Effective Length : Effective Length:

When NO Joint-Translation at Ends When in Presence of Joint Translation at the Ends

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4 Dr.N. Subramanian 5 Dr.N. Subramanian

Effective Length Factors for Various End Conditions Intermediate Restraints and Effective length

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6 Dr.N. Subramanian 7 Dr.N. Subramanian

Braced Column

Braced Frame

Moment
(Resisting) Frame

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Non-sway and Sway Frames
• For the purpose of analysis and design, the structural frames Sway frame —
are classified as • Transverse displacement of one
(i) non-sway Frames and end of the member relative to the
(ii) sway frames other end is not effectively
prevented
Non-sway frame —
• Transverse displacement of one end • occur in structures which depend
of the member relative to the other on flexural action of members to
end is effectively prevented resist lateral loads and sway, as
• In-plane stiffness is provided by in moment resisting frames.
– bracings, • Column buckle in double
– shear walls, curvature and hence their
– floor slabs and roof effective length factor will always
• Columns buckle in single curvature be greater than unity.
and hence their effective length factor
will always be less than unity;

Criterion for Sway/Non-Sway Rigid Jointed Frames Wood’s Curve for Eff. Length of Braced frames
• As per IS Code (Cl. 8.1.4), A rigid jointed multi-storey frame For Non  Sway Frames ( Braced Frames )
may be considered as a non-sway frame if in every individual
storey, the deflection , over a storey hs, due to notional
K
1  0.1451   2   0.265 1  2 
horizontals satisfies the following criterion
– For clad frames, when the stiffening effect of the
2  0.3641   2   0.247 1  2 
cladding is not taken into account in the deflection K c
hs where  i 
calculations:
 K c  K b 
2000 kC = Effective Flexural stiffness of
– For unclad frame or for clad frames, when the stiffening column = C(Ic/Lc)
effect of the cladding is taken into account in the kb = Effective Flexural stiffness of
deflection calculations: hs
 beam meeting at the joint at the
ends of columns and rigidly
4000
connected at joints = C(Ib/Lb)
• A frame, which when analyzed considering all the lateral
I
supporting system does not comply with the above criteria, 31
K or K b  C  
3 c
should be classified as a sway frame, even if it is braced or  L
otherwise laterally stiffened. Where, C = Connection factor

Wood’s Curve for Eff. Length of Sway (un-braced) frames Determination of Connection Factor C
For Sway Frames ( Moment Re sisting Frames ) Connection Factor Connection
Factor C for column when it is
 1  0.21   2   0.12 1  2 
0 .5 Fixity Condition at far end
K   Braced Unbraced
 2  0.81   2   0.6 1  2   Pinned 1.5(1-n) 0.5(1-n)
K c
where  i  Rigidly Connected Column 1.0(1-n) 1.0(1- 0.2n)
K c  K b  Fixed 2.0(1- 0.4n 0.67(1- 0.2n)
kC = Effective Flexural stiffness of Where, n = P/Pcr,
column = C(Ic/Lc)
kb = Effective Flexural stiffness of
P = Applied load and,
beam meeting at the joint at the Pcr = Elastic buckling load = 2EI/(KL)2
ends of columns and rigidly
connected at joints = C(Ib/Lb) • Note that for calculating C we need the effective length
31 I Determination of effective length is an interactive process.
4 K c or K b  C  
 L • Initially, we can assume K = 1 for calculating the value of C
Where, C = Connection factor

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ACI Method to ascertain sway/ Non-sway case of Frame
(ACI 3 18-2008)
• Based on stability index Q, which is given by
In the absence of bracing elements, the lateral flexibility of
storey is measured in terms of (u/Hu) (i.e. storey drift per unit
storey shear)

Pu  u
Q . Lateral flexibility parameter for unbraced frame may be taken
hs H u for a typical intermediate storey as (Taranath 1988)

 
Pu = Sum of axial loads on all columns in the storey  
u hs2 hs2 hs2  1 1 
hs = height of the storey    
u = elastic lateral deflection of the storey Hu I   I  12 E   I c   I b  
Hu = total lateral force acting on the storey 12 E  c  12 E   b       
 s
h  Lb    hs   Lb  
• If Q < 0.05  the column may be assumed as braced.

Roof Cladding

Steel Frame House Steel Frame House

Before Cladding After Cladding
Wall Cladding

Example on Determination of Effective Length of

Column in Building:
Columns size :ISHB 400;
Longitudinal beams (z-direction) : ISMB 600
Beams in the transverse direction) : ISMB 400.
Storey height = 3.5 m,
Determine the
effective length KLz
and KLy for a typical
column in the
(i) Lower storey, and
(ii) any Intermediate
storey of the
building,
Columns may be assumed
to be fixed at the base;

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Note: Storey height is measured from Floor to Floor
Solution
Storey Height hs = Floor to floor distance = = 3500 mm
No. of columns = 16
For bending about y-axis:
No. of beams resisting moment for bending about y-axis = 12
Length of beam resisting bending about y-axis = 6.0 m
For bending about z-axis:
No. of beams resisting moment for bending about z-axis = 12
Length of beam resisting bending about z-axis =
Unsupported length of the column,
In z-direction, L = 3500 – 400 = 3100 mm
In y-direction, L = 3500 – 600 = 2900 mm
Properties of Sections used for columns and beams
ISHB 400 (Column) ISMB 400 (Beam) ISMB 600 (Beam)
Iz = 28100 x lo4 mm4 Iz = 20500 x lo4 mm4 Iz = 91800x104 mm4;
Iy = 2730 x lo4 mm4 Iy = 622 x lo4 mm4 Iy = 2650x104 mm4
rz = 169 mm;
ry = 52.6 mm

(i) Relative stiffness of columns and beams (ii) Determination of whether column is braced or unbraced
Ignoring the contribution of in-fill walls, as per Eqn (5.15)
Determination of [Ic/hs]
In y-direction, [Ic/hs] (u/Hu) In longitudinal direction, :
= 16 x 2730 x 104/3500 = 124.8 x lo3 mm3
u hs2

In z-direction, [Ic/hs] Hu   I   I 
3 3
12 E  c    b 
= 16 x 28100 x 104/3500 = 1284.5 x lo mm
  hs   Lb 
Determination of [Ic/hs]
35002 1
  163.57  108
No. of Longitudinal beams =12
Length of Longitudinal beam, Lb = 6000 mm
.

12  2  105 1284.5  103  1836  103 
(u/Hu) In transverse direction,
[Ib/Lb] in for Longitudinal Beams having section ISMB 600,
u hs2
= 12 x 91800 x 104/6000 = 1836 x lo 3 mm3 
Hu   I   I 
No. of Transverse beams = 12 12 E  c    b 
Length of Transverse beams = 4.0 m (not 6.0 m as in book)   hs   Lb 
[Ib/Lb] for Transverse beams 35002 1
  689.9  108
=12 x 20500 x 104/4000 = 615 x lo3 mm3
.
 
12  2  105 128.8  103  615  103

(iii) Determination of Stability index (iv) Determination of Connection Factor ‘C’

Total axial load on all columns @ 35 kN/m2  2 EI  2  2  105  28100  104
=35 kN/m2 x 12 x 18 = 7560 kN Pcr    45279 kN
L2 35002
P 35  6  4 
In Longitudinal direction:

Pu  u 7560  103 n   0.0186

Qlong .  .   163.57  108  0.00353 Pcr 45279
hs H u 3500
C  2.01  0.4n   2.01  0.4  0.0186  1.985
In Transverse direction: Determination of Effective Heights of Columns at Ground Floor
(v) Determination of Effective Length in Longitudinal Direction
Pu  u 7560  103
QTrans.  .   689.9  108  0.0149 I    28100  104 
hs H u 3500 K c  C  c   2 1.985   318.7  103 mm 3
 L    3500 
Since both Qz and Qy are less than 0.05, the column in the
storey can be considered braced in both longitudinal and
 I   98100  10 
4
transverse directions. K b  C  b   2    306  10 mm
3 3

 L   6000 

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At any support,  may be determined as For Effective Height in Transverse Direction
K c I    2730  104 
i  K c  C  c   2 1.985   30.97  103 mm 3
K c  K b   L    3500 
 I   20500  10 
For a column of an intermediate storey, the support conditions at 4
both the ends are similar, K b  C  b   2    102.5  10 mm
3 3

K c 318.7  103  L   4000 

1   2    0.51 K c 30.97  103
K c  K b  318.7  103  306  103 1   2    0.232
For Non  Sway Frames ( Braced Frames ) K c  K b  30.97  103  102.5  103

K
1  0.1451   2   0.265 1  2 
2  0.3641   2   0.247 1  2 
1  0.1450.51  0.51  0.265  0.51  0.51  0.6897
 1  0.1450.232  0.232   0.265  0.232  0.232  0.579
2  0.3640.51  0.51  0.247  0.51  0.51
Effective length in Long. Direct. = KL 0 = 0.68972900 = 2000 mm
For Non  Sway Frames ( Braced Frames )
K
1  0.1451   2   0.265 1  2 
2  0.3641   2   0.247 1  2 

2  0.3640.232  0.232   0.247  0.232  0.232
Effective length in Long. Direct. = KL0 = 0.5793100 = 1795 mm

Effective Heights for the Columns at Ground Floor
For the Ground Floor column, bottom end may be
assumed fixed
For Effective Height in Longitudinal Direction
K c 318.7  103
1  0;  2    0.51
K c  K b  318.7  103  306  103
For Non  Sway Frames ( Braced Frames )
K
1  0.1451   2   0.265 1  2 
2  0.3641   2   0.247 1  2 

1  0.1450  0.51  0.265  0  0.51  0.592
2  0.3640  0.51  0.247  0  0.51
For Effective Height in Transverse Direction
K c 30.97  103
1   2    0.232
K c  K b  30.97  103  102.5  103
For Non  Sway Frames ( Braced Frames )
K
1  0.1451   2   0.265 1  2 
2  0.3641   2   0.247 1  2 
1  0.1450  0.232   0.265  0  0.232  0.54

2  0.3640  0.232   0.247  0  0.232
Effective length in Long. Direct. = KL0 = 0.542900 = 1566 mm

Effective length in Long. Direct. = KL 0 = 0.5922900 = 1717 mm

Built-up Compression Members

Design of Built-up
Compression Members

Built-up Face to Face Built-up back to back Built-up back to back

33 Section with
Channel Channel Section with Channel Section with
3 Lacing System
Single Single Lacing System Batten System

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 Built-up Compression Members
A Shed with Built-up Columns
• Double Lacing System
• Required when built-up
member consist four Angle
sections

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4 5 Dr.N. Subramanian

Commonly Adopted Lacing Systems Lacing Members Perpendicular to

Lacing is the simplest form for lateral bracing of columns axis of Column are avoided
• In single/double lacing systems,
cross members perpendicular to the
longitudinal axis of the strut are
avoided [Fig. c & e)].
• Lacing system without cross
members permits the lateral-
expansion of the column.
• However, introduction of cross
members prevents the lateral
expansion
• Consequently, large forces are
developed in lacing bar
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6 Dr.N. Subramanian

Lacing system should be uniform throughout the length of column

• The radius of gyration of the combined column about the axis

Batten System perpendicular to the plane of lacing should be greater than the
• Battened columns have the least radius of gyration about the axis parallel to the plane of lacing
resistance to shear compared to [see Fig. (a)].
columns with lacings and
perforated plates, Since No
lateral connecting member
between battens
• Batten system may experience
an appreciable reduction in
strength.
• Hence, batten are not generally
used in the United States

The lacing as shown in Fig. (b), for face cd, is not recommended

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• Single [Fig.(b)] and double laced [Fig.(c)] (previous slide)
systems should not be provided on the opposite sides of the
same member.
• Similarly lacings and battens should not be provided on
opposite sides of the same member.
• Single laced system on opposite sides of the main component
shall be in the same direction viewed from either side so that
one is the shadow of the other..
Effective Slenderness Ratio for Laced & Battened Columns
• If (KL/r)0 is the actual slenderness ratio of the column
• Effective slenderness ratio for built-up columns is taken as
– For laced column
• (KL/r)e = 1.05 (KL/r)0
• 5% extra is taken to account for shear deformation
effects.
– Battened column
• 1.1 times (KL/r)0,
• 10% extra is taken to account for shear deformation
effects
• The lacing shall be designed to resist a total transverse shear
V, at any point in the member, equal to 2.5% of the axial force in
the member; and this shear shall be divided among the lacing
systems in parallel planes.
• The lacings in addition should be designed to resist any shear
due to bending moment or lateral load on the member.
• The slenderness ratio of lacing shall not exceed 145.
• Effective length of lacing
• For Bolted lacings,
• For single lacings :
• The length between inner end bolts/rivets of the bar
• For double lacings
• 0.7 times the length effectively connected at
intersections.
• For welded bars,
• 0.7 times the distance between the inner ends of the
welds connecting the single bars to the members.