Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Young Scholars Conference
Railroads in the Land of the Nile
The Story of Egyptian Railroads
“Egyptian Railroads and the History of their Development”
By
Amr Nasr ElDin
1
Contents
Introduction…………………………………………………………………3
Chapter 1: The Beginning………………...…………………...…………...5
The British Connection: British Interest in a Permanent Route to Asia……………..5
The New Middle Eastern Route…………………………………………………..……6
The Egyptian Option: Transiting Through Suez………………………………...……7
The Creation of the Modern State: Mohammed Ali and the Pillars of
Modernization………………………………………………………………….………8
Renewed British Efforts to ReOpen the Egyptian Route…...…………….………….9
Time for Railroading: The First Trails to Establish a Railroad in Egypt…………..10
Railroads as a Means of Political Influence………………………………………....11
The False Start: End of the First Trails to Construct a Railroad in Egypt…………12
The Start: The Beginning of the Railroading Era in Egypt…………………….…...15
Chapter 2: Railroad Mania…………...…………………………………...17
Serving Trade…………………………………………………….……………….…...18
Serving the Khedives……………………………………………………...…….……..20
The End of the Mania………………………………………………………....………21
Epilogue…………………………………………………………………..……………21
Bibliography.………………………………………………………………23
2
Introduction
On a daily basis, around 2.3 million passengers use trains operated by the
Egyptian National Railroads (ENR) to reach their destinations. In addition, more than 11
million tons of freight is transported on yearly basis 1 . Thus it is fair to say that the ENR
plays a major role in Egypt's economic activity. This role has been successfully fulfilled
by the Egyptian railroad service since it was first created more than 150 years ago.
The creation of Egyptian railroads was a direct result of considerable changes that
took place in Egypt in the early years of the 19 th century. At the time, a new, powerful
and building of railroads in Egypt as just another positive externality of creating a
powerful central state – especially one with a huge and (by the standards of the time)
modern bureaucracy – once the railroad service was established, it proved of vital
importance in supporting the new state. Not only did it help the central government to
control the country and spread its authority over every part of it, it also facilitated the
moving of armies and was a major employer and source of revenue for the state treasury,
with all the socioeconomic consequences of playing these roles.
But despite the long history of the ENR, and the vital role it plays in the life of the
people and operates a wide network of routes which range from fast highdensity
trafficked routes to small lazy Delta branch lines 2 . Its long and interesting history is
virtually unknown to most Egyptians. This paper is an attempt to fill this gap. Its main
concern, therefore, will be to tracing the history of the Egyptian railroads and investigate
1
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003.
2
Ibid.
3
the reasons why railroads were introduced into Egypt in the first place.
facilitate exports and/or imports. It was a general trend, especially outside North America
and Western Europe, to find major colonial powers investing in infrastructure projects,
especially railroads, to gain access to natural resources and/or facilitate penetrating local
markets. This was the case in India, China and other parts of the world 3 .
But was this the case with the development of railroads in Egypt? It is historically
known that the first plan to introduce railroads in Egypt was intended to connect
Alexandria and Suez via Cairo. Was the purpose of this plan to rival the Suez Canal
project and create a foothold for Britain in Egypt? Or was it to improve internal
transportation in the country to facilitate access to Egyptian markets? Besides, what were
the factors which governed the later expansion and development of railroads in the Nile
valley and Delta?
3
Danial Thorner, "The Pattern of Railway Development in India," The Far Eastern Quarterly 14, no. 2
(1955): 201216.
4
Chapter 1
The Beginning
In the case of Egypt, the introduction, construction and development of railroads
was not intended as a service to Egyptian economy or as a means to penetrate Egyptian
markets, or even exploit Egypt's natural resources. Rather, it was motivated by the desire
grip on its main access route to India. This is not to underestimate the economic rationale
behind the construction of railroads, but rather to highlight the presence of other factors
that, in some cases, played a decisive role regarding railroad development in Egypt.
The British Connection: The British Interest in a Permanent Route to Asia:
As has been noted earlier, colonial interests were behind the establishment of the
Egyptian railroads. The British were primarily interested in securing access to their
dominions in Africa and Asia and creating a safe trading corridor to India, the largest and
most important British colony, or 'jewel of the British crown', as it was aptly described at
the time. Britain's influence and interests in Asia, India in particular, and Africa were
heavily entrenched. Its interests, therefore, were not only economic in nature (focusing on
an outlet for British capital outflows). They also included strategic and political ones as
the intercolonial power rivalry intensified.
Historically, there were two main routes connecting Europe and Asia: the first
was through the Middle East and was mainly a land route passing either through Egypt or
thousands of years and encompassed the famous Silk Road, rapidly deteriorated in the
5
years following 1498, when Vasco Da Gama discovered the Cape of Good Hope. This
newly discovered naval route allowed the British and other European powers easy and
unrestricted access to Asia, avoiding the high tariffs they used to pay to use the old land
route 4 . Moreover, the new route, though much longer, was safer than the old one, which
was prone to political upheavals that could drastically affect its accessibility.
The New Middle Eastern Route:
The expansion of British and European influence in Asia and their subsequent
entrenchment in their new colonies automatically transferred European conflicts and
rivalry to the Asian hinterlands. This required a faster means of communication to
transmit orders as evidenced by a report written by Colonel James Capper of the East
India Company around 1738 in which he says: “during the late war in India, we
frequently,[sic] had no intelligence from England for eight to nine months; nor did we
hear of the rupture of Spain until upwards of eleven months” 5 . In addition, the ships used
to maintain contact between Europe and Asia urgently needed massive resupply stations
along the naval route, which entailed huge economic and political costs. These two
factors highlighted the need for a much faster route to reduce time and the number of
supply stations needed.
At the time, the main alternative to the Cape of Good Hope was the Middle East,
which was becoming more favorable not only on account of the time factor, but also
because the crumbling Ottoman empire posed a lighter threat than the European powers.
In the Middle East there were two main routes to access the Far East; the first was by sea
to what is now known as Syria, then through desert caravans to the Ottoman provinces of
4
A.F.C. De Cosson, "History of the Egyptian Overland Route." The Egyptian State Railroads Magazine,
no. 2 (1934).
5
Ibid.
6
Baghdad and Basra, up the Euphrates, then by ships through the Persian Gulf to India and
the Far East. This route, which passed through the Mesopotamian desert, was heavily
used simultaneously with the Cape of Good Hope, and its increasing importance
encouraged the East India Company to open an office in the Iranian city of Bandar Abbas
to supervise the shipping of commodities. Later on, this office was transferred to Basra as
political upheavals increased in Iran 6 .
The Egyptian Option: Transiting Through Suez:
The second Middle East route was across the Mediterranean, through Egypt to the
this route used to pass through the city of Pithon, better known as Heroopolis, at the Gulf
of Heroopolis, before it dried up and retreated to today's city of Suez, which was
connected to the Pelusiac Nile – another extinct Nile branch. It was repaired and used in
Greek and Roman times, during the era of Ptolemy and Trojan respectively; later on, after
the Islamic conquest, it gained importance not only as a trade route between Europe and
Asia, but also as a passage to the Hejaz used annually by pilgrims heading for Mecca.
The route passing through Egypt possessed a clear advantage over both the Cape
of Good Hope and Mesopotamian routes in the form of shorter transit times. At the time
sea travel was cheaper and faster than land transportation, and the Egyptian route entailed
carrying goods between the harbors of Alexandria and Suez – a distance much shorter
and safer than crossing the Mesopotamian desert. The British soon recognized the
importance of the time factor. In a report by Colonel James Capper of the East India
Company, he says: “when the peace [treaty between England and Spain] was signed, the
6
ME Yapp, "The Establishment of the East India Company Residency at Baghdad, 17981806." Bulletin of
the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 30, no. 2 (1967): 323336. p.323.
7
news of it was transmitted to India, both across the great desert [of Mesopotamia] and
also round the Cape of Good Hope. Nevertheless it did not reach Madras until the end of
June … [H]ad the passage through Suez been available at the time the dispatch might
have been sent from England to the scene of action in 70 days”.
negotiate a treaty with Mohamed Abu AlDahab that would open the “Sacred Sea” – the
Red Sea – to British ships in return for 200,000 pounds paid to the Egyptian government
per annum in the form of duties. The Ottoman protest against the treaty forced the British
ships to stop coming to Suez starting 1779 7 .
In 1794, George Baldwin, the upholder of British interests in Egypt, managed to
negotiate a new treaty with Mourad Bey and Ibrahim Bey. This gave British ships the
right of free navigation and the landing and transit of goods, mails and passengers and
was later endorsed by a firman (official decree) issued by the Ottoman sultan. Four years
later, however, it was disrupted by the French campaign on Egypt in 1798 8 .
The Creation of the Modern State: Mohammed Ali and the Pillars of
Modernization:
beginning of the modern history of Egypt, dates back to the reign of Mohammed Ali
(18051848). Although he is recognized by many historians as the founder of modern
Egypt, his motives in initiating his wideranging reforms are differently interpreted, with
some claiming he was driven by personal ambition and others that he did it all for the
love of Egypt which he meant to transform into an advanced, powerful state.
7
A.F.C De Cosson, "History of the Egyptian Overland Route." The Egyptian State Rialroads Magazine 1,
no. 2 (1934).
8
Ibid.
8
Whatever Mohammed Ali's motivations, the reforms he introduced changed the
face of Egypt and laid the foundations of a modern state. Apart from reforming and
modernizing the country's old economic and administrative sectors, he introduced new
industries, such as weaponry and arms, and new crops, such as cotton. The improvements
spread to Egypt's infrastructure and took the form of digging new canals for irrigation
functioning bureaucracy and a strong army and navy 9 . These powerful government
institutions, backed by a strong economic base that rested upon advanced industries and a
flourishing agriculture, ensured that the government had sufficient financial resources,
which, in turn, guaranteed the spread of its control over Egypt. Increased government
control increased security throughout Egypt and made the Western powers, and Britain in
particular, more interested than ever in benefiting from Egypt's unique geographical
position to secure a permanent route to their Asian and African colonies.
Renewed British Efforts to ReOpen the Egyptian Route:
Britain's renewed interest in Egypt and its desire to establish a faster link between
England and its colonies in the Indian subcontinent is attested by a memorandum sent in
1815 by John Barker – the British Consul General in Egypt 18281833 in which he
suggested using steam ships in the Mediterranean and the Red Sea to create a faster link.
In addition, a report written in 1829 by lieutenant Thomas Waghorn of the Bombay
months under sail and up to three months with steam ships through the Cape of Good
9
Charles Issawi, "Egypt since 1800: A Study in a LopSided Development." The Journal of Economic
History 21, no. 1 (1961): 125.
9
Hope 10 . In contrast, a trip through Egypt, using what was then known as the “overland
One can therefore conclude that three main reasons led the British and other
Western powers to favour the Egyptian route. First, Mohammed Ali's reforms,
Egyptian trade routes as the government's policing abilities improved 12 . Third, the fact
that the Egyptian route required much less time than its alternatives since the distance
was much shorter.
At the time, the Egyptian route consisted of two main sections. The first started in
Alexandria: the commodities coming from Europe were unloaded at its ports, then loaded
onto small vessels which sailed through the Mahmoudiya canal, dug in 1819, then via the
10
A.F.C De Cosson, "History of the Egyptian Overland Route." The Egyptian State Railroads Magazine 1,
no. 2 (1934).
11
Ibid.
12
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003.
10
Nile to Cairo. The 269kilometre trip took three to four days or 42 hours of daytime
navigation according to some sources and it ended at the port in Bulaq. Commodities,
mail and passengers were then moved on to Suez by desert caravans, which in fair
weather covered the 144 kilometres distance in 16 to 18 hours 13 .
Time for Railroading: The First Trails to Establish a Railroad in Egypt:
The abovementioned facts encouraged the British to think seriously about
establishing a fast land link to connect the two naval hubs in Alexandria and Suez.
Building a railroad seemed an ideal solution, especially since the Egyptian government
stood to gain by it in the form of increased revenues from the duties on transshipment.
There is disagreement among historians as to who first presented the idea. Some sources
say it was a British firm, while others say it was Thomas Galloway, a British engineer of
arms foundry in Bulaq 14 .
inauguration of the first railroad in Britain between Stockton and Darlington. The first
stage was a 128kilometer, singletrack railroad on the land section of the “overland
route” between Cairo and Suez. The distance would be covered in 6 hours as trains then
could only run at a speed of 20 to 24 kilometers per hour 15 .
Railroads as Means of Political Influence:
The railroad project received huge backing from the British government since it
13
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977): Egyptian
Railways Press, 1977. See also Gary Goldfinch, p. 3.
14
Fatma Alam AlDin, Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal AlBiritani
18821914 (Development of Internal Transportation System in Egypt under the British Occupation 1882
1914): AlHaiea AlMasrya AlAma LilKitab (General Egyptian Book Organization), 1989. See Also
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977.
15
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977): Egyptian
Railways Press, 1977.
11
meant less transit time and increased security on its main trading route to India.
Moreover, all the needed equipment and experts would come from Britain and it was
automatically assumed that Mohammed Ali would resort to British capital to finance this
massive project. An Egyptian railroad built by Britain would not only ensure the
improvement of the overland route to India, but would, in addition, bring about a direct
British involvement in Egyptian affairs which, if well used, could be translated into
political leverage.
The use of massive railway projects to gain political influence was a ploy
repeatedly practiced by colonialist powers in many parts of the world, particularly the
Middle East. It was heavily practiced by the Germans in the Ottoman Empire where they
built the famous Hejaz railroad and later planned the ambitious Berlin to Baghdad
railroad which never materialized. It is even recorded that both the French and the British
competed with the Germans to build railroads in the Levant and other parts of the
political interests was further sharpened by their fear that the French, who at the time
were heavily lobbying Mohammed Ali to approve their idea of digging a canal between
the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, were gaining political influence in Egypt.
The False Start: End of the First Trials to Construct a Railroad in Egypt:
In November 1834 Mohammed Ali approved the construction of Egypt's first
By the end of the year most of the equipment, including the tracks, had arrived to
16
William L. Shorrok, "The Origins of the French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon: The Railroad Question
19011914." International Journal of Middle East Studies 1, no. 2 (1970): 133153.
12
Alexandria only to be left in its crates 17 . The ruler of Egypt had suddenly decided to drop
the project. A set of political debacles and fear of foreign intervention are believed to
started.
The fear of foreign intervention, political or economic, could be partially
explained by the high cost of the project, which would have forced Egypt to resort to
foreign capital. Mohammed Ali decided it was better and cheaper to concentrate on
digging irrigation canals. For one thing, they could be dug using local expertise and with
minimal costs; for another, they would be useful both for irrigation and transportation.
Meanwhile, the equipment that was shipped to Alexandria was used to build small
railroad lines on which the carriages were horsedrawn.
The first of these lines was near the now famous Cairo suburb of Maadi. The short
line used to run between the large quarries and a small dock on the Nile waterfront. It was
used to transport rocks needed for the construction of barrages and other irrigation
projects. The second line was in Alexandria and ran between ElDekhla quarries and the
Alexandria harbor. Like its twin line, this one was also used to transfer rocks and
short line was built to connect granaries in the Alexandria with the port; 30 small
carriages were used on it 18 . Egypt, therefore, had entered the age of railroading in a de
facto rather than in an official manner by 1835. Interestingly, Thomas Galloway's
brother, John reoffered the rail link project in 1843 to Mohammed Ali who refused it
17
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977): Egyptian
Railways Press, 1977. p. 10.
18
Fatma Alam AlDin, Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal AlBiritani
18821914 (Development of Internal Transportation System in Egypt under the British Occupation 1882
1914): AlHaiea AlMasrya AlAma LilKitab (General Egyptian Book Organization), 1989. p.39.
13
once more and on very much the same grounds as before.
It is quite plausible that Mohammed Ali refused to build the railroad for fear of its
possible political and economic consequences; but it is equally probable that he realized
that Egypt did not really need a new, fancy and expensive means of transportation. Yes,
transportation has always represented a major challenge to humans since early history
and the ease of transportation has always been unanimously identified with development
and prosperity. Thus, the history of transportation, or, more precisely, the different means
of transportation, occupies an important place in any indepth analysis of the history of a
country's or a region's economic development.
Egypt is no exception. Its economic history is very much related to the history and
development of its local and international transportation systems. Egypt's geography and
topography played a major role in determining the patterns of life and economic activities
of Egyptians since their early history. Egypt, or, to be precise, the inhabited part of Egypt,
which allow easy overland movement. In addition, the dependence of Egypt on the Nile
for water dictated, by default, that most of its economic and urban centers and
agricultural land had to be on or near the Nile's waterfront.
in Egypt. For thousands of years, the Nile was Egypt's main transportation hub and
carried people as well as all kinds of commodities, ranging from small bundles of wheat
to the massive obelisks. While the Nile and its branches provided Egypt with an excellent
internal transportation system, most of its meager international trade, or, more precisely,
interaction with the outside world was conducted through desert caravans or large sea
14
vessels 19 . It should be said that the Egyptian railroads during its first days did not attract
large percentage of Egypt's internal transportation either in the form of passengers or in
the form of goods, as many preferred the Nile as a safer and more accessible means of
transportation.
This was the situation in Egypt for thousands of years during which Egypt
Egypt had always been adequate for its needs and never constituted a major obstacle to
economic development. At the time the railroad project was proposed, Egypt did not have
a major transportation problem. This probably played a role in Mohammed Ali's decesion
to turn down the railorad offer twice. It would be more than 20 years before efforts to
build a railroad in Egypt were launched again.
The Start: The Beginning of the Railroading Era in Egypt:
The British efforts to convince Egyptian rulers to build railroads continued, and
convince him to approve the project was launched. Unlike its predecessors, this one
his accession to Egypt's throne.
At last, the British dream of modernizing their overland route was beginning to
only gradually replace the old ones, but would also bring about the massive socio
economic changes which altered its face forever.
In November 1851, the contract to build the first railroad in Egypt was signed
19
Goghrafya AlNakal Fi Masr (Geography of Transportation in Egypt). Dirsat Fi Goghrafya Misr
(Studies in the Geography of Egypt): Maktaba AlAnglo AlMasria (The AngloEgyptian Library), 1987.
15
between Egypt's forigen minters, Stephen Bek, and a represntiative of Robert Stephnson,
the son of the George Stephonson the invintaor of railroads. It would be a single line
from Alexandria to Cairo, then from Cairo to Suez, following in the footsteps of the old
famous overland route 20 . In April 1853, the first section, 105kilometre long between
first puff of the Egyptian State Railroads (ESR) number1 locomotive, a new era started:
an era of Egyptian Railroading 21 .
The first line between Cairo and Alexandria was completed in 1855 with the total
cost of one and a half million Egyptian pounds including the price of the tracks, flanges,
locomotives and carriages. At the time the trip between Cairo and Alexandria used to
take about six hours and was operated by a Stephenson 240 steam locomotive hauling a
train of 4wheel carriages 22 . The second line between Cairo and Suez was built between
1856 and 1858 and upon its completion a modern railroad line now served the overland
route and its revenues helped the finances of the Egyptian state. It should be said that in
1869 and after the opening of the Suez Canal, the revenues coming from the “steel”
overland route declined and CairoSuez railroad was closed; the tracks were later on
removed in 1879. Consequently, the number of foreign passengers per kilometre using
the Egyptian railroads decreased to only 14 23 .
20
Fatma Alam AlDin, Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal AlBiritani
18821914 (Development of Internal Transportation System in Egypt under the British Occupation 1882
1914): AlHaiea AlMasrya AlAma LilKitab (General Egyptian Book Organization), 1989. p. 42.
21
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977): Egyptian
Railways Press, 1977.
22
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003. p. 6.
23
Ali Basha Mubarak, AlKohtat AlTawfikiya AlGadida (the New Tawifkiya Plans). Vol. 7.
16
Chapter 2
Railroad Mania
The aim of this chapter is to explore the rationale that guided the development and
expansion of the Egyptian railroad network after its initial start. The total lengths of
railroads built and opened between 1858 and 1876 surpass any other expansions in the
exaggeration to describe the years between 1858 and 1876 as the years of the great
Egyptian railroad mania.
The opening of the first railroad in Egypt was a product of a British desire to
international navigation in 1869, the foreign interest in railroad development in Egypt
ceased. Luckily, however, the loss of direct foreign interest in Egyptian railways did not
mean the end of the era of railroading in Egypt. On the contrary, the Egyptian railroads
created their own rationale of development and expansion, which, interestingly and
indirectly served foreign interests.
At the time Egypt was increasingly being integrated in the world's economy. The
failure of Egypt's industrial experience under Mohamed Ali (due to several reasons which
are beyond the scope of this research) meant that Egypt was forced to depend on its
agricultural base. As a result, Egypt automatically turned into a major exporter of cotton.
With the advent of the American civil war, demand for Egyptian cotton increased,
sending the revenues from exporting cotton skyrocketing; for example: the cotton output
17
rose from 501,000 qantars in 1860 to 3,124,000 qantars in 1879 24 . This enabled the
Egyptian government to finance many of its infrastructure projects, including those
related to the expansion of the railroad network.
After the initial introduction of railroads, the Egyptian government realized their
positive economic, social and political externalities. It, therefore, embarked on a massive
program to transform and expand the original selfcontained CairoAlexandria railroad
into a fullfledged network covering main parts of the country.
An analysis of the pattern of development and expansion of the Egyptian railroad
network will reveal that during those formative years great efforts were made to connect
main trading and industrial centers with Egypt's exports outlets (namely the harbors in
Alexandria and Damietta). The connections made between these economic centers, which
at the time were also the administrative ones, served the dual propose of facilitating trade
and tightening the grip of the central government over the country.
Serving Trade:
industrial and trading centers with Egypt's two main cities: Cairo and Alexandria. At the
time, Egypt's rulers were beginning to realize the great importance of cotton as a cash
crop; connecting its major trading centers with a fast and reliable means of transportation,
therefore, became a necessity. As a result, a branch line was built in 1857 between Tanta
and Muhallet Ruh, and was later extended to serve the city of Muhalla AlKubra, a major
trading and manufacturing center for the cotton industry, in 1865 25 . Another line was
built in 1859, also radiating from Tanta, to Samanoud, on the bank of the Damietta
24
Mohammad A. Chaichian, "The Effects of World Capitalist Economy on Urbanization in Egypt, 1800
1970." International Journal of Middle East Studies 1, no. 20 (1988): 2343.
25
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003. p. 7.
18
branch of the Nile, with the aim of connecting the port of Damietta with the railroad
Ottoman empire passed through this small port 26 . A 36kilometer line was built in 1860
from Benha, on the CairoAlexandria railroad, to serve the city of Zaqaziq, and it was
later on extended to AlMansoura, which was by default a major centre for cotton
trading 27 . In 1865, it was augmented by a 69kilometer direct connection between
Zaqaziq and Qalyub via Bilbis 28 .
The opening of the Suez Canal meant that Egypt had acquired two new major
railroad was closed in 1869, a decision was made not to deprive the old Egyptian port
from its rail line and thus a rail link was extended from Ismailiya to Suez in the same
year 29 . Before the end of the same year, too, and on the far northern eastern edge of the
Nile delta, a railroad was built to connect AlMansoura with Damietta.
While the development and the expansion of the main railroad network was
taking place, numerous short secondary lines were extended to open small market towns
and agricultural areas. These lines included a 13kilometer rail link from Benha to Mit
between Abu Kebir and Salihiyya in 1869 and between Alexandria and Rosetta in 1872 30 .
26
Mohammed AlSayad, AlNakl Fi AlBilad AlAarabia (Transportation in Arab Countries): Mahad Al
Dirsat AlArabia AlAlamia (The Institute of Arab International Studies), 1956. p. 40.
27
Mohammad A. Chaichian, "The Effects of World Capitalist Economy on Urbanization in Egypt, 1800
1970." International Journal of Middle East Studies 1, no. 20 (1988): 2343.
28
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977): Egyptian
Railways Press, 1977.
29
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003. p. 8.
30
Mohammed AlSayad, AlNakl Fi AlBilad AlAarabia (Transportation in Arab Countries): Mahad Al
Dirsat AlArabia AlAlamia (The Institute of Arab International Studies), 1956. p. 4042. See Also Fatma
Alam AlDin, Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal AlBiritani 18821914.
p. 50.
19
Railroad opening was not limited to lower Egypt and by 1867, the building of the
lines, proved to be a success and many of the main lines had to be doubled; especially the
CairoAlexandria one which was doubled at several stages between 1859 and 1866 31 .
Moreover, many trunk routes had to be added to relieve congestion from other main
lines; this entailed the building of the 120kilometer Imbaba to Etay AlBarud line, with
its triangular junction on the Upper Egypt railroad in 1872 32 . Also, the alignment of
railroads in and around Alexandria was greatly altered; giving the city a brand new
station and effectively separating freight and passenger services 33 .
Serving the Khedives:
Interestingly enough, not all the railroads built at the time were devoted to
facilitating the trade and the export of cotton. In fact, some of the expansions were built
at the special request of the Egyptian Khedives. These included the construction of small
19kilometer line West of Alexandria for the Khedive's own private pleasure 34 . Other
lines or, rather, small railroad networks, were opened to serve the sugar cane cultivations
of the Egyptian Khedives and their total lengths were around 256 and 61 kilometers
respectively 35 .
31
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977): Egyptian
Railways Press, 1977.
32
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003. p. 8. See
Also Fatma Alam AlDin, Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal AlBiritani
18821914. p. 49.
33
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003. p. 9. This
included the building of a new passenger station while devoting the old one in Gabbari to freight service.
34
Mohammed AlSayad, AlNakl Fi AlBilad AlAarabia (Transportation in Arab Countries): Mahad Al
Dirsat AlArabia AlAlamia (The Institute of Arab International Studies), 1956. p. 40.
35
Fatma Alam AlDin, Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal AlBiritani
18821914. p. 49.
20
Another very small line was opened in 1872 to connect Cairo with Torah, south of
Cairo. The aim of this line was to serve the Egyptian army gunpowder factory and supply
stores. This line eventually reached the now famous Cairo industrial suburb of Hilwan
and would later on play a major role in developing Cairo's southern suburb of Maadi 36 .
The End of the Mania:
Most of the railroad building took place with loans borrowed from foreign banks.
As Egypt sank in dept, reaching a deep financial crisis by 1876, the expansion of
railroads in Egypt was brought to a halt and the age of railroad mania came to an end; the
situation would not change till the 1890s. By that time, however, the Egyptian railroad
centers in Lower Egypt and extending as far as Assyout, 376 kilometers south of Cairo 37 .
connecting Egypt's main trading centers with its outlets to the external world. Its main
purpose was to facilitate the export of Egyptian cotton to the world. One could, therefore,
fairly conclude that Egypt's integration in the international economy indirectly controlled
and guided the rationale behind expanding the Egyptian railroads.
Epilogue:
Britain's interest in creating and maintaining a link with its colonies in Asia was
behind the building of the first railroad line in Egypt. At that time, due to its special
geographic and topographic circumstances, and notwithstanding all the benefits a railroad
could bring, Egypt had no great or urgent need for one. It was built not to address the
social and economic needs of Egypt, but because a foreign power, namely Great Britain,
36
Samir W. Raafat, Maadi 19041962, Society & History in a Cairo Suburb: Palm Press, 1994. p. 34.
37
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003. p. 9.
21
decided that it was in her interest to have it built. The story of the Egyptian railways
presents a clear example in the history of international railway development in which the
and development.
Nevertheless, as Egypt entered the age of railroading, the railroad network began
to grow and expand according to Egypt's social and economic needs despite some
interference by the British and later on Egyptian governments to channel it in the
direction of their own interests; the building of the first Sinai line in 1916 which was
intended to support the British war efforts against the Ottoman empire and the extension
of a railroad through the Western desert to during World War II to ensure the rapid
movement of forces in case of German/Italian invasion are clear examples of this kind of
interference. The Egyptian railroads did not only serve the development of Egypt but also
of neighboring countries. The establishment and expansion of the Sudanese railroad, for
example, was due to the extension of an Egyptian railroad line to Sudan in 1897, and the
same goes for the small network in Palestine, now part of the Israeli railroad network.
Till now, the emblem of the Egyptian State Railroad could be seen on a small signal box
near the now Israeli port of Ashdud 38 . The Egyptian railroads have contributed to the
benefits a railroad network can bring.
38
Gary Goldfinch, Steel in the Sand, the History of Egypt and its Railways: Dorset Press, 2003.
22
Bibliography
Abd AlHakim, Mohamed, ed. Shabaket AlMuaslat Fi AlAlam AlArabi (Transportation
Networks in the Arab World): Mahad AlBohos ua AlDirasat AlArabia (Arab Research
& Studies Center), 2002.
Alam AlDin, Fatma. Tatur AlNakal Ua AlMuaslat AlDakhelya Fi Masr Fi Ahd AlIhtlal Al
Egyptian Book Organization), 1989.
AlSayad, Mohammed. AlNakl Fi AlBilad AlAarabia (Transportation in Arab Countries):
Mahad AlDirsat AlArabia AlAlamia (The Institute of Arab International Studies),
1956.
Chaichian, Mohammad A. "The Effects of World Capitalist Economy on Urbanization in Egypt,
De Cosson, A.F.C. "History of the Egyptian Overland Route." The Egyptian State Railroads
Goghrafya AlNakal Fi Masr (Geography of Transportation in Egypt). Dirsat Fi Goghrafya Misr
(Studies in the Geography of Egypt): Maktaba AlAnglo AlMasria (The AngloEgyptian
Library), 1987.
Issawi, Charles. "Egypt since 1800: A Study in a LopSided Development." The Journal of
23
Mubarak, Ali Basha. AlKohtat AlTawfikiya AlGadida (The New Tawifkiya Plans). 7 vols. Vol.
7.
Shorrok, William L. "The Origins of the French Mandate in Syria and Lebanon: The Railroad
Question 19011914." International Journal of Middle East Studies 1, no. 2 (1970): 133
53.
Sikak Hadid Masr Fi 125 Aamn 18521977 (Egyptian Railways in 125 Year 18521977):
Egyptian Railways Press, 1977.
Thorner, Danial. "The Pattern of Railway Development in India." The Far Eastern Quarterly 14,
Yapp, ME. "The Establishment of the East India Company Residency at Baghdad, 17981806."
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies University of London 30, no. 2
(1967): 32326.
24