SYMBOLS

Q Maximum flood discharge (cumecs)

A Catchment area (km2)
C Dicken’s coefficient
P Coefficient which depends on the frequency of flood, with a
maximum value of unity.
Qp Maximum flood discharge (cumecs)
C Runoff coefficient
A Catchment area (acre)
Ic Critical intensity of rainfall (cm/hr)
Tc Time of concentration (hour)
L Length of longest watercourse from outlet to divide (mile)
H Elevation difference (ft)
tp Time-to-peak (hour)
D Rainfall duration (hour)
A Catchment area (square miles)
Qp Unit hydrograph peak flow for 1 in of effective rainfall (ft3/s)
tr Unit hydrograph duration (hour)
TD Design time (hour)
RT The 24 hour maximum rainfall for desired return period (inches)
R5 Five years 24 hour maximum rainfall which is given in Table 2.2
Rp The ratio of rainfall for desired return period to R5
Rt The cumulative rainfall depth for desired return period (inches)
R The ratio of the “D” minute duration depth to the 24 hour depth
HWi Inlet control headwater depth (ft)
D Height of culvert barrel (ft)
S Natural stream slope (ft/ft)
A Cross sectional area of culvert barrel (ft)
K,M,c,Y Constants varied according to inlet edge conditions
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HWo Outlet control headwater depth (ft)

H Total losses (ft)
Ke entrance loss coefficient
n Manning roughness coefficient
L Length of culvert barrel (ft)
R Hydraulic radius (ft)
P perimeter of the barrel (ft)
V velocity in the barrel (ft/s)
dc Critical depth (ft)
q unit discharge (ft2/s)
TW Tailwater depth (ft)
Qr Overtopping flow rate (ft3/s)
Cd Overtopping discharge coefficient
Cr Discharge coefficient
Kt Submergence factor
L Length of roadway crest (ft)
HWr Upstream depth, measured above roadway crest (ft)
Vo Outlet velocity (ft/s)
W Culvert width (ft)
dn Normal depth (ft)
A Cross sectional area of fluid in culvert (ft2)
P Wetted perimeter (ft)
V Downstream channel velocity (ft/s)