Assignment 2

1. Enumerate the common tests that should be carried out in the examination of water at
laboratories attached to water treatment plants and explain the significance of each of them.
2. Draw a line diagram for a typical plant treating hard groundwater.
3. Draw a line diagram for a typical plant treating turbid surface water with organics.
4. Find the terminal settling velocity of a spherical particle with diameter 0.5 mm and specific
gravity of 2.65 settling through water at 200C. (Assume ρw = 998.2 kg/m3 and µ= 1.002 x 10-3
N-s/m2 at 200c)
5. Design a plain sedimentation tank for a water works, which supplies 1.4 x 106 litres/day water
to the town. The sedimentation period is 5 hours, the velocity of flow is 12 cm/minute and
depth of water in the tank is 4.0m. Assuming the allowance for sludge is to be made as 80 cm.
6. Design a circular sedimentation tank fitted with mechanical sludge remover for a water work
which has to supply daily 4.2 million litres of water to the town. The detention period in the
tank for water is 4.5 hours and the depth of the water in the tank may be assumed as 3.3 m.
7. A rectangular sedimentation tank is treating 2.5 x 106 litres/day. The size of the tank is (17.5 x
5.5 x 3.5) m3. If 80 ppm suspended solids are present in the water, assuming the 75% removal
in the basin and the average specific gravity as 2.0, determine
i. Average flow of water through tank.
ii. Detention time
iii. Deposition of the solids in the tank
iv. Overflow rate
8. A rectangular sedimentation tank is to handle 10 million litres/day of raw water. A detention
basin of width to length ratio of 1/3 is proposed to trap all particles larger than 0.04 mm in size.
Assuming a relative density of 2.65 for the particles and 200C as the average temperature,
compute the basin dimensions. If the depth of the tank is 3.5 m, calculate the detention time.
9. A settling analysis is to run on type 1 suspension. The column is 1.8 m deep, and data are
shown below:
Time 0 60 80 100 130 200 240 420

Conc, 300 189 180 168 156 111 78 27

mg/L

What will be the theoretical removal efficiency in a settling basin with a loading rate of 25
m3/m2-d?
10. A water contains 100.0 mg/L CO32- and 75 mg/L HCO3- at a pH of 10.0. Calculate the alkalinity
exactly at 250C by ignoring [OH-] and [H+] and error.
11. From the water analysis presented below, determine the amount of lime and soda (in mg/l as
CaCO3) necessary to soften the water to 80.00 mg/L hardness as CaCO3.
12. What is the estimated CO2 concentration of a water with a pH of 7.65 and a total alkalinity of
310 mg/L as CaCO3?
13. The waterworks of city treats 50 million litres/day of water in a coagulation sedimentation
tank. The quantity of alum consumed is 15 mg/litre of water. If the alkalinity of raw water is
equivalent to 1.0 mg/litre of CaCO3 determine the quantity of alum and quicklime (containing
80% CaO) required per month by the waterworks.
14. Results of chlorine demand test on a raw water are given below:

Sample No. Chlorine dosage (mg/L) Residual chlorine after 10

min contact (mg/L)
1 0.2 0.19
2 0.4 0.36
3 0.6 0.50
4 0.8 0.48
5 1.0 0.2
6 1.2 0.4
7 1.4 0.6
8 1.6 0.8
Sketch a ‘chlorine demand curve’. What is the ‘break point dosage’ and what is the ‘chlorine
demand dosage’ at dosage of 1.2 mg/L?
15. Chlorine usage in the treatment of 20000 cubic metre per day is 8 kg/day. The residual after
10 min contact is 0.20 mg/L. Calculate the dosage in milligrams per litre and chlorine demand
of the water.
16. Design a rapid sand filter unit for 4 million litres per day of supply with all its principal
components.
17. A rapid sand filter is to be provided in a water treatment plant, to process the water for a town
with a population of 275000. The water demand is 200 litres/capita/day. The rate of filtration
is 15 m3/m2/hour. Allow 5% of filtered water for storage to meet the backwash requirements.
Each backwashing period is of 30 min. determine the number of filters required allowing one
as a standby unit. The available surface area configuration of filter unit is 10 m x 4 m. Also
compute the up-flow velocity and head loss to expand the bed to 0.66 m from its original
undisturbed depth of 0.6m. The porosity of the bed is 0.50. Specific gravity is 2.5. The average
particle size is 0.6 mm. the drag co-efficient is 5.02. The flow is assumed to be transitional
flow.
18. From the water analysis presented below, determine the amount of lime and soda (in mg/l as
CaCO3) necessary to soften the water to 90.00 mg/L as CaCO3.
Water composition in mg/L
CO2 12.85
2+
Ca 59.68
Mg2+ 15.97
+
Na 7.98
HCO3- 225.61
SO42- 28.65
-
Cl 12.48

19. Give suitable reason for the following statement:

 i. Ferrous sulphate is used as a coagulant along with lime to remove turbidity.
ii. Chlorine is effective slightly less than 7 for disinfection
iii. Adsorption process used for removal of arsenic
iv. Necessity of cleaning for reduce of head in filter.
v. Chlorine is widely used for disinfection than ozone.

20. Write a short notes on:

i. Break-point chlorination
ii. Methods for desalination of water
iii. Differentiate between slow sand filter and rapid gravity filter.
iv. Advantages and disadvantages of dual media filter.
v. Split treatment
vi. Re-carbonation
vii. Rapid mixing
viii. Powdered activated carbon
ix. Advantages and disadvantages of electro-dialysis process
x. Fluoride removal technologies