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1 NUMBER AND ALGEBRA REVIEW

KEY SKILLS AND KNOWLEDGE

By the end of this chapter you will be able to:
• calculate with whole numbers using all the operations
• work with order of operations
• calculate with decimals, fractions and percentages
• solve problems with decimals, fractions and percentages
• solve simple probability problems
• revise basic algebraic techniques
• solve problems using equations

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1.01 WHOLE NUMBER REVISION (INCLUDING NEGATIVE NUMBERS)

The more problems you do, the less
We need to do the simple basic things perfectly. problems you will have; the less
Mathematics is about number and algebra. Number and algebraic problems you do, the more problems
you will have!
techniques are the foundations for further problem solving.
The following exercises will help you consolidate the
knowledge and skills that you learnt last year.

1.01

Adding and subtracting integers

Example 1 Calculate the following answers.
(a) 9 + 6 (b) 9 + (–6) (c) –9 + (–6) (d) 9 – (–6) (e) 10 – (9 + 8)
Solution (a) 9 + 6 = 15
(b) 9 + (–6) = positive 9 less 6 = 3
(c) –9 + (–6) = negative 9 less 6 = –15
(d) 9 – (–6) = 9 + (+6) = 15 subtracting negative 6 is the same as adding the opposite number 6 or
two negative signs together gives a plus
(e) 10 – (9 + 8) = 10 – 17 = –7 we do the brackets first 9 + 8 = 17; positive 10 less 17 = –7

1. Find the answers to the following.

(a) 8 + 9 (b) 35 + 43 (c) 21 – 17
(d) 42 – 29 (e) 16 – 16 (f) –10 + 10
(g) 19 – 20 (h) –3 + 7 (i) 12 – 16
(j) 7 – 13 (k) –15 – 9 (l) –15 + 9
(m) 15 – 9 (n) 15 – (–9) (o) (–12) + (–6)
(p) 12 – (+6) (q) –4 –5 –6 (r) 12 – 3 – 8
(s) 9 – (8 + 7) (t) 11 – (9 + 8) (u) (25 – 9) – 15

2. (a) 23 + (+12) (b) –23 + 12 (c) 23 + (–12)

(d) –23 + (–12) (e) 23 – 12 (f) –23 – (–12)
(g) – (-2) (h) – (+15) (i) –2 – 2 – 3
(j) –8 – 9 + 26 (k) 14 – 16 + 12 (l) 5 – (–4 – 7)
(m) 43 – (17 – 21) (n) 64 + (–14 + 18) (o) 6 – (12 – 18)
(p) (19 – 24) + (15 + 9) (q) (19 – 24) – (–15 – 9) (r) (–19 – 24) – (-6 + 12)

Remember that the

Multiplying and dividing with integers fraction bar means divide.
Example 2 Calculate the following answers. _48
(a) 5 × –6 (b) –5 × 6 (c) –5 × –6 (d) –16 ÷ 8 (e) _12

Solution (a) 5 × –6 = –30 (two unlike signs) (b) –5 × 6 = –30 (two unlike signs)
(c) –5 × –6 = 30 (two like signs) (d) –16 ÷ 8 = –2 (two unlike signs)
_48
(e) _12 = 4 (two like signs)

For multiplication and division

Two like signs gives a positive
Two unlike signs gives a negative

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3. Find the answers to the following. The fraction bar

(a) 6 × –4 (b) –9 × 7 (c) –9 × –9 (d) 8 × –7 means divide the
2 numerator
(e) –8 × 7 (f) –8 × –7 (g) –12 × 10 (h) (–8) by the
(i) 9
2
(j)
2
(–3) (k) (–10)
2
(l) (–1)
2
denominator.

4. (a) –12 ÷ 6 (b) –12 ÷ –6 (c) 12 ÷ –6 (d) 72 ÷ –8

(e) –72 ÷ 8 (f) –72 ÷ –8 (g) 63 ÷ (–7) (h) –64 ÷ 8
_50 50 _50
(i) –81 ÷ –9 (j) 10 (k) _10 (l) _10
_18 _21 35 _8_7
(m) 6 (n) 7 (o) _5 (p) 5
16+(_9) 2 2 3 3
(q) _7 (r) (–4) ÷ 2 (s) 3 ÷ –9 (t) (–2) ÷ 8

Order of operations
Perform the most powerful operations first.

1. Do the inside brackets, then the grouping symbols

2. Then any multiplication and division as you work from left to right
3. Followed by any addition and subtraction as you work from left to right

Example 3 Using the rules of order of operations, calculate the following.

(a) 25 – 10 × 5 (b) 16 ÷ 4 × –9 (c) 70 ÷ (20 + 15) (d) {(−5 – 11) + 4 (–2 + 8)}

Solutions
(a) 25 – 10 × 5 = 25 – 50 = –25 times before subtracting
(b) 16 ÷ 4 × –9 = 4 × –9 = –36 divide before times in working from left to right
(c) 70 ÷ (20 + 15) = 70 ÷ 35 = 2 brackets before dividing
(d) {(–5 – 11) + 4 × (–2 + 8)}= –16 + 4 × 6
= –16 + 24 = 8 inside brackets, then times then add.

5 Find the basic numeral for the following.

(a) 16 – 4 × 3 (b) 3 × 6 + 20 (c) 23 – 20 ÷ 4
(d) –7 + 6 × 6 (e) 9 × –3 + 7 (f) 3 – 9 × –2
(g) 27 – 9 × 3 (h) 60 ÷ (5 × 4) (i) 16 ÷ 8 + 4 × 7
(j) –36 ÷ 6 + –6 + 2 (k) –7 × 10 – 36 ÷ 12 (l) 2(19 – 8)
(m) 5(9 –13) (n) –3(8 –15) (o) –6(13 – 8)
(p) 80 ÷ (–5 –15) (q) (–1 –7) – (5 – 9) (r) (17 – 8) + (–3 – 11)
(s) –9 × –8 – 4 × (–5) (t) (35 – 40) + 0 ÷ 7 (u) –16 × 0 + –7 × –2
(v) (–4 + 4) – (5 – 5) (w) {16 ÷ 4 + (–6 × 9)} (x) {6 – 13 – 2(5 × –2)}

Solving word problems (involving the 4 basic operations)

1. Read the question carefully
I want to be a problem
2. Decide what is required solver not just a problem.
3. Which of the 4 basic operations do I use?
4. Perform the operation
5. Have I answered the question?

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6. Find the total of 110 and 55.

7. Before the Poulos family set out for a holiday, the car’s odometer was 37 475 km. After a week travelling in the
Hunter Valley region, the odometer now reads 38 198 km. How far did they travel?

8. Don planted 3 rows of 15 roses. How many roses did he plant altogether?

9. The product of two numbers is 90 and one of the numbers is 6. Find the other number.

10. Listed are the recent scores for the Swifts team: won 56–49; won 65–39; lost 47–53,
won 67–56. Calculate the total ‘for’ and ‘against’.

11. Cathy trained for the 400 metres race. She ran 5.5 km on Monday, Wednesday and Thursday,
and 6.4 km on Tuesday and Sunday. What was the total distance that she ran during a week of training?

12. A recipe contained the following ingredients: 150 g flour, 75 g butter, 80 g sugar,
350 g cornflakes, and 20 g honey. This makes 15 small cookies. What would the weight
of each cookie be (assuming no loss in weight during the cooking)?

13. On the 3rd hole (228 m long) of a golf round, Vijay hit his tee shot 179 metres into a bunker. He then blasted out of
the bunker with a stroke of 35 metres in length. How far short did he land from the flag?

14. The average weight of 3 boys is 47 kg/person while the average weight of 2 girls is 43 kg/person.
Find the average weight of these 5 people.

1.02 FRACTIONS
Example Change these improper fractions to a mixed number.
3 12 131
(a) 2 (b) 5
(c) 100
Solution Remember that the fraction bar means to divide.
3 1 12 2 131 31
(a) 2 =3÷2=1 2 (b) 5 = 12 ÷ 5 = 2 5 (c) 100 = 131 ÷ 100 = 1 100

1.02
1. Change the following improper fractions to a mixed number.
7 4 5 13
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 5
11
(e) 66
7
(f) 45
6
(g) 3 (h) 67
6
69 211
(i) 10 (j) 100 (k) 4781
1000 (l) 27
14

(m) 62
15 (n) 77
25 (o) 270
50 (p) 40
13

2. Convert these mixed numerals to an improper fraction.

Here is an example for you!
1 8 1 9 4×2+1 9
4 2 = 2 + 2 = 2 or 2 =2

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1 1 3 1
(a) 3 2 (b) 23 (c) 1 4 (d) 5 2

3 9 7
(e) 9 23 (f) 25 (g) 8 10 (h) 1 9

3 17 9 13
(i) 67 (j) 5 100 (k) 10 1000 (l) 7 20
6 7 9 5
(m) 3 15 (n) 8 25 (o) 2 13 (p) 7 14

3. Complete the following to form equivalent fractions.

1 ∆ 3 ∆ 3 ∆ 9 ∆
(a) 2 = 6 (b) 5 = 10 (c) 4 = 12 (d) 10 = 20

2 8 5 10 3 ∆ 7 700
(e) 3 = ∆ (f) 8 = ∆ (g) 10 = 100 (h) 10 =
∆
1 4 ∆ 1 ∆ 1 9 18
(i) 8 = ∆ (j) 25 = 5 (k) 1000 = 4 (l) ∆ = 100

Addition and subtraction

Here is an example for you.
5 1 5 2 3
− Method 1 Change to equivalent fractions 8 − 8 = 8
8 4
Method 2 Find the Lowest Common Denominator (LCD).
5 1
− 5 ×1 − 1 ×2 3
8 is the lowest number that both 4 and 8 will divide into =
8 4 = 8 8

1 1 5 3 2 1 27 36
4. (a) 3 + 3 (b) +
10 10 (c) +
5 5 (d) 100 + 100

9
(e)
5 3
− (f) − 4 56 35
(g) 100 − 100
1 3 2
(h) 8 + 8 − 8
8 8 10 10
3 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 1 1
(i) + − (j) + (k) 3 + 4 (l) − =
4 4 4 2 3 5 10 20
2 1 2 3 3 1 3 1
(m) 3 − 6 (n) + (o) − (p) 4 + 2
3 4 5 2
9 1 7 1 5 3 3 1
(q) 10 − 5 (r) −
8 2 (s) +
8 4 (t) −
4 16

1 3 1 3 1 1
5. (a) 1 + 4 (b) 6+ 5 (c) 1 2 + 4 (d) 2 4 + 2
1 1 7 2 1 3 2 5
(e) 10 5 + 11 10 (f) 6 − (g) 3 −1 (h) 4 3 − 2 6
10 10 2 4
3 7 1 29 2 7 1 5
(i) 3 −1 (j) 8 −5 (k) 3 +2 (l) 6 +2
4 8 10 100 5 10 3 6

Multiplication
Here is an example for you.
1 62 2
× = 3 divides into 6 to give 2 in the numerator
1
3 7 7

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You may need to convert a mixed number into an improper fraction before you multiply. ‘of’ means multiply.
1 1 1 1 2 1 3 12
6. (a) × (b) × (c) × (d) 4 × 18
2 2 4 4 3 6
3 9 3 8 6 27 7 24
(e) 10 × 10 (f) ×
4 9 (g) ×
9 12 (h) 12 × 14

3 10 3 12 1 4
(i) × (j)
5 9 4 of 15 (k) 8 of 6400 (l) 5 of $20
3 2 3 1 4 6
(m) 8 of 4 L (n) 3 of 42 kg (o) 5 of $25 000 (p) 2 of 3 of 8
3 3 2 3 4 1
(q) 6 × 2 (r) ×8 (s) 1 3 × 5 (t) ×2
4 5 2
3 1 2 1 1 3 5 5
(u) 3 4 × 1 3 (v) 2
3
×1
2 (w) 4 5 × 1 7 (x) 2 6 × 1 7

Division
Here is an example for you.
1 1 1 10 2 2
÷ = × = =2 When we divide by a fraction we invert the second fraction and multiply.
5 10 5 1 1
1
(In other words, how many tenths are there in a fifth? It must be 2.)
Notice that when you divide by a proper fraction the answer gets larger!

You may need to convert a mixed number to an improper fraction.

3 1 1 1 2 3 1 3
7. (a) 4 ÷ 2 (b) ÷ (c) 7 ÷ 14 (d) 10 ÷ 100
8 4
1 1 2 5 1 1 1 1
(e) 4 ÷ 8 (f) ÷ (g) 1 2 ÷ 2 4 (h) 4 5 ÷ 3 10
3 6
3 1 1 7
(i) 5÷ (j) 10 ÷ (k) ÷ 10 (l) ÷5
4 2 2 10
3 1 10 5 1 3
(m) 10 5 ÷ 2 (n) 3 ÷ (o) 5÷ (p) 4 ÷ 2 ÷ 8
3 9 7
3 3 2 1 5 5 3 13 1 3 5 2
(q) 8 ÷ 4 × 5 (r) × ÷
10 8 20
(s) 2 ÷ ×
5 10 2
(t) 1 5 × 8 ÷ 3

3 7
8. (a) Which fraction is larger 4 or 8 ?
2 3
(b) Which fraction is smaller 5 or 10 ?
3 7 13
(c) Arrange in order from the smallest to the largest { 4 , 10 , 20 }.
7 3 13
(d) Arrange in order from the largest to the smallest { 10 , 5 , 20 }
(e) What fraction is 25 cm of 1 m?
(f) What fraction is 125 kg of 1 tonne?

Solving word problems (involving the 4 basic operations)

1. Read the question carefully
2. Decide what is required
3. Which of the 4 basic operations do I use?
4. Perform the operation
5. Have I answered the question?

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1 1
9. In a class, 3 of the children come to school by bus, 4 come to school by car and the rest walk to school.
What fraction of the children came to school by bus or car?

1 2
10. Kylie spends 5 of her pocket money on sweets and 3 on CD’s. What fraction has she saved?

1 3 1
11. At one high school, 5 of the time was spent on Maths, 20 on English and 20 on sport.
What fraction of the time is spent on
(a) Maths and English together
(b) all lessons except sport
(c) Maths and sport?

12. In a class of 25 students, 12 live in houses with gardens, 6 live in houses without gardens and the rest live in a
unit or apartment. What fraction of the students
(a) do not live in houses with gardens
(b) live in a unit or an apartment?

3 2
13. When checking a hole, a plumbing inspector found that it was 3 4 m wide instead of 3 3 m wide.
Was it too small or too big and, by how much?

1 1
14. Find a fraction between 4 and 5
.

1
15. A bag of flour weighs 1 2 kg. What is the weight of 10 bags?

3
16. If you read 20 pages of a book in 4 of an hour, how many minutes does it take to read each page?

1 1
17. The chef adds 2 2 cups of water to a stew. If the cup holds 5 of a litre, how many litres of water were added?

18. Robert and Jack cook some beefburgers and pile them one
1
on top of the other. If each burger is 9 2 mm thick and the pile is 76 mm
high, how many did they cook?

19. What number is 30 more than one quarter of itself?

1
20. Sue, Kim and Pat share a cake. Sue takes 3 of the cake and Kim takes
1
3 of what is left. The rest is left for Pat. What fraction of the original cake does Pat get?

1 1 3
21. I cut an 8 2 by 13 2 cm sheet of paper into strips 4 cm wide, and then place the strips end-to-end to
form one long strip. What is the longest strip that could be formed?

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1.03 DECIMALS

1.03
1. Arrange in ascending order
(a) 0.8, 0.6, 0.5, 0.7
(c) 1.3, 1.03, 1.303, 1.003
(e) 5.055, 5.500, 5.505, 5.005
Who is The Greatest?
(b) 0.25, 0.7, 0.05, 0.91
(d) 0.57, 5.7, 0.057, 5.07
(f) 0.999, 0.909, 0.009, 0.990

2. (a) 0.4 + 0.5 (b) 1.3 + 3.6 (c) 8.6 + 2.7

(d) 37.2 + 63.9 (e) 4.7 – 1.6 (f) 9.2 – 7.6
(g) 18.2 – 7.9 (h) 15.07 – 9.8 (i) 20.001 – 4.79
(j) 6.8 – 0.95 (k) 101 – 39.45 (l) 11.75 – 2.6
(m) 4.36 + 15.85 – 9.7 (n) 27.56 – 9.67 – 8.52 (o) 100 – 6.15 – 34.87

Multiplication
Ignore the decimal points; perform the multiplication operation and then add the total number
of decimal points at the end. Remember that
0.32= 0.3 × 0.3 and
0.33= 0.3 × 0.3 × 0.3
Here is an example.
0.2 × 0.3 = 0.06 2 × 3 = 6 since there are two decimal places in total, we write 0.06

3. (a) 1.5 × 4 (b) 6 × 0.5 (c) 3.15 × 6

(d) 0.15 × 8 (e) 3.4 × 1.2 (f) 0.7 × 0.9
(g) 1.6 × 0.8 (h) 0.05 × 0.04 (i) 0.1 × 0.15
2 3 2
(j) 0.5 (k) 0.1 (l) 0.01
(m) 1.5 × 10 (n) 1.5 × 100 (o) 1.5 × 1000
(p) 0.02 × 10 (q) 0.02 × 1000 (r) 0.35 × 100
2 3 2
(s) 8.6 × 10 (t) 8.6 × 10 (u) 0.0035 × 10

Division
4. Dividing by a whole number.
(a) 16.8 ÷ 8 (b) 1.75 ÷ 5 (c) 2.17 ÷ 7
(d) 35.6 ÷ 2 (e) 3.56 ÷ 2 (f) 0.356 ÷ 2

5. Dividing by powers of 10.

(a) 8.25 ÷ 10 (b) 8.25 ÷ 100 (c) 8.25 ÷ 1000
(d) 9.14 ÷ 100 (e) 0.8 ÷ 10 (f) 4.5 ÷ 1000
(g) 0.02 ÷ 10 (h) 1.9 ÷ 1000 (i) 0.29 ÷ 100

6. Dividing a decimal by a decimal.

(a) 10.8 ÷ 0.2 (b) 9.5 ÷ 0.05 (c) 8.34 ÷ 0.3
(d) 8.34 ÷ 0.03 (e) 93.2 ÷ 0.4 (f) 4.5 ÷ 0.04
(g) 1.44 ÷ 0.12 (h) 6 ÷ 0.2 (i) 6 ÷ 0.002
(j) 12.5 ÷ 0.1 (k) 12.5 ÷ 0.001 (l) 10 ÷ 0.01

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Converting decimals to fractions

7. Change the following to fractions.
(a) 0.5 (b) 0.7 (c) 0.1
(d) 0.01 (e) 0.25 (f) 0.75
(g) 0.89 (h) 0.025 (i) 0.125
(j) 0.375 (k) 0.08 (l) 10.05
(m) 1.6 (n) 8.65 (o) 7.117

Converting fractions to decimals

8. Change the following to decimals.
9 2 36
(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 100
721 3 4
(d) 1000 (e) 4 (f) 5
1 1 2
(g) 8 (h) 20 (i) 25
1 1 3
(j) 1 2 (k) 4 4 (l) 10 100
617 5 3
(m) 12 1000 (n) 8 8 (o) 15 25

9. Write as a repeating decimal.

1 2 1
(a) 3 (b) 3 (c) 6
5 1 1
(d) 6 (e) 7 (f) 11

Solving word problems (involving the 4 basic operations)

1. Read the question carefully
2. Decide what is required
3. Which of the 4 basic operations do I use?
4. Perform the operation
5. Have I answered the question?

10. On a map, 1 cm represented 100 km. If two towns on a map are 4.5 cm apart, find the distance between the two towns.

11. A builder erecting some scaffolding needs to span 5 m. Two bits of plank are available, 3.6 m and 4.7 m.
How much is the overlap?

12. A rectangle is 4.2 cm long and 3.4 cm wide. Find its perimeter.

13. The population of a country town was 6000 and 0.45 of the population were females. Find the number of females.

14. The maximum temperatures for Newcastle for the first 5 days in October were 23.4°C, 22.6°C, 24.8°C, 27.2°C,
25.5°C. Calculate the average maximum temperature.

15. The Australian $1 was worth $0.65 American. How much American money was received after
Kamal had exchanged $500 Australian?

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16. The Kim family bought the following items from the supermarket: milk $1.85, margarine $2.45,
bread $2.75, eggs $2.50 and meat for $7.26. Find the change from $20.

17. How many pieces of ribbon 0.6 m in length can be cut from 5.4 m of ribbon ?

18. The perimeter of a square is 14.6 cm. How long is each side?

19. A rectangular prism has a length of 4.6 cm, width of 3.8 cm and height of 4.1 cm.
If we had to place a tape along all the edges of this solid,
find the length of tape that is required.

20. If 5 metres of curtain material cost $65.50,

what will 8 metres of the same material cost?

21. The average of 5 students’ marks was 7.5

and the average of another 5 students was 8.2.
If we combined their marks, what was the average of the combined group?

1.04 PERCENTAGES
Percentages are fractions with denominator 100.

1.04

To change a percentage to
1. Write these percentages as fractions. a fraction, we divide by 100.

(a) 50% (b) 75% (c) 20% (d) 64%

1 2
(e) 2% (f) 15% (g) 33 3 % (h) 66 %
3
1
(i) 400% (j) 140% (k) 165% (l) 12 2 %

To change a fraction to a
2. Write these fractions as percentages. percentage, we multiply by 100
1

3 97 1 4
(a) 10 (b) (c) 50 (d)
100 5
9 4
(e) 1 (f) (g) (h) 13
4 10 25 20
124 1 5
(i) (j) (k) (l)
200 8 8 2
1 3 1 21
(m) 1 (n) 3 (o) 9 5 (p) 1 100
2 4

To change a percentage to a decimal,

we shift the decimal 2 places to the
3. Convert these percentages to decimals. left as we are dividing by 100.

(a) 10% (b) 30% (c) 50% (d) 97%

(e) 75% (f) 65% (g) 15% (h) 110%
(i) 450% (j) 325% (k) 12.5% (l) 87.5%

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To change a decimal to a percentage,

we shift the decimal places 2 places to
4. Write these decimals as percentages. the right as we are multiplying by 100

(a) 0.5 (b) 0.9 (c) 0.28 (d) 0.06

(e) 0.075 (f) 0.025 (g) 1.5 (h) 7.2
(i) 14.05 (j) 0.3 (k) 0.6 (l) 0.005

Solving word problems

5. Harvey scored 12 out of 20 for a science test. What was his percentage?

6. 30% of the school’s population, 720, spoke a language other than English at home. How many students is this?

7. 25% of students wore spectacles in Year 8. If there were 120 students, how many students did not wear spectacles?

8. The house prices in a particular suburb rose 10% last year. If the asking price last year was $380 000,
what is the estimated value this year?

9. Lisa spent 60% of her weekly wage on rent and living expenses. If her weekly wage was $500,
find how much money she saves for other items?

10. In the drawer there are 3 black socks and 2 white socks.
(a) What percentage is black? (b) What percentage is white?

1.05 PROBABILITY
The probability of a particular event happening is defined to be the number of ways that event can happen divided by
the total number of possible outcomes (the sample space).
Heads or tails?
number of ways that event can occur
P(event) =
total number of possible outcomes

At random = each possible outcome has an equal likelihood of happening

Probability = a calculated chance of something happening and expressed as a ratio
Experiment = an activity for which the result is unknown
Trial = one performance of an experiment
Outcome = the result of a trial
Event = a selected outcome
Sample space = the set of all possible outcomes

1.05

1. Indicate whether the following events are certain, likely, an even chance, unlikely or impossible to occur.
(a) Throw a head with a double headed coin.
(b) Throw a tail with a double headed coin.
(c) Pigs might fly.
(d) The next child born in the hospital is a girl.
(e) If I bought a ticket in Lotto, that I would win first prize.
(f) A new light bulb will last only one day
(g) If we chose one student at random in Year 8 that student would be left-handed.
(h) Throw an odd number with the roll of one die.

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2. At a fete, tickets numbered 1 to 200 were issued and one ticket was chosen at random.
What is the chance of getting the lucky door prize for getting the following ticket numbers?
(Use the following terms: certain, likely, even chance, unlikely, or impossible.)
(a) above 100 (b) below 100 (c) between 150 and 200
(d) 201 (e) below 50 (f) between 50 and 150
(g) less than 201 (h) less than 10 (i) 0

3. Vaneeta rolls a 12-sided die with faces of 1 to 12.

What is the probability of obtaining:
(a) 7 (b) a number greater than 10 (c) a number less than 3
(d) a multiple of 5 (e) 13 (f) an odd number less than 6
(g) an even number greater than 9 (h) odd numbers divided by 3 (i) between 3 and 7
(j) 7 or 8 (k) a number greater than 4 (l) not a 6

4. The 26 letters of the alphabet are written on separate cards and placed in a bag and mixed around.
If one card is drawn at random, what is the probability that it is:
(a) P or Q (b) T (c) a vowel
(d) a consonant (e) X, Y, or Z (f) a letter from MATHS

5. The names of five students, Jill, Jacqui, John, Jordan and James, are The probability of not
placed in a hat and one name is drawn at random. happening is equal to
1 minus the probability
What is the probability that the name is: that it will happen.
(a) Jill (b) a girl’s name (c) a boy’s name
(d) one starting with J (e) not James or John (f) one starting with P

6. From a well-shuffled pack of 52 playing cards, one card is chosen at random.

What is the probability that the card chosen is:
(a) a queen (b) a black card (c) a black king
(d) a 5 (e) a queen of hearts (f) a red card
(g) a joker (h) a red 10 (i) an ace or king
(j) not an ace (k) not a picture card (l) not a red card

7. Are the following statements correct? Explain your answer.

(a) If we chose one word at random from any page of a novel, then the probability that the word started
with the letter X is 1
26 .
(b) Annette tossed 5 consecutive tails with a coin. The probability of tossing another tail with the sixth throw is
less than 1 in 2 as we just had a run on the tails.

Extension
8. A class of 25 students record their winter sport and the results are listed in this
Venn diagram. If one student is chosen at random, find the probability that the H V
student will play:
(a) hockey only (b) volleyball only (c) both hockey and volleyball 10 5 8
(d) no sport (e) not hockey (f) not volleyball
2

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9. The Venn diagram lists the Year 8 students’ elective subject choices. Show that M H
there are 24 students in the class.
If a student was chosen at random from this class, what is the probability that the 7 2 6
student chosen will study the following subjects: 1
(a) music only (b) geography only (c) music and history 3
(d) music and geography (e) all three subjects (f) not history
5
G

1.06 BASIC ALGEBRA SKILLS

Algebra is essentially the arithmetic of pronumerals. It has its own symbolic language and rules. It recognises number
patterns and relationships. The symbols (usually letters) represent numbers that are called pronumerals
(i.e. a letter standing in place of a numeral).

Example 1 Write down the next three numbers for these patterns.
(a) 2, 4, 6, ……… (b) 13, 11, 9, ………. (c) 2, 4, 8, ……..
(d) 32, 16 , 8, …….. (e) 3, –6, 12, –24, …….
I like number patterns.

Solution (a) The numbers are increasing by 2, therefore the next numbers are 8, 10, 12
(b) The numbers are decreasing by 2, therefore the next numbers are 7, 5, 3
(c) The numbers are being multiplied by a constant 2, therefore the numbers are 16, 32, 64
(d) The numbers are being divided by a constant 2, therefore the numbers are 4, 2, 1
(e) The numbers are being multiplied by –2 (as the signs are alternating),
therefore the numbers are 48, –96, 192.

Example 2 (a) We can build these squares using matchsticks. Record the number of sticks
required for each pattern and hence find the rule.

, , , ...
Solution Number of squares (n) 1 2 3 4 n
Number of sticks (s) 4 8 12 16 4n

Note there is a common difference of 4 along the second row.

We can write a rule for the pattern as s = 4n.

(b) We can also build these squares using matchsticks.

Record the number of sticks and write a rule for this pattern.

, , , ...
Solution Number of squares (n) 1 2 3 4 n
Number of sticks (s) 4 7 10 13 ?

In this case, the common difference is 3 (as this time we are only adding 3 matches at a time).
We assume that the rule for the pattern is y = 3n. When we substitute n = 1 into this rule, y = 3.
But, we have a problem with the table which has s equal to 4 when n = 1. Therefore, we must add a 1 to
this rule. It becomes y = 3n + 1. We can check that this rule is correct by substituting the other values of n .

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We can use algebraic shorthand to write our symbolic language.

1 × p = 1p = p We abbreviate by leaving out the multiplication sign.
3 × p = 3p p × 3 is also written as 3p.
I like writing in shorthand!
p × q × r = pqr

In general, we write the numbers and then the pronumerals (in alphabetical order).

Example 3 –6qp2 should be written as –6p2q

m × n = n × m = mn (since mn = nm) We leave out the multiplication sign.
y
y ÷ 4= y is divided by 4. Fraction bar means divide.
4
y −1
( y − 1) ÷ 4 = (y – 1) is divided by 4.
4
4
4 ÷ (y – 1) = 4 is divided by (y –1). We treat a bracket as one term.
y −1
Example 4 Simplify the following algebraic expressions.
(a) 7 × p + 5 (b) m + 9 × n (c) 4 × (p + 3)
(d) 10 × k ÷ 3 (e) (p + q) ÷ 3 (f) 2 × b × b

Solution (a) 7 × p + 5 =7p + 5 (b) m + 9 × n = m + 9n (c) 4 × (p + 3) = 4(p + 3)

p+9
(e) (p + 9) ÷ 3 = p + 9 note that
10 k
(d) 10 × k ÷ 3 = ≠p+3 (f) 2 × b × b = 2b2
3 3 3

Substitution
We can evaluate an algebraic expression by substituting numbers for the pronumerals.
Example 5 Evaluate the following expressions given that a = 2, b = 3, c = –4
(a) ab + c (b) 3(2b– c) (c) 2b2

Solution (a) ab + c = (2)(3) –4 = 2

(b) 3(2b– c) = 3[2 × 3 – ( –4)] = 3 × (6 + 4) = 3 × 10 = 30
2 2
(c) 2b = 2 (3) = 2 × 9 = 18

1.06
1. Consider the number pattern: 2, 4, 6, 8, ……
The first term is 2 × 1
The second term is 2 × 2
The third term is 3 × 2 and so on.
(a) What would the 10th term be? (b) What would the 20th term be?
(c) What would 50th term be? (d) What would the nth term be?

2. Write down the next three terms and find the general term (rule) for each pattern. I like patterns.
(a) 1, 2, 3, 4, ……, (b) 4, 8, 12, 16, ……,
(c) 3, 4, 5, 6, ……, (d) 1, 4, 9, 16, ……,
(e) 1, 3, 5, 7, ……, (f) 5, 10, 15, 20, ……

14 Number and Algebra Review

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3.

, , , ...
Look at this pattern formed by these triangles and complete the table.

No. of triangles (t) 1 2 3 4 10 n

No. of matchsticks (m) 3 5

(a) How many matches would be used to make 25 triangles in this pattern?
(b) If 51 matches were used, how many triangles would be formed?

4.
, , , ...
Look at this pattern formed by these hexagons and complete the table.

No. of hexagons (h) 1 2 3 10 n

No. of matchsticks (m)

(a) How many matches would be used to make 15 hexagons in this pattern?
(b) If 36 matches were used, how many hexagons would be formed?

5. A rectangle whose length is x and whose width is 1 is called an x-block.

x
(a) What is the area of an x-block?
(b) What is the area if we combined two x-blocks?
(c) Show that there are two ways to combine two x-blocks.
(d) Draw 2 different rectangles to show that x + 2x = 3x.

6. a one by one block is called a unit block We can add and subtract
l
like terms.
l

l is a diagram representing x + 2

x l l

Draw a diagram using some x-blocks and unit blocks to show the distributive law.
2(x + 1) = 2x + 2

Number and Algebra Review 15

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7. x x by x block is called an x2 block

x

x
write another expression for x(x + 2)

x l l

8. Simplify the following algebraic expressions.

(a) 3 × a + b (b) 6 × p + q (c) k+5×j
(d) c × d – 12 (e) 24 – 4 × m (f) c×d–e×f
(g) 5 × (x + 3) (h) 6 × (h – 2) (i) (5 + q) 2
(j) (c + d) ÷ 7 (k) 8 × w ÷ 3 (l) 7×k÷4
(m) 9 × r + 2 × s (n) (a + b) ÷ (a – b) (o) 2 ÷ (a + b)
9. We can add and subtract like terms (i.e. a + a = 2a)
(a) 2x + 3x (b) 12k – 8k (c) 9m – 4m + 3m
(d) 9y – y (e) 6q + q (f) 7t + 8t – 14t
(g) 6x + 4y + 3x + 2y (h) 7a + 6b– 5a – 4b (i) 9u + 8v – 6u + 2v
(j) 3a + 7b– 2a – 5b (k) 6mn – 7xy + 4mn – 2xy (l) 5p2 – q – 4p + 3p
10. Simplify the following. (Remember that a × a = a2)
(a) 6 × 3y (b) –5 × 4k (c) 2a × 3b
(d) 14m ÷ 7 (e) 16a ÷ 8b (f) a × 2b × 5c
(g) 3a × a (h) x × 4x (i) 3b × 2b
(j) 6c × 5 (k) 6c × 5c (l) –6c × –5c
(m) 5(x +4) (n) 6(3y + 4) (o) m(m + 5)
(p) k(5 – k) (q) a(2a + 7) (r) 8(2m – 3) + 12
(s) 24p + p(2p – 3) (t) 13k + 3k(2k – 4) (u) 3(6q + 5) – 14

Index laws
1. am × an = am+n 2. am ÷ an = am−n 3. (am)n = amn

Example 6 Simplify the following: (a) a3 × a2 (b) a3 ÷ a2 (c) (a3)2 (d) (2a2)3
Solution (a) a3 × a2= (a × a × a) × (a × a) = a5 (Or use Law 1) a3+2= a5
a ×a ×a
(b) =a (Or use Law 2) a3-2= a1= a
a ×a
(c) (a × a × a) × (a × a × a) = a6 (Or use Law 3) a3×2= a6
(d) (2a2) × (2a2) × (2a2) = 8a6 (Or use Law 3, don’t forget to cube the 2)
3 2×3
(2a ) = 2 a
2 3 6
= 8a

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11. Simplify the following:

(a) p × p × p (b) a×a×a×a (c) x×x×x×y×y
(d) k × k × m × m × m (e) 3×a×5×a (f) 6r × 5r × 2p
(g) –6n × 7n (h) b 2 × b3 (i) d × d3
(j) 2a × 3a (k) 2a2 × 3a3 (l) –6p × 6p4
(m) q8 ÷ q5 (n) d3 ÷ d2 (o) m5 ÷ m
4
y6 5
(p) x 2 (q) y
(r) 14 b4
x 7b
(s) 10r2 ÷ 5r (t) –12t4 ÷ 4t2 (u) 6d5 ÷ −3d3
(v) 9m8 ÷ 3m5 × 4m (w) 2y4 × 9y5 ÷ 6y2 (x) 5x3 × 6x4 ÷ 10 ÷ x5

12. Simplify the following:

(a) (x2)3 (b) (y3)2 (c) (w5)3
(d) (2a2)2 (e) (6p3)2 (f) (3p3q2)3
4 5
m ×m 2
2 k ×6 k
6 3
3a × 6 a
2
(g) 7 (h) 7 (i) 9a
m 4k
(j) 5 × p ÷ 2 (k) (5 + p) ÷ 2 (l) (5 + p) ÷ (5 – p)

13. Given that a = 3, b = –2, c = 4 evaluate the following:

(a) 2a + 3b (b) abc (c) a – 2b + 3c
(d) ab
c (e) a +c b (f) a − bc
11
(g) 6(c – 2b) (h) ab(c – 5) (i) 4b(a + c)
(j) 3a2b (k) b2c ÷ 8 (l) –2bc2 ÷ –16

1.07 SOLVING EQUATIONS

In solving an equation, we find the value of the pronumeral so that the algebraic sentence is a true one.

Example
Informal Method (by inspection)
(a) x + 2 = 7 (b) 15 – q = 10
what do we add to 2 to equal 7? 15 minus what equals 10?
x=5 q=5
k
(c) 8d = 56 (d) 5 = 5
8 times what gives 56? what number divided by 5 gives 5?
d=7 k = 25

(e) 2x – 1 = 19
what number minus 1 gives 19?
2x = 20
what number times 2 gives 20?
x = 10

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Formal method (balance method). Identify the pronumeral that you are solving for and remove all
other terms to the other side of the equation by doing the opposite operation.
This is also known as the balance method.

Sign Opposite sign

+ –

– +

× ÷

÷ ×

k
(f) 8d = 56 (g) =5
5
opposite of ×8 is ÷8 opposite of ÷5 is × 5
8 d 56 k
= × 5= 5 × 5
8 8 5
d=7 k = 25
(h) 2x – 1 = 19
2x – 1 +1 = 19 + 1 add 1 to both sides to remove –1
2x = 20
x = 20 divide both sides by 2
2
x = 10

Problem solving using algebra

Example Mother is 25 years older than Yusef. The sum of their ages is 49. Find their ages.

Solution Let x = age of Yusef, hence (x + 25) is the age of his mother.
Then x + (x + 25) = 49 sum means add
2x + 25 = 49 collect the like terms
2x = 24 subtract 25 from both sides
x = 12 divide both sides by 2 (Note: this is not the full answer.)
∴Yusef is 12 and his mother is 37.

1.07

1. Solve these equations by inspection (informal method).

(a) x + 5 = 7 (b) s + 3 = 6 (c) v + 2 = –3
(d) a – 1 = 4 (e) y – 2 = 5 (f) k – 4 = –3
(g) 3b = 15 (h) 4z = –20 (i) –6t = 30
x y b
(j) =5 (k) =−6 (l) =4
2 3 5
(m) 2x – 1 = 7 (n) 3y + 1 = 10 (o) 4f – 1 = 15
(p) 5t – 2 = 23 (q) 2r + 2 = 24 (r) 4c – 2 = –14

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2. Use the formal (balance) method to solve these equations.

(a) 5x – 12 = 18 (b) 2y – 12 = 12 (c) 4p + 1 = 37
(d) 5q + 11 = –4 (e) 3s + 7 = –2 (f) 6v – 4 = –10
2x 3y 4t = 8
(g) =4 (h) =6 (i)
3 4 3
2r = − 2 2a 3w − 2= −1
(j) (k) + 1= 5 (l)
5 3 4
m −1
(m) 3
=2 (n) 2w + 1
=5 (o) 1 − 3 w = − 4
4 2

We can use equations to help us solve problems.

3. Solve the following problems by first writing an equation.
(a) The sum of 15 and a certain number is 40. What is the number?
(b) The product of 12 and a number is 84. What is the number?
(c) If the square of a number is 64, what is the number?
(d) If I subtract 27 from a certain number and the result is 36, what is the number?
(e) If 54 is divided by a certain number and the result is 6, what is the number?
(f) If a pen and pencil cost $4.50 and the pencil costs $1.75 by itself, what is the cost of the pen?
(g) For the first 3 rounds of golf, Greg scored 67, 72, and 68.
If the total for the 4 rounds was 269, what did he score in the last round?
(h) If a certain number is multiplied by 3 and then we subtract 4 to get a result of 35,
what is the number?
Consecutive means
4. Solve these problems by first setting up an equation. one after the other.
(a) The sum of two numbers is 25. Their difference is 5. Find the two numbers.
(b) The sum of three consecutive integers is 39. Find the largest integer.
(c) The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 78. Find the three numbers.
(d) Ali and his dad placed some money in an overseas fund. Ali’s dad put in twice as much as Ali.
If the total amount is $15 000, how much did each put in?
(e) 2 adults and 3 children attend an amusement park where the entry fee for an adult is twice the entry fee for a
child. If the total amount was $35, find the cost for one adult and one child.

5. Given the perimeter for each figure, write an equation to find the value of the pronumeral.
(a) 20 cm (b) (c)
x 5 6
x
12 cm x
perimeter = 60 cm perimeter = 36 cm perimeter = 19 cm
(d) x-1 (e) (f)
2x
x x
x x

x x
x+4
perimeter = 51 cm perimeter = 48 cm perimeter = 120 cm

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1.08 PROBLEM SOLVING STRATEGIES

Mathematics is about problem solving.
• Solve directly by using the 4 basic operations.
• Guess and check.
• Draw a diagram, make a list, devise a chart.
• Make a table.
• Look for a pattern.
• Act it out and solve logically.
• Make a model.
• Work backwards.
• Solve a simpler problem.
• Have I seen a similar problem?
• Use the counting technique.
• Seek an exception (look for a counter example).
• Extend or generalise: ‘what else can we learn?’
• Use algebraic methods.

1.08
Solve the following problems using any of the strategies above.

1. How many 4 page booklets can be made from 96 pages?

2. Maryanne counts in ‘twos’ and Maria counts in ‘fives’. What is the first number common to both lists?

3. On a map, 5 cm represents 100 km. How far apart are two towns if they are 7 cm apart on the map?

4. The total cost of entry tickets to Funland Amusement Park for 2 adults and 2 children is $48.
A child’s ticket is half the cost of an adult’s. What is the cost of the child’s ticket?

5. The sum of two integers is 20. Their product is 96. Find the numbers.

6. At a budget restaurant, the menu was:

Entrée: prawn cocktail, mushroom soup
Main: mango duck, Tandoori chicken, veal
How many different 2 course meals can you order?

7. (a) If we stack 3 cubes in a row, how many faces can we see?

(b) How many faces can you see for 27 cubes placed in a row? 1

1 1
8. There are 6 people standing in a room. How many handshakes are there if each person shook hands once
with every other person in the room?

9. 16 players entered a knockout tennis tournament (the loser of each match drops out).
How many games must be played to determine the champion?

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10. A table in a restaurant can sit 4 people. If we placed 5 tables together end to
end to form one long row, how many people can we seat?

11. Bob, the builder, can saw through one pipe into two pieces in 3 minutes.
At the same rate, how long will it take him to saw the second pipe
into 4 pieces?

12. Farmer Macleod had some emus and cows. If a visitor counted 14 heads and 40 legs altogether,
how many emus were there?

13. A square garden has a length of 5 metres. If gardener Shirley placed a wooden post every metre along
each of the 4 sides (including the corners), how many posts must she order?

14. A science test consists of 20 questions. 4 marks are given for each correct answer and 1 mark
deducted for each incorrect answer. If Raja did all the questions and scored 55,
find the number of correct answers that Raja completed.

15. (a) How many squares (of any size) are there altogether in this diagram?
(b) How many squares if it is a 4 by 4 square?
(c) How many squares if it is an 8 by 8 square? Can you see a pattern to help you?

16. How many 2 digit numbers can be formed by using 6, 7, 8 if

(a) each digit is used once only
(b) each digit can be used more than once?

17. Find the sum of 1 + 2 + 3 + ………… +48 + 49 + 50. (Hint: use the addition pairs method.)

18. Suppose that you have one $1 coin, one 10 cent coin and one 5 cent coin.
How many different sums of money can you make?

19. A cube is made out of wire representing the edges.

How many different ways can an ant at A travel to B if A
it always chooses a path taking it closer to B?

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20. How many rectangles (of any size) are there altogether in these diagrams?

(a) (b)

21. A straight running track has 5 flags equally spaced along it from start to finish. Susi starts a race at the first flag
and takes 15 seconds to get to the third flag. If she keeps running at the same rate,
how long will it take her to run all the way from the first flag at the start to the last flag at the finish?

22. How many 3 digit numbers can be made from the digits 0, 1, 2? (Each digit being used once only.)

23. (a) How many different ways can Al, Brianna and Claire line up in a straight line?
(b) How many ways can 4 people stand in a line?
(c) Can you extend this idea?

24. Pedro is taller than Gina, Roberto is taller than Gina, but shorter than Antonio.
Antonio is shorter than Pedro. Arrange them from the tallest to the shortest.

25. Natasha was writing numbers from 1 to 100. She stopped for a rest after writing 53 digits.
What was the last number that she wrote?

Extension (using set theory)

26. Year 8 students at Hunter High made the subject selections as indicated in this Venn diagram. How many students
(a) were absent on the day? (b) study both history and visual arts
(c) study visual arts but not history (d) study history
H A

25 7 30

27. In a class of 22 students, 16 preferred rock music whilst 10 preferred jazz . By using a Venn diagram,
how many students preferred
(a) rock music only (b) jazz music only (c) both rock and jazz

28. In the school’s cricket team (11 players), there are 6 players who like bowling and 8 players who like batting and a
wicket keeper who does not like to bat or bowl. Draw a Venn diagram to illustrate this data.
How many people in the team like
(a) both batting and bowling (b) bowling but not batting (c) batting but not bowling

22 Number and Algebra Review

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29. The Venn diagram indicates the number of students at Country High who play sport, learn a musical instrument and
study a foreign language. Use the diagram to find the number of students who:
(a) do all three electives (b) do music and learn a language (c) only learn a language
(d) do sport and music (e) do sport but not a language (f) music but not sport
(g) do sport and learn a language (h) sport
S M

64 2 15
3
4 2

6
L

DIAGNOSTIC
DIAGNOSTIC TEST
TEST
Number and algebra review
1. Evaluate the following. 1.01
(a) 9 + 6 (b) 9 + ( –6) (c) –9 + 6 (d) 9 – ( –6)
(e) –5 × 6 (f) –16 ÷ –8 (g) (–1)3 (h) 14 – 7
(i) (–3 + 4) – [5 – ( –6)]
1.01
2. (a) The product of two numbers is 45 and one of the numbers is 15. Find the other number.
(b) On the 7th hole (230 metres long) of a golf round, Greg hit his tee shot 182 metres into a bunker.
He then blasted out of the bunker with a stroke of 42 metres. How far short did he land from the flag?

3. Change to a mixed number. 1.02

4 79 9
(a) (b) (c)
3 10 6

4. Change to an improper fraction. 1.02

3 17 2
(a) 1 4 (b) 5 100 (c) 3 5

1 1 7 41 1 3 2 1
5. (a) + (b) − (c) 2 −1 (d) 3 × 6 1.02
2 3 10 100 2 4

(e) 2 2 × 1 3 (f) 3 1
÷ (g) 1 1 ÷ 2 1
3 4 4 2 2 4
1 1
6. Find a fraction between 3 and 5
1.03
3
7. Jason spends of his pocket money on fast food and 1 on entertainment. What fraction did he save?
10 5

8. (a) 2.5 × 10 (b) 2.5 × 100 (c) 2.5 × 1000 (d) 2.5 ÷ 10 (e) 2.5 ÷ 100 (f) 2.5 ÷ 1000

Number and Algebra Review 23

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9. Change to a decimal.
9 4 1 2
(a) (b) 5 (c) 20 (d) 3 1.04
10
10. Change to a percentage.
9 3 1
(a) (b) 20 (c) 0.72 (d) 1.05
10 8

11. Tran rolls an 8 sided die. What is the probability of obtaining:

(a) 5 (b) a number greater than 6 (c) a number less than 3
(d) an even number (e) 10 (f) between 3 and 6 1.06
(g) 3 or 4 (h) not a 5 (i) a number greater than 5

12.
, , , ...
No. of triangles (n) 1 2 3 4 n
No. of sticks (s)
Complete this table.
1.06
13. Consider the number pattern 1, 3, 5, 7, ……
What would be the (a) 5th term (b) 10th term (c) nth term.

14. Simplify these algebraic expressions. 1.06

(a) 5x + 3x (b) 4a + 3 (c) – 3a – 2b (d) 2 × a + b (e) c × d – e × f
(f) (p + 2) ÷ 4 (g) 4 ÷ (p + 2) (h) 3 × w ÷ 2 (i) 6(2g + 2) (j) 3(5 – 4w)

15. Simplify these expressions. 1.06

(a) b × b × b × b (b) 3r × 2r × 3s (c) 2a × 3a
(d) 2a + 3a (e) 6xy – 5xy (f) –3c × 4cd
(g) 8q3 ÷ 4q2 (h) 9m8 ÷ 3m5 × 4m (i) 4g2+ 2g × 5g
2 2
3x ×6 x
3 2 ( 3 a b)
(j) (x2)3 (k) (2a4)2 (l) (m) 3 2 1.06
9 x4 9a b

16. If a = 2, b = –1 and c = 3, evaluate the following.

(a) 2a – 3bc (b) a2bc (c) 4b(a – c)

17. Solve these equations.

1.07
(a) y – 7 = 5 (b) 6t = –30 (c) 5g + 1 = 36 (d) 6v –4 = –28
2x w −1 1 −2 x
(e) =4 (f) =3 (g) =−1
3 2 3

18. Solve the following problems by first writing an equation.

(a) The product of 8 and a number is 72. What is the number?
(b) The length of a rectangle is twice the width. If the perimeter is 72 cm, find the length.
(Hint: draw a diagram and let the width be x.) 1.07
(c) The sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers is 42. Find the 3 numbers.

24 Number and Algebra Review