“Basic Concepts of Hypothesis Testing”

Hypothesis testing- Is a decision-making process for evaluating claims

about a population. Here are the steps that the researcher must follow in
order to arrive at meaningful conclusions based on the given data.

Step 1. State the null (Ho) and alternative (H1) hypotheses.

Step 2. Determine the statistical technique and the level of significance.

Step 3. Establish the critical region/decision rule.

Step 4. Compute for the test statistic.

Step 5. State the decision.

A statistical hypothesis is an assumption about a population

parameter. This assumption may or may not be true.

(2) types of statistical hypotheses

 Null hypothesis

 Alternative hypothesis

That is, if one is true, the other must be false.

The null hypothesis symbolized by Ho, is a statistical hypothesis that

states that there is no difference between a parameter and a specific
value, or that there is no difference between two parameters.

The alternative hypothesis symbolized by H1, is a statistical

hypothesis that states the existence of a difference between a parameter
and a specific value, or states that there is a difference between two
parameters.

Example:

Ho: Students in the principal’s school scored significantly the same with
the average NAT scores.

H1: Students in the principal’s school scored significantly higher than the
average NAT scores.

 The null hypothesis is always stated using the equals sign.

  The alternative hypothesis, i.e. using < or > or ‘. Because of this,
alternative hypothesis is sometimes called the research
hypothesis.

 The mean, proportion, or standard deviation are the

parameters that were tested in hypothesis testing.

A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on only

one side of the sampling distribution, is called a one-tailed test.

A test of a statistical hypothesis, where the region of rejection is on both

sides of the sampling distribution, is called a two-tailed test.

Table 5.1 Hypothesis-Testing Common Phrases

Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis

One-tailed Test Two-Tailed Test
…is equal to …is less (or greater) than …is not equal to

…is the same as …is above (or below0 …is different from
…is not the same as
…is higher (or lower) than
…is longer (or shorter) than
…is bigger (or smaller) than
…has not changed …has increased (or reduced) …has changed from
from from
There are two errors that we may encounter when we accept or reject
the null hypothesis.
Type I error- when the researcher rejects a null hypothesis when it is
true. The probability of committing a Type I error is called the
significance level. This probability is also called alpha, and is often
denoted by α.

Type II error- when the researcher fails to reject a null hypothesis that is
false. The probability of committing a Type II error is called beta, and is
often denoted by β. The probability of not committing a type II error is
called the power of the test.
Decision Ho is true Ho is false

Type I error Correct decision

Reject Ho

Do not reject Correct decision Type II error

Ho

 Alpha levels can be controlled by the researcher and are related

to confidence levels.

 In testing a given hypothesis, the maximum probability with which

we could be willing to risk a Type I error is called the significance
level.

 To get α, subtract the confidence level from 1.

Members:

Bautista, Anjolina B.

De Leon, Maybeleen

Mercado, Danica

Policarpio, Nicole

Valenzuela, Jen

Valdeabella, Bernadette

“Finally, be strong in the Lord and in the strength of his might.”

Ephesians 6:10