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Predicate Logic
• Resolution
• Natural Deduction
Chapter 5 1
Representing Simple Facts in
Logic
Chapter 5 2
6. Everyone is loyal to someone
ν x:∋ y : loyal(x,y)
Chapter 5 3
not loyalto(Marcus,Caesar)
(7, substitution)
person(Marcus)
ruler(Caesar)
tryassassinate(Marcus,Caesar)
(4)
person(Marcus)
tryassassinate(Marcus,Caesar)
(8)
person(Marcus)
An Attempt to Prove
not loyalto(Marcus,Caesar)
Chapter 5 4
Representing Instance and Isa
Relationships
1. man(Marcus)
2. Pompiean(Marcus)
3. ν x: Pompiean(x) -> Roman(x)
4. ruler(Caesar )
5. ν x: Roman(x) -> loyalto(x,Caesar) ν hate(x,Caesar)
1. instance(Marcus,man)
2. instance(Marcus, Pompiean)
3. ν x: instance(x, Pompiean)->instance(x,Roman)
4. instance(Caesar,ruler)
5. ν x: instance(x, Roman)->loyalto(x,Caesar) ν hate(x,Caesar)
1. instance(Marcus,man)
2. instance(Marcus, Pompiean)
3. isa(Pompiean,Roman)
4. instance(Caesar,ruler)
5. ν x: instance(x, Roman)->loyalto(x,Caesar) hate(x,Caesar)
6. ν x: ν y: ν z: instance(x,y)Λ isa(y,z)-> instance(x,z)
Chapter 5 5
Conversion to Clause Form
Chapter 5 6
4.Move all quantifiers to the left of the formula
ν x:ν y: ν z: [ not R(x) ν not k(x,M)]
ν [h(x,C) ν (not h(y,z)ν t(x,y))] (prenex normal
form)
Chapter 5 7
9. Standardize apart the variables in the set of clauses
generated in step 8
Chapter 5 8
Resolution in Propositional Logic
P P
(P Λ Q) -> R not P ν not Q ν R
(S ν T) -> Q not S ν Q
not T ν Q
T T
-Pν-Qν R -R
-P ν -Q P
-T Q -Q
-T T
Chapter 5 9
Resolution in Predicate Logic
Axioms in clause form:
1.man(Marcus)
2.Pompiean(Marcus)
3.- Pompiean(x1) ν Roman(x1)
4.ruler(Caesar )
5.- Roman(x2) ν loyalto(x2,Caesar) ν hate(x2,Caesar)
6. loyal(x3,f(x3))
7.- man(x4) ν - ruler(y1) ν - tryassassinate(x4,y1) ν
loyalto(x4,y1)
8.tryassassinate(Marcus,Caesar)
Prove: hate(Marcus,Caesar)
- hate(Marcus,Caesar) 5
3 - Roman(Marcus) ν loyalto(Marcus,Caesar)
Pompiean(Marcus) ν loyalto(Marcus,Caesar) 2
7 loyalto(Marcus,Caesar)
1 - man(Marcus) ν- ruler(Caesar)νtryassassi..(Marcus,Caesar)
- ruler(Caesar) ν - tryassassinate(Marcus,Caesar) 4
- tryassassinate(Marcus,Caesar) 8
A Resolution Proof
Chapter 5 10
Prove: loyalto(Marcus,Caesar)
- loyalto(Marcus,Caesar) 5
3 - Roman(Marcus) ν hate(Marcus,Caesar)
- Pompiean(Marcus) ν hate(Marcus,Caesar) 2
10 hate(Marcus,Caesar)
9 persecute(Caesar,Marcus)
hate(Marcus,Caesar)
An Unsuccessful Attempt at
Resolution
Chapter 5 11
Given
1 2
- father(x,y) ν - mother(x,y) 3
- father(Chris,Mary)
- father(a,y) ν - mother(a,b) 3
- father(Chris,y) 4
Chapter 5 12
Prove:∋x: hate(Marcus,x)Λ ruler(x)
(negate):- ∋ x: hate(Marcus,x) Λ ruler(x)
(clausify): - hate(Marcus,x) ν - ruler(x)
- ruler(x)
(a)
- ruler(Julian)
(b)
- ruler(Caesar) ruler(Caesar)
-
(c)
Trying Several Substitution
Chapter 5 13
- ∋ t: died(Marcus,t) = - died(Marcus,t)
79/t,Marcus/x1
- Pompeian(Marcus) Pompeian(Marcus)
(a)
79/t,Marcus/x1
- Pompeian(Marcus) ν died(Marcus,t)
Pompeian(Marcus)
died(Marcus,79)
Chapter 5 14