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h i g h l i g h t s
Double pipe heat exchangers are widely used in different industries due to simplicity.
Geometry modifications have led to higher effectiveness in double pipe heat exchangers.
Using nanofluids in double pipe heat exchangers has presented higher heat transfer rates.
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Growing need to develop and improve the effectiveness of heat exchangers has led to a broad range of
Received 17 July 2016 investigations for increasing heat transfer rate along with decreasing the size and cost of the industrial
Revised 31 August 2016 apparatus accordingly. One of these many apparatus which are used in different industries is double pipe
Accepted 7 September 2016
heat exchanger. This type of heat exchanger has drawn many attentions due to simplicity and wide range
Available online 13 September 2016
of usages. In recent years, several precise and invaluable studies have been performed in double pipe heat
exchangers. In this review, the development procedure that this type of heat exchanger went through has
Keywords:
been analyzed in details and the heat transfer enhancement methods in aforementioned heat exchangers
Double pipe heat exchanger
Nusselt number
have also been widely discussed. Having also tried the best to present a comprehensive research, the
Pressure drop authors gathered information regarding the usage of these methods such as active, passive and com-
Heat transfer enhancement methods pound methods which is worth noting that the studies concerning using passive methods in double pipe
Nanofluids heat exchangers have been frequently cited. Moreover, various studies concerning using nanofluids in
double pipe heat exchangers have been discussed in details. In this review, correlations of mostly
Nusselt number and pressure drop coefficient are also presented. It is believed that this review provides
new insights for further investigations.
Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Contents
1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
2. An overview of double pipe heat exchangers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1076
3. Geometry change . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1080
4. Heat transfer enhancement methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
4.1. Active method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1083
4.2. Passive method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
4.2.1. Twisted tapes insert in double pipe heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
4.2.2. Extended surfaces (fins) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1084
4.2.3. Wired coils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085
4.2.4. Other kinds of turbulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1085
4.3. Compound method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
5. Nanofluid in double pipe heat exchangers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1086
5.1. Experimental investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1087
5.2. Numerical investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: Omidi.m1991@stu.nit.ac.ir (M. Omidi), mfarhadi@nit.ac.ir, mousa.farhadi@yahoo.com (M. Farhadi), m.jafari177@gmail.com (M. Jafari).
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2016.09.027
1359-4311/Ó 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
1076 M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090
Nomenclature
6. Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1088
1. Introduction In double pipe heat exchangers, hot and cold fluids flow mostly
in concentric pipes in different configurations which are parallel
Nowadays, heat exchangers are widely used in industrial and and counter flows. In the first case, both fluids flow in the same
engineering applications. It is believed that coming up with design direction. While the latter case attributes to ones where fluids flow
of an efficient heat exchanger is quite complicated for engineers. in an opposite direction (Fig. 2).
The reason towards that is not only an accurate assessment of We have traced the history of publications regarding double
the long-term performance and the regarding financial costs is pipe heat exchanger back to its beginnings in the late 1940s
needed, but a comprehensive investigation of heat transfer, pres- [3,4]. The studies broadly support the view that this type of heat
sure drop and the effectiveness is also inevitable which all require exchanger is heading towards a considerable progress. Through
arduous work. Upon using heat transfer enhancement methods, these years, a plethora of researches have been carried out which
pressure drop will also be increased which results in a higher fall into various categories. In some cases, just the working fluids
pumping power. So it is firmly stated that some of these heat trans- characteristics and their modifications were studied [3–17], some
fer enhancement methods may just adversely affect the need to an investigated active methods [18,19], passive methods [1,20–55],
optimum case containing the heat transfer rate and pressure drop. compound methods [54], geometry change [56–65] and the other
As a result, choosing the methods wisely is of great importance. It heat enhancement methods [39–55]. Having been developed
is also believed that having a high and appropriate heat transfer incessantly, each method will be thoroughly investigated in the
rate in devices such as computers, electric power systems, automo- following sections.
bile engines and other numerous examples is inevitable (see Tables
1 to 3). 2. An overview of double pipe heat exchangers
One of the most simple and applicable heat exchangers is dou-
ble pipe heat exchanger (DPHE) (Fig. 1). This kind of heat exchan- One of the earliest researches done on DPHEs was the one by
ger is widely used in chemical, food, oil and gas industries. Upon Mozley [3] who both numerically and experimentally made a case
having a relatively small diameter, many precise researches have for the study and prediction of dynamic characteristics of a special
also hold firmly the belief that this type of heat exchanger is used DPHE using two automatic control methods. These methods were
in high-pressure applications. They are also of great importance based on simple mathematical models and also passive electrical
where a wide range of temperature is needed. It is also well- network analogs. He also compared the frequency responses which
documented that this kind of heat exchanger makes a significant were based on basic analog results and concluded that the numer-
contribution to pasteurizing, reheating, preheating, digester heat- ical results were in a good agreement with experimental results.
ing and effluent heating processes. Many of small industries also In the same year, Cohen and Johnson [4] also studied dynamic
use DPHEs due to their low cost of design and maintenance. As a characteristics of DPHEs. This numerical and experimental work
result, we came to conclusion that the previous researches carried shaped some thinking for years to come. In this study, equations
out on this type of heat exchanger should be categorized in order of dynamic characteristics were obtained for a simple system and
to overcome the perplexities of choosing the most appropriate it was reported that the characteristics of DPHE’s components
methods of interest. To the authors’ knowledge, no review papers could be easily determined by frequency responses of the data.
concerning double pipe heat exchangers have been published so They also observed that these data were so close to experimental
far and this fact is one of the main objectives of this review paper. results.
M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090 1077
Table 1
Studies on flow characteristics in DPHEs.
Later on, Lachi et al. [7] studied time constant of a DPHE and a the phenomenon was more noticeable at low flow rates and
shell and tube heat exchanger. The particular purpose of this inves- Richardson number of unity. It is also stated here that the Richard-
tigation was to classify the characteristics of these heat exchangers son number is defined as the following:
in a transient condition, especially the time when abrupt changes
buoyancy term gbLðT T ref Þ
in inlet velocities are considered. Upon carrying out this study, a Ri ¼ ¼ ð1Þ
model with two parameters of time delay and time constant have
flow gradient term V2
been employed. It is also noted that the analytical term was where b is the thermal expansion coefficient.
derived by applying energy balance equation. Moreover, it was sta- Furthermore, Ma et al. [17] experimentally investigated the
ted that an experimental method was used to validate the numer- effects of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCO2) in a DPHE in which
ical data which the highest observed difference found to be less the effects of pressure, mass flux and buoyancy force of the
than ten percent. SCO2-side were broadly studied. On one hand, it was observed that
Furthermore, in an experimental study, Aicher and Kim [12] pressure increase of the gas-side conspicuously caused both the
investigated the effect of counter flow in nozzle section of a DPHE overall and the gas-side heat transfer rates to be decreased. On
which were mounted on the wall of the shell side. It turned out the other hand, it was obvious that the flow rate of the water-
that the counter flow in nozzle section had a significant effect on side, in comparison with the gas-side, was the key element of
heat transfer and pressure drop. It was also concluded that the very the heat transfer rate. Moreover, a mathematical correlation based
effect would be more conspicuous, if the heat exchanger were on Genetic Algorithm was presented for predicting heat transfer
small and also the ratio of free cross section areas were low rate.
enough. They also presented experimental correlations to predict It is also stated that a wide range of investigations were carried
heat transfer rate in turbulent flow. out regarding the flow and fluid characteristics in DPHEs which a
Maré et al. [9] studied mixed heat transfer with back flow in summary of them is brought in the following table.
concentric DPHEs both numerically and experimentally. The work- In recent years, DPHEs have also been used in solar and geother-
ing fluid in this investigation was water which flowed in laminar mal applications. Templeton et al. [67] studied the solar energy
regime. The corresponding velocity vectors were also visualized storage by using a DPHE which was done numerically with finite
by PIV technique which is one of the most prominent flow visual- volume method. The simulation was based on the current samples
ization methods [66]. Velocity distribution showed that a high vol- in northern climates such as Canada. They observed that the pre-
ume rate of the flow in the annulus results in constant temperature sented model could simulate the transient change of temperature
boundary condition of the inner tube. It was also observed that a in both injection and extraction scenarios. As far as it is concerned,
back flow appeared in both inner tube and the annulus in which very few researches have been carried out in the field [68–70]. All
1078 M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090
Table 2
Experimental works on passive methods in DPHEs.
Akpinar [35] Helical wires Inner tube: hot air An augmentation of up to 2.64 times in Nusselt number
was observed compared to the empty pipe
Outer tube: cold An increase of up to 2.74 times in friction factor
water compared to the smooth tube was observed in the
experiments
6500 Re 13; 000 The helical wires retard the development of boundary
layers in the pipe, and the velocity and temperature
profiles approach those in plug flow
Correlations are presented in details
Naphon [36] Coil-wire insert Inner tube: hot water Coil-wire insert is more significant in laminar flow
Outer tube: cold Effect of coil-wire insert on the enhancement of heat
water transfer tends to decrease as Reynolds number increases
Correlations:
Nusselt number:
0:253
Nu ¼ hikDi ¼ 0:156Re0:512 Pr1=3 dHi
5000 Re 25; 000; Pr > 3; 0:39 H=di 0:65
Friction factor:
0:061
1:849 H
f ¼ 322:92ðln ReÞ di
Table 2 (continued)
Eiamsa-ard Louvered strips with forward and backward arrangements Inner tube: hot water The use of the louvered strip with backward
et al. [41] which are mounted on a core rod arrangement leads to better overall enhancement ratio
than that with forward arrangement around 9–24%
Outer tube: cold The Nusselt number increases with the increase of the
water inclined angle. This can be explained by a strong
turbulence intensity generated by louvered strips,
leading to rapid mixing of the flow especially at higher
inclined angles
6000 Re 42; 000 The maximum value of the overall enhancement ratio
was 2.65 in the case of the highest inclined angle
(h = 30°) of backward louvered strip arrangement
Zhang et al. [42] Simultaneous use of helical fins and vortex generators on the Inner tube: hot water Simultaneous use of helical fins and vortex generators
outer surface of the inner tube of a DPHE (steam) led to an efficient case with better heat transfer
Outer tube: cold air The pressure drop will sharply increase when shorter
helical pitch is used
6627 Re 13; 387 Correlations: (The case is related to RWP)
RWP: Rectangular Winglet Pair
Nu ¼ 0:07721Re0:7366 Pr 0:4
f ¼ 0:5658Re0:2058
9575 Re 20; 776
Sheikhol-eslami Perforated circular-ring (PCR) on the outer surface of the inner Inner tube: water Using PCRs leads to obtain lower heat transfer
et al. [43] tube of a DPHE enhancement than the CRs (circular rings) because of
reduction of intersection angle between the velocity and
the temperature field
Outer tube: air Thermal performance increases with increase of N
(number of perforated hole) but it decreases with
increase of Reynolds number and pitch ratio
6000 Re 12; 000 A decrease of the distance between each pair of the
turbulators causes an increase in friction factor due to
the more blockage against the flowing stream
Polynomial correlations are presented thoroughly in the
paper
Table 2 (continued)
Sheikhol-eslami Agitator used in the inner tube of a DPHE Inner tube: water As inlet temperature of water increases, Nui (Nusselt
et al. [44] number of the inner tube) increases. This increment is
due to reduction of thermal boundary layer thickness in
water side
Outer tube: air Nuo (Nusselt number of the outer tube) is a decreasing
function of temperature of upper tank and flow rate of
water
6000 Re 12; 000 That is to say such tapes induce turbulence and
superimposed vortex motion (swirl flow) which induces
a thinner boundary layer
Polynomial correlations are discussed
Sheikhol-eslami Discontinuous helical turbulators on the outer surface of the Inner tube: water Friction factor and Nusselt number decrease with the
et al. [45] inner tube increase of open area ratio and pitch ratio
Outer tube: air Thermal performance increases with the increase of
open area ratio but it decreases with the increase of
pitch ratio
6000 Re 12; 000 The presence of holes is a good method for reducing
pressure losses
The correlations are widely studied in details
Barga and Experimental and numerical investigations, continuous Inner tube: water Heat transfer of the unfinned annulus found out to be
Saboya [23] longitudinal rectangular fins more than the finned annulus
Outer tube: air
10; 000 Re 50; 000
Jerry Taborek Plain and longitudinal finned tubes in a DPHE under laminar Inner tube: hot water In low-Reynolds applications, cut-and-twist fin
[1] and turbulent flow regimes Outer tube: cold modifications would be advantageous
water
of the authors found the DPHEs very efficient in geothermal appli- 3. Geometry change
cations. It is worth noting that DPHEs have been used in some
other applications in which many of them regarding phase- In an experimental work, Yang and Chiang [58] studied the heat
change-materials have been earlier reported [71–74]. transfer in a DPHE containing a periodic varying-curvature inner
M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090 1081
Table 3
Concerning nanofluids in experimental studies related to DPHEs.
tube with water as the working fluid (Fig. 3). Effects of Dean, it was concluded that the Nusselt number and friction coefficient,
Prandtl and Reynolds numbers and also the curvature ratio on heat in comparison with smooth tube, increased 100 and 40 percent,
transfer rate and pressure drop coefficient were widely studied and respectively.
1082 M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090
Fig. 2. Different flow configurations [2]. (A) Parallel flow. (B) Counter flow.
4
And C 2 ¼
L np ð5Þ
2
the Gaussian promoters (np = 2) performed better in comparison to 4.1. Active method
the other promoters.
They also observed that the height of promoters and annulus This method addresses the issue of using an external force for
diameter had an effect on pressure drop while the heat transfer increasing heat transfer rate. Typical examples can be mentioned
was solely dependent upon the height of promoters. It was also as reciprocating plungers, implementing magnetic field for flow
concluded that the heat transfer and pressure drop decreased with disturbance, using surface or flow vibration and also applying elec-
the increase of length and pitch of the promoters. In some other tromagnetic fields. It is stated that some investigations have been
numerical studies, heat transfer and pressure drop of helical [64] performed on this method in DPHEs. El-Maghlany et al. [18] exper-
and oval [65] cross-sections were also studied. imentally investigated a DPHE with rotating inner tube. Corre-
sponding results were based on the influence of hot and cold
fluids, flow configurations (parallel flow or counter flow) and also
4. Heat transfer enhancement methods the inner rotating tube speed on Number of Transfer Units (NTU)
and effectiveness of the heat exchanger. It was generally stated
In general, heat transfer enhancement methods are fallen into that the heat transfer rate, NTU and effectiveness increased with
three main categories. the increase of rotation speed.
1084 M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090
shown that implementation of parabolic fins results in a higher 4.2.3. Wired coils
performance evaluation criterion. It is worth noting that correla- Akpinar [35] evaluated heat transfer, pressure drop and dimen-
tions regarding heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop were sionless exergy loss in both sides of a concentric DPHE equipped
also presented. with wire coils which were inserted in the inner tube. In this
Following the pervious researches, in the field of using fins in experimental study, working fluids were hot air and cold water
DPHEs, several numerical investigations have been performed. which flowed in the inner tube and the annulus, respectively. He
Among these, Kahalerras and Targui [25] studied the heat transfer concluded that heat transfer rate and exergy loss follow a rising
enhancement of a DPHE with porous fins on the outer surface of trend by helical number (number of helical turns of a wire)
the inner tube. The numerical model used in the porous regions increase and swirl pitch decrease. It was also shown that the
was The Brinkman-Forchheimer Extended Darcy, while the differ- increases of Nusselt number, friction coefficient and exergy loss
ential equations related to boundary conditions were solved by were 2.64, 2.74 and 1.16 higher in comparison to smooth tube.
finite volume method. Authors stated that the corresponding Finally, it was shown that the counter flow configuration with
results are only valid when the fluids flowing in both tubes are the highest helical number (hn = 137) caused the highest heat
identical and also they should have equal mass flow rates. In this transfer rates.
investigation, effects of geometrical, physical and thermal parame- Naphon [36] investigated the effect of wired coils inserts on
ters such as porous fins height and spacing, Darcy number and heat transfer and pressure drop of a concentric DPHE with water
thermal conductivity ratio Rk on heat transfer and pressure drop as the working fluid. He observed that using these wired coils leads
of the DPHE were widely studied. For the case in which Rk ¼ 1, to a significant effect in heat transfer rate in laminar flow regime.
the highest average Nusselt number was obtained for lower porosi- In other words, this effect will decrease with increase in Reynolds
ties along with higher fins heights. number. It is reported here that other similar studies regarding
In another novel numerical study, Syed et al. [27] investigated wire coil inserts in DPHEs have been done [37,38].
the laminar convection in a DPHE with variable fin-tip thickness.
The tip thickness is defined as the ratio of fin-tip angle to fin- 4.2.4. Other kinds of turbulators
base angle whose values varying from 0 to 1 correspond to the As far as we know, most of the studies on turbulators in DPHEs
fin shapes varying from the triangular to the rectangular cross- are performed experimentally. Although turbulators increase the
section. It is worth noting that this parameter is defined for the heat transfer rate, depending on their kind, they also increase the
first time in the field. In their simulation, Discontinuous Galerkin pressure losses.
Finite Element Method (DG-FEM) is used. Moreover, the effective- Starting to investigate, Yildiz et al. [39] carried out an experi-
ness of the DPHE is obtained by considering pressure drop, Nusselt mental study of fluid rotation on heat transfer and pressure drop
number and j-factor. Considering rectangular cross-section, Nus- in a DPHE. The rotation was due to propellers which were mounted
selt number and j-factor increase were 178 and 89 percent, respec- freely in flow stream. In this system, it was observed that the heat
tively. But the Nusselt number and j-factor increase for triangular transfer rate was 250 percent higher than an identical smooth
cross-section were 9.5 and 19 percent, respectively. They also tube, while this increase for pressure drop found out to be about
showed that the fin-tip angle was strongly related to the number 500–1000 percent higher in comparison to smooth tube. These fig-
and height of the fins. Finally, it was concluded that defining the ures were dependent upon Reynolds number and the number of
aforementioned parameter plays a significant role in DPHE design propellers which were set to be 5 and 10. It is noted that this paper
which brings about positive changes in cost, weight and friction never discussed the optimized number of propellers, dimensions
loss. It is stated here that some other numerical investigations and rotating angle of the propellers.
regarding finned DPHEs have been performed [26,80]. In an experimental investigation, Durmusß [56] studied the heat
It is well worth noting that several other researches regarding transfer and exergy loss in both sides of a concentric DPHE with
finned DPHEs were deeply analyzed by optimization processes snail entrance (figure). The working fluids were cold air and hot
which have made a significant contribution to the field. In one of water which flowed in the inner and the outer tubes, respectively.
these studies, Sahiti et al. [28] carried out a study for minimizing It is also reported that the effect of the snail vortex generator on
entropy generation of a pin-finned DPHE for various heat exchanger the heat transfer was less for low Reynolds numbers due to the
flow lengths and different pin lengths as a function of Reynolds speed rotation of the air. This snail entrance which was imple-
number. The heat transfer and pressure drop characteristics of the mented in the inlet part of the inner tube could enhance the heat
DPHE were analyzed experimentally. Working fluids in the experi- transfer by creating a swirling flow. Corresponding results showed
ments were water and air which flowed in the inner tube and the that Nusselt number of both sides of this heat exchanger for coun-
annulus, respectively. They concluded that larger number of pas- ter flow increased from 85 to 200 percent in which the mentioned
sages along with smaller pin heights will be more preferred in com- figures were mostly dependent on swirling angles. Considering an
parison with less heat exchanger passages with larger pin heights. identical swirling angle, the aforementioned figures mostly turned
Having achieved a good grasp of optimization in heat exchang- out to be about 20 percent higher than the obtained parallel flow
ers, Iqbal et al. [34] carried out an investigation regarding an opti- results. It was also observed for both parallel and counter flows
mum design of longitudinal fins which led to a higher conjugate that the pressure losses were about 110 percent higher in compar-
heat transfer. Existing fins were in rectangular, parabolic and ison to smooth tube. He also stated that upon an exergy loss crite-
trapezoidal geometries. In this numerical investigation, genetic rion, counter flow was the most optimum case.
algorithm along with Discontinuous Galerkin Finite Element Akpinar and Bicer [40] studied the effect of perforated turbula-
Method (DG-FEM) was used to solve governing equations in which tors which were in the inner tube of a DPHE. In this system, hot air
the fin shaped were optimized with Nusselt number as the objec- flowed in the inner tube and cold water flowed in the annulus. In
tive function. The results were optimized based on two different their study, effect of number of holes, diameter and their configu-
parameters which were equivalent diameter and hydraulic diame- ration was studied. The configurations were in two forms of zigzag
ter. Optimized results based on equivalent diameter showed a 289- and linear. It was found out that heat transfer rates increased with
percent increase in heat transfer coefficient, while this figure found the increase of number of holes and the decrease of the diameters.
out to be 70 percent for hydraulic diameter. It is noted here that Also, the maximum Nusselt number increase was 130 percent
similar studies for optimizing finned DPHEs have also been carried higher than that of smooth tube. In another experimental investi-
out by Iqbal et al. [30,31]. gation, they studied perforated turbulators in DPHEs [40]. But the
1086 M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090
difference of this work with the above-mentioned one was in the noted that the thermal conductivity ratio is defined as the ratio
case of exergy loss analysis which was done in this paper. of effective thermal conductivity in the porous domain to the fluid
Eiamsa-ard et al. [41] studied the effect of louvered strips on thermal conductivity.
heat transfer and pressure drop of a DPHE with hot and cold water It is stated here that other simulations based on porous sub-
flowing in the inner tube and the annulus, respectively. The lou- strates were also performed [47,48].
vered strips were in two backward and forward configurations. One of the other thermal enhancement methods which was
Upon comparing with smooth tube, in the case of louvered strips studied numerically is using ribs as the turbulators in DPHEs. As
with forward configuration, average Nusselt number and friction far as we know, the only study based on the ribs was done by Al-
factor increased 284 percent and 413 percent, respectively. Having Kayiem and El-Rahman [49].
investigated the results for backward configuration, they con- Another thermal enhancement method which is used mostly in
cluded that the average Nusselt number and friction factor increase shell and tube heat exchangers is using baffle. But not many stud-
were 263 percent and 233 percent, respectively. It was also ies are reported for baffles in DPHEs. To the authors’ knowledge,
observed for the case of forward configuration that the perfor- the only studies for baffles are carried out numerically by Targui
mance evaluation criterion increased about 9–24 percent. et al. [54,55].
Zhang et al. [42] studied the heat transfer increase in the shell
side of a DPHE equipped with simultaneous use of helical fins
4.3. Compound method
and vortex generators in which steam in the inner tube and cold
air in the annulus were used as the working fluids. The vortex gen-
This heat transfer enhancement method is a combination of
erators were used in four different geometries. The types of the
both active and passive methods. Simultaneous use of fluid vibra-
vortex generators were DWP (delta winglet pair), DW (delta wing),
tion and wire coils can be a good example of this method in which
RW (rectangular wing) and RWP (rectangular winglet pair). It was
plethora of studies have been carried out in heat exchangers [81].
reported that the heat transfer enhancement per unit vortex gener-
Having taken the existing researches of the theory in DPHEs into
ator area is the highest for delta wings followed by delta winglets
consideration, we state that not many studies have been reported
pair, rectangular winglets and rectangular wing.
on the field. In one of these few investigations, Omkar et al. [82]
Sheikholeslami et al. [43–45] studied the heat transfer and
carried out a study in which helical fins were used on the outer
pressure drop of a DPHE experimentally. The working fluids in
surface of the rotating inner tube. Working fluids were water and
these investigations were water and air which flowed in the inner
glycerol which flowed in the inner tube and the annulus, respec-
tube and the annulus, respectively. Several enhancement methods
tively. It was observed that a 64-percent increase in Nusselt num-
such as perforated circular rings [43], agitator [44] and discontin-
ber occurred for the case of 100 rpm of the inner tube in
uous helical turbulators [45] were used in their experiments. Hav-
comparison to the constant inner tube.
ing presented precise correlations, they were able to predict the
flow characteristics properly.
The other enhancement method used in DPHEs is using rough- 5. Nanofluid in double pipe heat exchangers
ened surfaces [51–53]. In one of these experimental investigations,
Raj et al. [53] studied the effect of doubly enhanced tubes on flow In recent years, adding solid particles to a heat transfer medium
characteristics in a DPHE with water and Ethylene Glycol as the has been one of the considerable techniques for increasing heat
working fluids. They performed this study under laminar, transient transfer rate in heat exchangers. Although they have drawn many
and turbulent regimes. It was observed that, on a constant pump- attentions, they cause some problems such as high pressure drop,
ing power basis, the highest inner-side heat transfer rate increase abrasion, clogging and sedimentation. But using nanofluids causes
for Ethylene Glycol was 6 percent in laminar regime and this figure a relatively higher increase of heat transfer in comparison to solid
was 18 percent for water in turbulent flow regime. Having per- particles. In order to tackle above-mentioned problems, nanofluids
formed thorough investigations, they concluded that these doubly are used with solid particles which are in very small sizes and low
enhanced tubes were most efficient in turbulent flow regime. concentrations. As a result, many investigations have been per-
In this field, some numerical studies have also been carried out. formed regarding nanofluids in heat exchangers [83–88].
Alkam and Al-Nimr [46] studied the effect of porous substrates in a Considering nanofluids in DPHEs, several studies have been
DPHE with the prospect of improving performance of the heat carried out in recent years [54,67,89–102]. In many of these stud-
exchanger. These substrates were inserted in both sides of the ies, authors have tried to use nanofluids along with other heat
inner tube which caused the heat transfer rate to increase in both enhancement methods which are mostly passive methods. There-
parallel and counter flow configurations. This increase was more fore, some of these studies are brought in the following (see Figs. 8
conspicuous in higher thermal conductivity ratios. It should be to 10).
Fig. 8. Geometry of the DPHE [63]. (A) Properties of the inner tube. (B) Different promoters of the inner tube.
M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090 1087
Fig. 10. (a) Typical twisted tape (b) IGPR twisted tapes (c) RGPR twisted tapes [94].
5.1. Experimental investigations of using nanofluids in DPHEs the secondary flows in the annulus. They also observed that the
increase in nanofluid concentration and also the twist ratio leads
Prasad et al. [97] studied the effect of trapezoidal-cut twisted to a higher heat transfer and pressure drop.
tapes in a DPHE. The nanofluid used in this investigation was Furthermore, Reddy and Rao [95] investigated the flow charac-
water-based Al2O3 which was in turbulent flow regime. The results teristics of a DPHE which was equipped with wired coils. Working
showed that the heat transfer rate increase in the annulus was fluid in the experiments was TiO2 in which the base fluid was a
higher than that of the inner tube which this was mainly due to mixture of water and Ethylene Glycol. It was observed for the case
1088 M. Omidi et al. / Applied Thermal Engineering 110 (2017) 1075–1090
of 0.02-percent concentration of nanoparticles in nanofluid that genetic algorithm was used to find the most optimum performance
the heat transfer and friction factor increase were 10.73 and 8.73 evaluation criterion.
percent higher than using the base fluid. While, the figures for Shakiba and Vahedi [102] also carried out a research on the
nanofluid along with the wire coils found out to be 13.85 and effect of magnetic field on thermal and hydrodynamic characteris-
10.89 percent which found out to be a progress in the field. tics in a DPHE.
In another experimental investigation, Maddah et al. [94] stud- Targui and Kahalerras [54] studied numerically the effect of
ied the effect of Al2O3 nanofluid along with modified twisted tapes simultaneous use of porous baffles and different nanofluids in a
in a DPHE. They altered pitch length and twist ratio of twisted DPHE. It was found out that the particle volume fraction played a
tapes by taking the growth progression ratio (GPR) into considera- more significant role on heat transfer in comparison to the nature
tion. The GPR is clarified in the following figure: of nanofluid. They also stated that the highest thermal effective-
In which IGPR and RGPR stand for increaser geometrical pro- ness was for a time when the nanofluids flowed in the annulus
gression ratio and reducer geometrical progression ratio, respec- of the DPHE.
tively. It was observed that using nanofluid along with twisted Saeedan et al. [67] studied the computational dynamics and
tapes with GPR < 1 led to the increase in heat transfer and pressure modelling the heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluids in a
drop rates. On the other hand, twisted tapes with GPR > 1 caused DPHE with helical baffles, while the outer surface of the inner tube
heat transfer and pressure drop to be decreased. was covered with fins. The considered nanofluids in this study
Continuing researches were carried out by Wu et al. [92] who were Cu, CuO and CNT in water-based fluids. They reported the
studied heat transfer and pressure drop of water along with differ- effect of Reynolds number and volume concentration on heat
ent water/aluminum nanofluids in helical DPHEs. They stated that transfer and pressure drop of the heat exchanger. As it is known,
these nanofluids have a negligible effect on critical Reynolds num- Nusselt number increases with the increase of volume concentra-
ber. They also concluded that the side effects of nanofluids such as tion, while it was observed that the increase of CNT/Water concen-
Brownian motion, thermophoresis and diffusiophoresis on heat tration led to the decrease in Nusselt number.
transfer rate were less than the effects of thermophysical proper-
ties of nanofluids. They also reported that these nanofluids could
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