DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC

WATER PUMPING SYSTEM

A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the award of the Degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
IN
ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BY:

VATSAL DEEP (BE / 15311 / 15)

YABISH JAMIL (BE / 15305 / 15)

ARPIT KUMAR (BE / 15307 / 15)

Under the Guidance of: Mr. Raj Kumar Mishra

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

BIRLA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, MESRA
RANCHI-835215
2019
 DECLARATION CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the work presented in the project report entitled
“DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING
SYSTEM” in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of Degree
of Bachelor of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering of Birla Institute of Technology Mesra, Ranchi is an
authentic work carried out under my supervision and guidance.

To the best of my knowledge, the content of this project does not form a
basis for the award of any previous Degree to anyone else.

Date:

Mr. Raj Kumar Mishra

Project Guide
(Assistant Professor)
Department of Electrical &
Electronics Engineering

ii
 CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL

The following project report entitled “DESIGN AND SIMULATION OF

PHOTOVOLTAIC WATER PUMPING SYSTEM”, is hereby approved as
a creditable study of research topic and has been presented in
satisfactory manner to warrant its acceptance as prerequisite to the
degree for which it has been submitted.

It is understood that by this approval, the undersigned do not necessarily

endorse any conclusion drawn or opinion expressed therein, but
approve the thesis for the purpose for which it is submitted.

(Internal Examiner) (External Examiner)

(Chairman)

Head of the Department

iii
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

It has taken a lot of effort on our part to complete this project. However, it
would not be possible without the support and help of many individuals and
organizations. We would like to extend our sincere thanks to all of them.

We are highly indebted to Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra for its constant
supervision as well as for providing the necessary information regarding this
project and also for their support in completing the project.

We would like to express our special gratitude and thanks to our "Project
Guide” Professor Raj Kumar Mishra of Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra
Patna Campus, EEE Department for giving me such attention and time. Without
his guidance and persistent help, success would not have been possible to this
project.

In addition, we would also like to thank Professor Sanjay Kumar (H.O.D EEE)
for his kind co-operation and encouragement towards completion of this project.

VATSAL DEEP (BE/15311/15)

YABISH JAMIL (BE/15305/15)

ARPIT KUMAR (BE/15307/15)

iv
CONTENTS Page No.

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 General 1
1.2 Description of Proposed Scheme 2
1.2.1 Solar Panel 3
1.2.2 DC-DC Converter with MPPT 4
1.2.3 Three Phase VSI Inverter 4
1.2.4 Synchronous Motor 5
1.2.5 Electronic Commutation of BLDC 5
1.2.6 Load 5
1.3 Motivation 6
1.4 Objectives 6

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW 8

CHAPTER 3: MODELLING OF PV AND MPPT ALGORITHM 10

3.1 Introduction 10
3.2 PV Modelling 10
3.3 Perturbation & Observation (P&O) Algorithm 12

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS OF BOOST CONVERTER 14

4.1 Introduction 14
4.2 Boost Converter & its Operation 14
4.2.1 Analysis for Switch Closed 15
4.2.2 Analysis for Switch Open 16
4.3 Design of Boost Converter 19
4.4 Summary of the Chapter 20

CHAPTER 5: SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR 21

5.1 Introduction 21
5.2 Constructional Details 22
5.2.1 Stator 22
5.2.2 Rotor 24
5.2.3 Hall Effect & Hall Sensors 25
5.3 Electronic Commutation of BLDC Motor 25

v
 5.4 Design of Water Pump 28

CHAPTER 6: Simulation Results & Discussion 29

6.1 Simulink Model of Proposed System 29

6.2 Simulink Model of Various Subsystems 29
6.3 Result of Proposed System 30
6.3.1 Steady State Performances of Proposed System 30
6.3.2 Dynamic Performances of Proposed System 34

CONCLUSION 39

FUTURE SCOPE 40

REFERENCES 41

APPENDIX-I 44

APPENDIX-II 47

vi
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

1.1 Bock Diagram of proposed scheme 2

3.1 Equivalent circuit of photovoltaic cell 11

3.2 Solar I-V and P-V characteristics 11

3.3 Control flow chart of P&O method 13

4.1 Boost converter circuit diagram 15

4.2 Boost converter circuit when switch S is on (mode 1) 15

4.3 Boost converter circuit when switch S is off (mode 2) 16

4.4 Boost converter waveforms 19

5.1 Torque Speed characteristics of typical BLDC motor 22

5.2 Trapezoidal back EMF 23

5.3 Sinusoidal back EMF 23

5.4 Stator of BLDC motor 24

5.5 Rotor Magnet cross sections 24

5.6 Electronic Commutation of BLDC motor 26

5.7 Hall Sensor, back EMF and output torque waveforms 27

5.8 Output torque and phase current of BLDC motor 27

6.1 Simulink model of proposed system 29

6.2 Simulink model of Boost converter 29

6.3 Simulink model of BLDC motor 30

6.4 Solar PV Voltage and Current during steady state 31

6.5 Solar PV Power during steady state 31

vii
6.6 Boost converter output voltage and inductor current during steady 32

state

6.7 Boost converter output power during steady state 32

6.8 Back EMF and stator current of BLDC motor during steady state 33

6.9 Electromagnetic and load torque during steady state 33

6.10 BLDC speed during steady state 34

6.11 Isolation change and temperature of PV array 35

6.12 Solar PV output voltage and current during dynamic conditions 35

6.13 Solar PV power during dynamic condition 36

6.14 Boost Converter output voltage and inductor current during 36

dynamic conditions

6.15 Back emf and stator current of BLDC motor during dynamic 37

conditions

6.16 Speed of BLDC motor during dynamic conditions 38

6.17 Electromagnetic torque and load torque during dynamic 38

conditions

viii
 LIST OF TABLES

TABLE NO. TITLE PAGE NO.

5.1 Electronic Commutation of BLDC Motor 26

1.1 PV Module Specifications 44

1.2 PV Array Specifications 45

2 Boost Converter Specifications 45

3 BLDC Motor Specifications 46

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 LIST OF SYMBOLS

D Duty Cycle

VPV Photovoltaic Array Voltage

CPV Photovoltaic Array Decoupling Capacitor

L Boost Inductance

LCRI Critical Inductance

Fs Switching Frequency

dTs On Time

Pload Load Power

V RMS Output Voltage

V Peak Output Voltage

Ior RMS Output Current

Io Average Output Current

Ii Average Input Current

iL Inductor Current

i Input Current

Ns Number of series connected cells

NP Number of parallel connected cells

x
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

SPV Solar Photovoltaic

AC Alternating Current

DC Direct Current

PWM Pulse Width Modulation

EC Electronic Commutation

BLDC Brushless DC Motor

VSI Voltage Source Inverter

EMF Electromagnetic Field

MPP Maximum Power Point

CCM Continuous Conduction Mode

MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor

IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor

P&O Perturb & Observe

xi
ABSTRACT

Modern day usage of electrical energy has increased unimaginably to the extent that
conventional energy sources are likely to be exhausted very soon in near future. Their
persistent use has led to heavy increase in environmental pollution paving way for use of
renewable sources for generating electrical energy.

This project work deals with the development of a simple, cost effective, efficient, reliable
and eco-friendly water pumping system which utilizes a DC-DC boost converter as an
intermediate power conditioning unit in Solar Photovoltaic (SPV) water pumping system.
The power optimization of solar photovoltaic array and limiting the starting inrush current of
BLDC are the two major functions of DC-DC boost converter. The starting current is
controlled without any additional circuit. The boost converter offers many privileges over
other DC-DC converters in solar photovoltaic array-based applications. The voltage source
inverter (VSI) utilized here performs the electronic commutation of brushless DC motor. The
motor is operated with pulses of fundamental frequency hereby avoiding switching losses
caused by the pulses of high frequency. Further, the speed of brushless DC motor is
controlled by using a variable DC link voltage which results in absolute elimination of
sensors that would have been otherwise required for speed control of the motor. The
proposed solar photovoltaic array-based water pumping system is modelled, designed and
simulated in the SIMULINK environment of MATLAB and various performance indices
have been analyzed under practical conditions, thereby, confirming its suitability and
credibility for water pumping purposes.

xii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 General

With the rapidly increasing population around the world, there is growing demand for
electrical energy across the various sectors such as industries, homes and other
workplaces. Use of conventional energy sources such as coal, diesel and other fossil
fuels enable the energy demands to be met, but at a high cost in the form of the severe
environmental pollution which they create. The oxides of sulphur, nitrogen and
carbon that are emitted are extremely dangerous to human health. In addition, these
conventional energy sources are being consumed at a rate much faster than their
production indicating a possible exhaustion in the near future.

With the above constraints in mind, renewable energy has been emphasized on in the
past few years. Among the various renewable energy sources, solar power happens to
be the foremost contender due to its availability, abundance and pollution free nature.
Though solar power extraction systems are prevalent, there is a need to develop low
cost and highly efficient systems. Most common existing system makes use of two
stage converters present between the PV array and the grid/load. The first converter is
a DC-DC boost converter meant to increase the low DC voltage coming from the PV
array. This boosted DC voltage is then fed to an inverter for converting the DC into
AC at a desired voltage level. This system, however, is costly due to the presence of
the two converters and absence of a common input source for the two stages resulting
in asymmetrical operation. The large size, weight and low reliability also contribute to
the disadvantages of this system. Hence, in this project, a boost converter is used.

The SPV array is chosen such that its MPP always lies within the bounded MPP
region of the boost converter. This is done so that the power is always optimized
regardless of the change in solar irradiance or the loading conditions. Selection of the
SPV array and the BLDC motor makes sure that the boost converter is the best suited
converter for our utilization. Some of the features of boost converters, such as good
switch utilization, high conversion efficiency, low stress on semiconductor devices
and use of least number of reactive components have made it an attractive proposition
for use in SPV array-based water pumping system. In addition, inductor of the boost

1
converter naturally acts as an input ripple filter, thereby, eliminating the use of an
external filtering device unlike the buck and buck-boost converter which require an
external ripple filter for obtaining desired results. The boost converter is constantly
operated in continuous conduction mode (CCM) irrespective of change in weather
conditions, offering less stress on its power devices and components. The choice of
SPV array and proper control of boost converter by utilizing MPPT algorithm ensures
that the starting inrush current of the BLDC motor is limited without using any other
additional control circuit, thus offering simplicity, compactness and cost-
effectiveness. The proposed photovoltaic water pumping system is designed such that
it can operate successfully even at 20% solar irradiance. The proposed system is
modelled, designed and simulated in the SIMULINK environment of MATLAB and
various starting, dynamic and steady state performances have been analyzed under
practical operating conditions, thereby, confirming its suitability and credibility for
water pumping purposes.

1.2 Description of Proposed Scheme

Figure 1.1 Block Diagram of Proposed Scheme

A detailed block diagram of the system proposed by us has been shown in Figure 1.1.
It consists of the following major components:

a. Solar Panel

2
 b. DC-DC Boost converter with MPPT

c. Three Phase VSI Inverter

d. Brush-Less DC motor

e. Electronic Commutation of BLDC motor

f. Load (water pump)

1.2.1 Solar Panel

A solar panel is a packaged and connected assembly of photovoltaic cells. The solar
panel can be used as a component of a larger photovoltaic system to generate and
supply electricity for commercial and residential purposes. Each module is rated by its
DC output power under standard test conditions (STC), and typically ranges from 60
to 320 Watts (W). Module performance is generally rated under standard test
conditions (STC): irradiance of 800W/m2 and module temperature at 25°C.

Solar panels contain photovoltaic cells made from silicon that convert incoming
sunlight into electricity. Solar photovoltaic cells consist of a positive and a negative
silicon film placed under a thin glass plate. As the photons of the sunlight fall upon
these cells, the electrons of the silicon cell are knocked off. The negatively charged
free electrons are preferentially attracted to one side of the silicon cell, creating an
emf that can be collected and channeled as electric voltage. This current is gathered
by connecting the individual solar panels together in series to form a solar
photovoltaic array. The electricity produced at this stage is DC (direct current) and
must be converted to AC (alternating current) so that it can be used effectively.
Depending on their construction, solar photovoltaic panels can produce electricity
from a huge range of light frequencies, but not from the entire solar range. Therefore,
alot of incident sunlight energy is wasted by solar panels. They can give higher
efficiencies if illuminated with monochromatic light.

The advantages of solar panels are

1) They are the most easily available solar technology.

2) They can last a lifetime.

3
 3) They require very little maintenance.

4) They operate best on bright days when there is little or no obstruction to the
incident sunlight.

1.2.2 DC-DC Converter with MPPT

PV output voltage always varies according to a load and isolation. But we need
constant voltage to the inverter so that we need one DC-DC converter. There are
basically three types of converters available, those are buck, boost, and buck-boost. In
our proposed scheme we are using boost converter is connected in cascade with
source, so only it can step up the voltage. In this process converter has process the
total power form PV.

In the proposed scheme, boost converter is connected in series with the source, so that
it processes only a fraction of PV power. The remaining power is directly fed to the
inverter, i.e. if the voltage required by the inverter is 310 volts and PV is giving 155
volts then remaining 155 volts is transferred by the converter. Hence converters
operate in boost mode, i.e. duty cycle bellow 0.5. The proposed scheme power rating
of converter decreases and efficiency of the converter increases which mainly affects
the cost of the converter. Maximum power point tracking (MPPT) is a technique used
commonly with wind and photo-voltaic (PV) solar systems to maximize power
extraction under all conditions. The efficiency of power transfer from the solar cell is
dependent on both, the amount of sunlight falling on the solar panels and the electrical
characteristics of the load. With variation in amount of sunlight, the load
characteristic giving the highest power transfer efficiency changes so that the
efficiency of the system is optimized as and when the load characteristic changes such
as to keep the power transfer at the highest efficiency. This load characteristic is
called the maximum power point tracking (MPPT). MPPT is the process of finding
the point of maximum power and keeping the load characteristic at that point. MPPT
is made up with a switch-mode DC-DC converter and a controller where the
controller performs the MPPT function. In this project, we have chosen the Perturb
and Observe method of MPPT. Its algorithm has been utilized for digital control for
MPPT.

4
1.2.3 Three phase VSI Inverter

The output from the three phase VSI inverter is to be fed to a 3-phase balanced load.
This circuit can be identified as 3 single-phase half-bridge inverter circuits connected
across the same dc bus. The individual pole voltages of the 3-phase bridge circuit are
similar to the square pole output voltages of the single-phase half bridge or full bridge
circuits. The three pole voltages of the 3-phase square wave inverter are time shifted
by one third of the output time period. The power circuit of this inverter is
implemented using IGBTs. Moreover, this inverter consists of three half-bridge
inverters, that are connected in parallel and have the same output phase voltages with
a difference in phase of 120°.

1.2.4 SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR

Brushless DC motor is a type of synchronous motors, which has been used in this
project. The magnetic field generated by the stator and the magnetic field generated
by the rotor rotates at the same frequency in synchronous motors. Synchronous
motors do not experience the “slip” that is generally observed in induction motors.
Brushless DC motors are available in single-phase, 2-phase and 3-phase
configurations. Corresponding to its type, the stator has the same number of windings.
Out of these, 3-phase motors are the most popular and widely used.

1.2.5 Electronic Commutation of BLDC Motor

The Voltage Source Inverter, which feeds the synchronous motor, is switched in a
predefined sequence to perform the electronic commutation. It is the process of
converting three Hall signals, H1 to H3 into the six switching signals, S1 to S6. The
three hall signals are generated by the encoder and mounted on the shaft according to
the rotor position. The conduction of only two switches at a time results in reduced
conduction losses.

1.2.6 Load

BLDC motors find its application in almost every segment of the market. Some of the
applications of brushless DC motors are automotive, electrical appliances, industrial

5
controls, automation, aviation, etc. We can categorize the type of BLDC motor
control into three major categories:

 Constant load

 Varying loads

 Positioning applications

1.3 Motivation

India, along with the whole world is facing an ‘Energy Crisis’. There is a significant
gap in the demand and supply for electrical energy. As our country progresses
towards development day by day, this gap is increasing and overcoming this situation
is of prime importance to continue our country’s growth. In order to meet this
situation, a number of options are being considered with large focus on research &
development of renewable energy. The options that are being explored are solar
energy, biogas, wind energy and geothermal energy to name a few.

Among all the available options, solar thermal power generation is one of the most
promising options. However, it poses a number of challenges such as availability of
technology, adaptation of conventional power cycles to suit particular solar thermal
technology, availability of industrial and technological capacity and issues related to
indigenous development of technology. To cover up for these problems, along with
the issue of lack of experienced manpower in operating grid/load connected solar
thermal plants, the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Government of India
announced a scheme to provide incentives on power generated from solar energy and
fed to the grid/load.

The efficiency of solar cell can be improved by using better solar cell materials. But
to extract maximum power from the solar module, it is necessary to use efficient
control mechanism like maximum power point tracking (MPPT). Further for MPPT
technique, the DC-DC converter is the most desirable power electronics device. To
have better efficiency, more focus on design of converter should be considered. It is
essential that we acquire indigenous capability to design, develop and install solar
thermal plants.

6
1.4 Objectives

Aim of the research presented in this thesis is to help improve the efficiency of
DC/DC boost converter based photovoltaic applications by designing and simulation
of power electronics controller for the PV array fed BLDC Motor driven water pump
using boost converter.

Following is the planned layout / objective of carrying out this project using
simulation in SIMULINK/MATLAB.

 To construct a PV array simulation module.

 Designing of DC-DC Boost converter for PV.

 Designing of perturb and observe (Hill Climbing method) MPPT control for
tracking maximum power from solar PV.

 Designing of three phase voltage source inverter for providing phase current to
BLDC Motor.

 Designing of BLDC Motor control for sensing the hall signals.

 Designing of electronics commutation circuit for switching pulse generation of

IGBT.

7
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
In this work, a DC-DC boost converter is utilized in MPPT using the PV array. The
reasons behind opting for this converter are its inherent properties of minimum
possible switching stress, high conversion efficiency [1-3] because of less number of
components, very good switch utilization [4] and elimination of input ripple filter
since the input inductor itself acts as a ripple filter [5-6]. Except three classical DC-
DC converters viz. buck, boost and buck-boost converter, [8-9] all other developed
topologies have higher number of components resulting in the efficiency
deterioration, increased cost, weight and size. In addition, these converters, including
the classical buck-boost converter, suffer from higher stress on their power devices
and very poor switch utilization [10-12]. These issues encourage using a boost
converter for desired task. The induction motor is widely used machine for water
pump because of its robustness, low cost, high efficiency, availability in local
markets, and low maintenance cost as compared to the DC motors. However, this
motor suffers from complex control requirement and overheating problems, hence not
adapted. Therefore, a brushless DC (BLDC) motor, possessing a higher efficiency and
reliability than an induction motor, low EMI and noise, no maintenance is employed
in the proposed water pumping system [19].

The BLDC motor used in SPV array based applications so far requires additional
control circuitry and sensors to facilitate the speed control, resulting in the increased
complexity, cost, weight and size of the system. Moreover, the voltage source inverter
(VSI), feeding the BLDC motor is operated with the high frequency PWM pulses,
resulting in increased switching losses [20-22]. In this work, speed of the BLDC
motor is controlled through the variable DC link voltage, hence no additional sensors
are required for speed control. Furthermore, the VSI is operated, by electronic
commutation, with the pulses of fundamental frequency, which minimizes the
switching losses. The power optimization or so called maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) is mandatory for efficient utilization of SPV array [7]. The numerous
literatures are available on MPPT techniques [13-18]. A DC-DC converter, as an
intermediate power conditioning unit, is commonly used between the SPV array and
the VSI to perform MPPT [15-16]. The non-isolated DC-DC buck, boost, buck-boost,

8
Cuk and SEPIC (Single Ended Primary Inductor Converter) have been analyzed in
context of MPPT and concluded that boost converter is the best selection for SPV
array system. The boost converter is also introduced in SPV array based BLDC motor
driven water pump for MPPT, which is thoroughly justified. Although the buck-boost
converter and its other topologies viz. Cuk, SEPIC, Zeta, Luo, CSC (Canonical
switching cell) converter etc. operate with their best efficiency, very poor switch
utilization and high stress on semiconductor devices contribute to their main
drawbacks [23-25]. On the other hand, the aforesaid topologies have the highest
values of reactive components resulting in an increased cost, size and weight.
Therefore, neither the classical buck-boost converter nor any of its other derived
topologies are adapted in this work [26-28]. It is also reported in that the classical
buck-boost converter possesses a bounded MPPT region, hence unable to optimize the
power under varying loading conditions.

9
CHAPTER 3
MODELLING OF PV AND MPPT ALGORITHM
3.1 Introduction

In this chapter, modelling of solar PV system and MPPT algorithm is explained. A

typical solar panel converts only 30-40 % of the incident solar irradiation into
electrical energy. Here, maximum power point tracking technique is employed so as
to improve the efficiency of the solar panel. In the source side, we are utilizing a boost
converter connected to a solar panel in order to improve the output voltage such that it
can be used for various different applications like motor load. By changing the duty
cycle of the boost converter appropriately, we can match the source impedance with
that of the load impedance, therefore loading effect is optimized properly.

There are different methods used to track the maximum power point. The most
popular techniques among them are:

1) Perturb and observe (hill climbing) method

2) Incremental Conductance method
3) Fractional short circuit current method
4) Fractional open circuit voltage method
5) Fuzzy logic method

From the above techniques, perturb & observe (hill climbing) method of MPPT is
taken in order to extract maximum power from the PV Array.

3.2 PV Modelling

Solar cells are the building blocks of solar panels. A photovoltaic module is formed
by connecting many solar cells in series and parallel as per requirement. A single
solar cell can be modelled by utilizing a current source, a diode and two resistors.
This model is called a single diode model of solar cell. Two diode models are also
available but a single diode model has been considered in this project. In order to
model the solar panel precisely, we can use a two diode model but in our project, the
scope of study is limited to the single diode model. Also, the shunt resistance is very
high and can be ignored during the course of this project.

10
 Figure 2.1 Equivalent Circuit of PV Cell

( )
𝐼 =𝐼 − 𝐼 exp −1 − 2.1

( )
Assuming 𝑒𝑥𝑝 −1 ≪1

So, 𝐼 =𝐼 2.2

The P-V and I-V curves for a solar cell are given in the following figure. It can be
observed that the cell operates as a constant current source at low values of operating
voltages and as a constant voltage source at low values of operating current.

Figure 2.2 Solar Cell I-V and P-V Characteristics

11
3.3 Perturbation and Observation (P&O) Algorithm

In this algorithm, a slight perturbation is introduced which causes the power of the
solar module to change continuously. If the power increases due to the perturbation,
then the perturbation is continued in the same direction. The power at the next instant
decreases after the peak power is reached, and after that the perturbation reverses. The
algorithm oscillates around the peak point when steady state is reached. In
Perturbation and Observation method, a small perturbation is given to the module
voltage and the peak power is tracked using the method. The maximum power point
tracking of the module for Perturbation and Observation method is carried out using a
MATLAB program and the maximum power tracked for the considered 1624W
module is 1720W. The method is simple to implement. But it was observed that the
maximum power oscillates around the actual peak power obtained from modelling.
This method is suitable for the large variations in temperature conditions. The size of
perturbation is kept very small in order to keep the power variation as little as
possible. The algorithm can be easily understood by the flow chart which is shown in
figure 2.3. The algorithm is developed in such a manner that it sets a reference
voltage. So as to advance the productivity of SPV based application, MPPT is used.
Mainly P&O type MPPT method is used due to its generic nature and simplicity.

It depends on the way that on the subsidiary of energy in a capacity voltage is zero at
MPP. At a working point on the P-V curve, if the working voltage of the PV exhibit is
bothered in a provided guidance and dp > 0, it is realized that annoyance moved the
exhibit’s working point towards the MPP. The P&O calculation would then keep on
perturbing the PV exhibit voltage in similar directions. In the event that dp < 0, at that
point the change in working point moved the PV exhibit far from the MPP, and the
P&O calculation inverts the heading of the irritation. To avoid oscillation,
perturbation size is taken as 0.001 at peak power plant. The following is begun from
introductory obligation proportion of zero with a specific end goal to guarantee the
allowable beginning current of BLDC engine under all variety in irradiance.

12
Figure 2.3 Control Flowchart for P&O Method

13
CHAPTER 4
ANALYSIS OF BOOST CONVERTER

4.1 Introduction

A DC-DC converter is an electronic circuit or electromechanical device that converts

a source of direct voltage (DC) from one voltage level to another. These converters
are high-frequency power conversion circuits which utilize high-frequency switching
as well as inductors, transformers, and capacitors to smooth out the switching noise
into regulated DC voltages. The closed feedback loop maintains constant output
voltage even when input voltages and output currents change. They are generally
smaller and much more efficient than linear regulators with efficiency more than
90%. DC-DC converters are widely used to efficiently produce a regulated voltage
from a source to a load which may or may not be constant. This chapter includes the
brief description about the operation of boost converter and its corresponding
waveforms. This section also includes the design values of capacitor and inductor for
Boost converter.

There are three types of dc-dc converters :-

 Buck converter
 Boost converter
 Buck-boost converter

4.2 Boost Converter And its Operation

A boost converter or a step-up converter is a DC-DC power converter that steps up

voltage from its input end to its output end. It is a class of switched-mode power
supply (SMPS) which contains at least two semiconductors (a diode and a transistor)
and at least one energy storage element: a capacitor, inductor, or the two in
combination. Filters made of capacitors (sometimes in combination with inductors)
are normally added to such a converter's output and input side to reduce the voltage
ripples. The key principle that operates the boost converter is the tendency of an
inductor to resist a change in its current by creating and destroying a magnetic field.
The output voltage is always higher than the input voltage in a boost converter.

14
 Figure 4.1 Boost Converter Circuit Diagram

A few assumptions have been made about the operation of boost converter, which
are:-

1. The circuit operates in steady state.

2. Inductor current is continuous.
3. The capacitor is large enough to have assumed a constant output voltage.
4. Components used are ideal.

4.2.1 Analysis for the Switch Closed

Let the capacitor be fully charged before switching the switch S, on. When the switch
S is closed as shown in Figure 4.2, current flows through the inductor in clockwise
direction and the inductor stores some energy by generating a magnetic field.

Figure 4.2 Boost Converter Circuit when Switch S is on (Mode-I)

15
When switch S is closed, the voltage across the inductor is:

𝑉 =𝑉 =𝐿 4.1

= 4.2

The rate of change of inductor current is constant, indicating a linearly increasing

inductor current. The preceding equation can be expressed as:

= = 4.3

Solving for Δ𝑖 when the switch is closed gives,

𝛥 = 4.4

Equation 4.1 gives the change in ripple current of boost converter when the switch S
is on. During the on time, inductor stores energy from the dc supply and the same
energy is delivered to the load when the switch S is off. Also, during on time inductor
charges linearly due to the absence of the resistor.

4.2.2 Analysis for the Switch Open

When the switch is opened as shown in Fig.4.3, current will be reduced due to the
impedance being higher. The magnetic field created earlier is destroyed to maintain
the current towards the load. Thus, the polarity will be reversed now. As a result, the
two sources will be in series resulting in a higher voltage to charge the capacitor
through the diode.

Figure 4.3 Boost Converter Circuit when Switch S is Off (Mode-II)

16
The current in the inductor cannot change instantaneously, resulting in a forward-
biased diode and current flowing into the resistor and capacitor.

In this condition, the voltage across the inductor is:

𝑉 =𝑉 −𝑉 =𝐿 4.5

= 4.6

The rate of change of inductor current is constant and the change in current is:

= = 4.7
( )

Solving for ∆𝑖 ,

( )( )
(𝛥𝑖 ) = 4.8

For operation in steady state, the net change in inductor current must be zero over one
period. This will be obtained by adding equation (4.4) and (4.5) and equating them to
zero, thus we get:

(𝛥𝑖 ) + (𝛥𝑖 ) =0

( )( )
+ =0 4.9

Solving for VO, we get:

𝑉 = 4.10

The duty ratio required for specified input and output voltage can be expressed as:

𝐷= 4.11

Voltage and current waveforms are shown in Figure 4.4. The source is never
connected directly to the load in the boost converter. Energy is stored in the inductor
when the switch S is closed and transfers to the load when the switch S is open.

17
According to power conservation theorem, power absorbed by the load must be equal
to the power supplied by source.

Power absorbed by the load is given by,

𝑃 = 4.12

Power supplied by the source is given by,

𝑃 =𝑉𝐼 4.13

By equating equation 4.12 and 4.13, we get:

=𝑉𝐼 4.14

Avg. source current is related to avg. inductor current and is given by:

𝐼 =𝐼 4.15

Resulting in,

=𝑉𝐼 4.16

Substituting the value of VO, from equation (4.10) and solving for IL, we get:

𝐼 = = = 4.17
( )

Maximum and minimum inductor currents are determined using Equations (4.1) and
(4.17).

∆
𝐼 =𝐼 − = ( )
− 4.18

∆
𝐼 =𝐼 + = ( )
+ 4.19

18
For continuous current, the inductor current must be positive. To find the boundary
between continuous and discontinuous current, Imin is set to zero in Equation (4.18),
resulting in:

( )
𝐿 = 4.20

Figure 4.4. Boost converter waveforms

4.3 Design of Boost converter

Solar photovoltaic array voltage, Vpv = 184.4 V at MPP, is taken as input voltage of
the boost converter while DC connection of VSI, Vdc = 315.5V, as the output voltage
of boost converter.

For this outline, duty ratio D is calculated as:

. .
𝐷= = .
= 0.4155 4.21

19
Idc (average current flowing through DC ) is given by,

𝐼 = = = 5.1473 𝐴 4.22
.

Also, Idc is calculated considering no loss of boost converter. The estimations of

converter parameter are taken with the end goal that execution doesn't get influenced
even by bringing down the sun oriented irradiance.

IL = inductor average current

∆Vdc = ripple voltage across DC connection of VSI

∆IL = inductor ripple current

4.4 Summary of the Chapter

In this chapter, the circuit description, working as well as the design of boost
converter has been discussed. It is observed that for step up application, the boost
converter offers several advantages over any other converter. It provides fast transient
response to load change and improves power handling capabilities. This also gives
low stress on components due to the current split which increases the power
processing capability.

20
CHAPTER 5
SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
5.1 Introduction

Brushless DC motors have become more popular than brushed DC (BDC) motors due
to their performance advantages, including the following:-

 Brushless DC motors have a relatively flat speed-torque characteristic (Figure

5.1). This enables the motor to operate at lower speeds during loaded
conditions, without compromising on torque.
 The ratio of output power to the frame size is higher in brushless DC motors.
This reduces the weight and size of the product. This also results in savings in
the form of cost of motor mounting and shipping expenses.
 The brushless DC motors operate at higher power efficiency than induction
motors and brushed dc motors because they have permanent magnets on the
rotor and no brushes for commutation.
 Brush inspection and maintenance are eliminated, making them suitable for
limited access areas like compressors and fans. This also increases the life of
the motor and reduces the cost of service requirements.
 They operate much quieter when compared with brushed DC motors since
brushes make audible noise.
 Brushless DC motors have less electromagnetic interference generation. With
brushed DC motors, the brushes tend to make and break contacts while the
motor is rotating which results in the emission of electromagnetic noise into
the surroundings.

However, there are two concerns with brushless DC motors. Firstly, brushless dc
motors are more expensive. However, the performance advantages overpower this
concern. Secondly, brushless DC motors require electronic commutation. The stator
windings are commutated based on the rotor position. This requirement can be turned
into an advantage by using the same electronic commutation to provide speed control
of the motor.

21
 Figure 5.1 Torque Speed Characteristics of a Typical BLDC Motor

5.2 Constructional Details

5.2.1 Stator

The stator of a synchronous brushless DC motor consists of steel laminations with

windings placed in the slots that are axially cut along the inner periphery (as shown in
Figure 5.4). The stator looks similar to that of an induction motor, however, the
windings are distributed in a different manner. Most synchronous brushless DC
motors have three stator windings connected in star connection. Each winding is
constructed with numerous coils interconnected to form one winding. Each of these
windings is distributed over the stator periphery to form an even number of poles.
There are two types of stator windings variants, namely, trapezoidal and sinusoidal
motor windings. This differentiation is made on the basis of interconnection of coils
in the stator windings to give different types of back emf. As their names specify, the
trapezoidal motor gives a back emf in trapezoidal fashion and the sinusoidal motor
gives a back emf which is sinusoidal, (as shown in Figure 5.2 and Figure 5.3). In
addition to the back emf, the phase current also has trapezoidal and sinusoidal
variations in the respective types of motor windings. This results in the torque output
of a sinusoidal motor winding being smoother than that of a trapezoidal motor
winding.

22
Figure 5.2 Trapezoidal Back EMF

Figure 5.3 Sinusoidal Back EMF

23
 Figure 5.4 Stator of a BLDC Motor

5.2.2 Rotor

The rotor is made up of permanent magnet and can vary from having two to eight pair
of poles with alternate North (N) and South (S) poles. Based on the required magnetic
field density in the rotor, proper magnetic material is chosen for making the rotor.
Ferrite magnets are generally used to make permanent magnets. With advancing
technology, rare earth alloy magnets are gaining popularity. The ferrite magnets have
lower cost but have the disadvantage of having low flux density for a given volume.
In contrast, the rare earth alloy magnets have high magnetic density per volume which
enables the rotor to compress further for the same torque. These alloy magnets also
improve the size to weight ratio and give higher torque than ferrite magnet rotors.
Neodymium (Nd), Samarium Cobalt (SmCo) and the alloy of Neodymium, Ferrite
and Boron (NdFeB) are some of the examples of rare earth alloy magnets. Figure 5.5
shows cross sections of various arrangements of magnets in a rotor.

24
 Figure 5.5 Cross Section of Rotor Magnets

5.2.3 Hall Effect & Hall Sensors

If a current carrying conductor is kept in a magnetic field, the magnetic field exerts a
transverse force on the moving charge carriers. This force tends to push the charge
carriers to one side of the conductor. A build-up of charge at the sides of the
conductors balances the magnetic influence, producing an emf between the two sides
of the conductor. The presence of this measurable emf is called the Hall Effect.

Unlike a brushed DC motor, the brushless DC motor has electronic commutation. To

rotate the brushless DC motor, the stator windings need to be energized in a sequence.
It is important to know the rotor position in order to understand which winding will be
energized by following the energizing sequence. Thus, the rotor position is sensed
using Hall sensors which are embedded into the stator. Most synchronous brushless
DC motors have three hall sensors embedded into the stator. Whenever the rotor
magnetic poles pass near the hall sensors, they give a high or a low signal, indicating
whether the north or the south pole has passed by. The exact sequence of
commutation can be determined based on the combination of signals of the three hall
sensors embedded into the stator.

5.3 Electronic Commutation of BLDC Motor

The switching signals for the voltage source inverter are generated through electronic
commutation of the brushless DC motor. Following the rotor position, the Hall
sensors provide three Hall effect signals on a span of 60 degrees. These Hall effect
signals are logically converted into six switching pulses which are used to operate the
voltage source inverter. The switching states of VSI for each set of Hall effect signal
states is shown in Table-5.1 below. The conduction of only two switches at a time
results in reduced conduction losses. One of the hall sensors changes its state for
every 60 degrees of rotation. Thus, it takes six steps to complete an electrical cycle. In
synchronous machines, with every 60 electrical degrees, the phase current switching
needs to be updated. However, one electrical cycle may not correspond to a complete
mechanical cycle of the rotor. The number of electrical cycles to be repeated to
complete one mechanical rotation is determined by the rotor pole pairs.

25
 Figure 5.6 Electronic Commutation of BLDC Motor

ROTOR H3 H2 H1 S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6
POSITION

NA 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0-60 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0

60-120 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1

120-180 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1

180-240 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

240-300 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0

300-360 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0

NA 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0

Table 5.1: Switching States of VSI for Each Set of Hall-Effect Signal States

26
Figure 5.7 Waveform of Hall Sensors Vs Back EMF Voltage

Figure 5.8 Output Torque and Phase Current of BLDC Motor

27
5.4 Design of Water Pump

With the Shaft of BLDC motor, a water pump as a load is associated which is outlined
by its energy speed attributes.

𝑃 1375
𝐾 = = = 4.747 ∗ 10 𝑊(𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠𝑒𝑐)
𝜔 (2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 2991/60)

Pm = number of a poles of BLDC motor

ɷ = output voltage frequency of VSI

28
CHAPTER 6
SIMULATION RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
6.1 Simulink Model of Proposed System

Figure 6.1 Simulink Model of Proposed System

6.2 Simulink Model of Various Subsystems Used

Figure 6.2 Simulink Model of Boost Converter

29
 Figure 6.3 Simulink Model of BLDC Motor

6.3 Simulation Result of the Proposed System

The performance of the proposed solar photovoltaic powered synchronous brushless

DC motor pump is simulated in MATLAB/Simulink environment and the starting,
dynamic and steady state performances are evaluated using the simulated results as
shown in figures (6.4-6.16) below. These results verify the satisfactory performance
of the proposed system even under the rapid variation in weather condition. At 400
W/m2, speed of motor is seen as 1483 rpm, at 600 W/m2 speed of motor is seen as
2538 rpm and at 800 W/m2 speed of motor is 2991 rpm which is an adequate speed to
pump a few measures of water. The efficiency of the describes setup is 79.5% at solar
irradiance of 400 W/m2, 82.1% at solar irradiance of 600 W/m2 and 83.12% at solar
irradiance 800 W/m2.

6.3.1 Starting and Steady State Performances of the Proposed System at Solar
Irradiance of 800 W/m2

The various performance indices of SPV array, boost converter and synchronous
BLDC motor under starting and steady state conditions at the standard solar irradiance
of 800 W/m2 are illustrated in the figures shown below, and elaborated in the
following subsections. All the indices reach their rated values at this solar irradiance.
As Ppv achieves 1610 W at steady state condition, these records compare to the
activity of SPV array at MPP. Output waveforms of boost converter works in CCM,

30
because of bringing about a restricted weight on the semiconductor devices. The top
voltage and current weight on the switch are seen as 356.5 V and 9.4 A. Besides, Vdc
comes to the appraised DC voltage of synchronous BLDC motor i.e. 310V. The motor
draws the rated current of 4.3 A, and achieves its evaluated speed of 3000 rpm,
bringing about the water pumping with full limit.

6.3.1.1 Performance of Solar PV Array

Figures (6.4-6.5) shows the SPV array indices Vpv, Ipv and Ppv at solar irradiance of
800W/m2. These indices correspond to the operation of the solar photovoltaic array at
MPP as Ppv reaches a value of 1610W at steady state condition. Proper selection of the
perturbation size avoids the oscillation around the maximum power point. On the
other hand, tracking time is intentionally increased so that the synchronous BLDC
motor has a permissible starting current.

Figure 6.4 Solar PV Voltage and Current during steady state

31
 Figure 6.5 PV Power ( Ppv) during steady state

6.3.1.2 Performance of Boost Converter

Figure 6.6 presents the behaviour of boost converter at an irradiance of 800 W/m2.
The inductor current, IL, and dc link voltage, Vdc are shown. It is observed from the
waveforms of the converter that the it operates in continuous conduction mode
(CCM), resulting in limited stress on the semiconductor devices. The peak voltage
and current are observed as 310 V and 10.8 A respectively. Moreover, Vdc reaches the
rated DC voltage of synchronous BLDC motor i.e. 310 V.

Figure 6.6 Boost converter output voltage and current during steady state

6.3.1.3 Performance of BLDC Motor-Pump

The starting and steady state behaviours of the synchronous BLDC motor pump at
irradiance of 1000W/m2 are shown in Figures (6.7-6.9). All the motor indices such as
the back emf, Ea, the stator current, Isa, the speed, N, the electromagnetic torque, Te
and the load torque offered by pump, TL, reach their rated values under the steady

32
state conditions as MPP is tracked. The synchronous motor draws its rated current of
4.3 A, and reaches its rated speed of 3000 rpm, resulting in water pumping with full
capacity. A small pulsation in electromagnetic torque,Te, results from the electronic
commutation of the synchronous BLDC motor. The starting current of BLDC motor
is kept within the permissible limit hence the motor has a soft start.

Figure 6.7 Back EMF and Stator Current of BLDC Motor during steady state

Figure 6.8 Electromagnetic Torque and Load Torque during steady state

33
 Figure 6.9 BLDC motor speed during steady state

6.3.2. Dynamic Performances of Proposed System

To exhibit the dynamic conduct of the proposed water pumping framework, the
irradiance is expanded from 400 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 and then further expanded to 800
W/m2. The SPV array, regardless of variety in irradiance, works in CCM and the DC
transport voltage is managed at 356.5 V. Following the variety in sun powered
irradiance, at 200 W/m2 speed motor seen as 1310 rpm, an adequate speed to pump a
few measures of water. The various performance indices of SPV array, boost
converter and BLDC motor subjected to the rapid variation in solar irradiance are
illustrated in Figures (6.10-6.16), and elaborated in the following subsections. At 400
W/m2 speed motor seen as 1483 rpm, at 600 W/m2 speed of motor seen as 2538 rpm
and at 800 W/m2 speed of a motor is 2991 rpm an adequate speed to pump a few
measures of water. The efficiency describe of setup gets 79.5% at solar irradiance 400
W/m2, 82.1% at solar irradiance 600 W/m2, at 83.12% at solar irradiance 800 W/m2.

6.3.2.1 Performance of SPV Array

Figures (6.10-6.12) shows the SPV array indices Vpv, Ipv and Ppv, along with the solar
irradiance. There is rapid variation in solar irradiance from 400W/m2 to 600 W/m2
which is further more expanded 800 w/m2. The SPV array, at MPP, changes its
operating point from 584.9 W to 1007 W and further 1007 W to 1624 W.

34
 Figure 6.10 Isolation change and temperature of PV Array

Figure 6.11 Solar PV Output Voltage and Current under dynamic condition

35
 Figure 6.12 PV Power (Ppv) during dynamic condition

6.3.2.2 Performance of Boost Converter

Figure (6.13) presents the dynamic behaviour of the boost converter. The inductor
current, IL, and dc link voltage, Vdc, are shown. It is observed from the waveforms
that the converter always operates in CCM irrespective of the variation in solar
irradiance. The DC link voltage, Vdc, alters from 152.5 V to 260.1 V and further from
260.1 V TO 315.3 V as the solar irradiance alters from 400 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 and
further from 600 W/m2 to 800 W/m2. Likewise, the other indices also follow the same
trend when solar irradiance is varied.

Figure 6.13 Boost Converter output voltage and inductor current during dynamic conditions

36
6.3.2.3 Performance of Synchronous BLDC Motor Pump

Figures (6.14-6.16) shows us the dynamic behaviours of the synchronous BLDC

motor pump. The motor is started at 50% of the standard solar irradiance i.e.
400W/m2. The starting current of BLDC motor is kept within the permissible range
therefore the motor has a soft start at this value of irradiance. All the motor
parameters such as the back EMF, Em, the stator current, Is, the speed, N, the electro-
magnetic torque, Te, and the load torque offered by pump, TL, follow the same trend
with variation in solar irradiance and reach their steady state values as MPP is
tracked. The current drawn by the motor increases from 2.3 A to 4.3 A. Similarly, the
speed increases from 2600 rpm to 3000 rpm.

Figure 6.14 Back Emf and stator current of BLDC motor during dynamic condition

37
 Figure6.15 Speed of BLDC motor during dynamic condition

Figure 6.16 Electromagnetic torque and load torque during dynamic condition

38
CONCLUSION

The solar PV array-based water pumping system driven by a synchronous BLDC

motor and employing a DC-DC boost converter has been proposed in this project and
its applicability has been checked and confirmed by the performance evaluations
under practical operating conditions. The integration of boost converter and
synchronous brushless DC motor into a solar photovoltaic array for water pumping
has emerged as a feasible and genuine option because of its cost effectiveness,
simplicity, compact nature, reliability, efficiency and availability. The performance
analysis demonstrates that the claimed novel features of the proposed system, such as,
proper design of SPV array, MPPT with boost converter, speed control of
synchronous BLDC motor by variable DC link voltage, soft starting of the motor by
wisely tracking the MPP without using any external control circuits or sensing
elements and the electronic commutation with fundamental switching frequency are
suitable and acceptable for the purpose of water pumping. Besides these, successful
operation of the system even at 20% of solar irradiance has revealed that the proposed
system is undoubtedly acceptable for water pumping. With the use of Sim-control
framework toolbox of MATLAB/Simulink, the execution of the proposed SPV
controlled BLDC motor driven water pump is simulated. Using the simulated results,
the palatable execution of proposed framework is checked even under the quick
variety in climate condition. To exhibit the dynamic conduct of water pumping setup,
the irradiance is expanded from 400 W/m2 to 600 W/m2 furthermore expanded to 800
W/m2 as shown in figure 6.11. The SPV array, regardless of variety in irradiance,
works in CCM and the DC transport voltage is managed at an irradiance of 400 W/m2
is 152.5 V, at 600 W/m2 is 260.1 V and at 800 W/m2 is 315.5 V as shown in figure
6.13. Following the variation in irradiance, the speed of the motor is controlled and
the motor draws limited amount of current as shown in figure 6.15. At 400 W/m2
speed of motor is 1483 rpm, at 600 W/m2 speed of motor is 2538 rpm and at 800
W/m2 speed of a motor is 2991 rpm which is an adequate speed to pump a few
measures of water. The efficiency describe of setup is 79.5% at solar irradiance 400
W/m2, 82.1% at solar irradiance 600 W/m2, at 83.12% at solar irradiance 800 W/m2.

39
FUTURE SCOPE

The SPV fed BLDC motor system presented here works effectively for source
variations of ±100 volts and variable speed ranging from 1400-3000 rpm. However,
the performance deteriorates beyond these limits as the source is not sufficient enough
to meet the load demand. In such a situation, alternative source is required. This can
be fulfilled either with storage batteries that can store energy/charge during optimal
operating conditions or Integration of Solar PV panel with DFIG (wind) system.
When the source is insufficient to meet the load, battery of DFIG system can be used
to supply the requirement. This can be done in the following ways:

1. The battery alone supplies the load.

2. The battery and the PV array system working together to share the load.
3. Wind system alone supplies the load.
4. The battery and the wind system working together to share the load.
5. PV array and the wind system working together to share the load.

40
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APPENDIX-I

SPECIFICATION OF PV

1. PV Array Specifications

PV array comprises of nine series connected modules and two in parallel in one string
generating 154 volts at standard atmospheric condition of Irradiation = 1000 W/m 2
and Temperature = 25º C. Module data is as follows:

PARAMETER VALUE

Cells Per Module 36

Open Circuit Voltage 23.2 V

Short Circuit Current 6.4 A

Voltage at MPP 17.8 V

Current at MPP 5.6 A

Maximum Power 1624 W

Shunt Resistance 350.24 Ω

Series Resistance 0.38 Ω

Diode Saturation Current 2.9e-10 A

Diode Ideality Factor 0.989

Table 1.1: PV Module details

44
 PARAMETER VALUE

Voltage at MPP, Vmpp = VPV 154 V

Power at MPP, Pmpp = PPV 1720 W

Current at MPP, Impp = IPV 11.43 A

Number of modules in series, NV 9

Number of modules in parallel, Np 2

Table 1.2: PV Array Details

2. Specifications of Boost Converter

PARAMETER VALUE

Duty cycle 0.505

Change in ripple current 6% of IL =0.684

Inductance, L 6mH

Capacitance, C 500 µF

Input voltage PV 154 V

Output Voltage Vdc 310 V

Output current Idc 5.636 A

Switching frequency 25 KHZ

Table 2:Boost Converter details

45
3. BLDC Motor Specifications

PARAMETER VALUE

Power, P 1.42

Speed, Nr 3000 rpm

DC Voltage, Vdc 310 V

No of Poles, P 4

Moment of inertia, J 2.9 Kg-cm2

Damping Co-efficient 5.38 Nm-sec/K-rad

Torque Constant, Kt 0.74 Nm/A

Voltage Constant, Ke 78 V/K-rpm

Per phase Resistance, Ra 3.58 Ω

Per phase inductance, La 9.13 mH

Table 3:BLDC Motor Details

46
APPENDIX-II

MATLAB PROGRAM FOR P&O ALGORITHM

function D = PO(V,I,T)
persistent P2 P1 dP d dd n;
if isempty(V)
V=20;
end
if isempty(I)
I=0;
end
if isempty(P2)
P2=0;
end
if isempty(P1)
P1=0;
end
if isempty(dP)
dP=0;
end
if isempty(d)
d=1;
end
if isempty(dd)
dd=0;
end
if isempty(n)
n=1;
end
if (T > n*0.02)
n = n + 1;
P1=P2;
P2=V*I;
dP=P2-P1;
if (dd==0)
if dP>1
dd=0.01;
d=d+dd;
else
if dP<-1
dd=-0.01;
d=d+dd;
else

47
 dd=0;
end
end
else
if ((dP<1)&&(dP>-1))
dd=0;
d=d+dd;
else
if ((dP/dd)>0)
dd=0.01;
d=d+dd;
else
dd=-0.01;
d=d+dd;
end
end
end
end
D=d/(d+1);
if D<0.1
D=0.1;
d=D/(1-D);
else
if D>0.9
D=0.9;
d=D/(1-D);
else
end
end
end

48