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Marzo 2019
Ejercicio 1
Publicación en el Foro:
Ejercicio 2:
a) Dados los vectores representados en el siguiente gráfico, realizar los
siguientes pasos:
⃗ = (𝟑, 𝟓)
𝒖 ⃗ = (−𝟒, 𝟏)
𝒗
⃗ || = √(3)2 + (5)2
|| 𝑢 ||𝑣|| = √(−4)2 + (1)2
|| 𝑢
⃗ || = √9 + 25 ||𝑣|| = √16 + 1
|| 𝑢
⃗ || = √34 ||𝑣|| = √17
|| 𝑢
⃗ || = 𝟓. 𝟖𝟑 ||𝑣|| = 𝟒. 𝟏𝟐
Ángulo: ⃗⃗ = (𝟑, 𝟓)
𝒖 ⃗ = (−𝟒, 𝟏)
𝒗
𝒚
(𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝜽 = 𝒙)
5 1
tan 𝜃 = 3 tan 𝜃 = −4
5 1
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 3 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 −4
⃗⃗ ∗ 𝒗
𝒖 ⃗
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
||𝒖⃗ |||𝒗
⃗ ||
(3 ∗ (−4)) + (5 ∗ 1)
Cos θ =
√(3)2 + (5)2 ∗ √(−4)2 + (1)2
−12 + 5
𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝜃 =
√9 + 25 ∗ √16 + 1
−7
Cos θ =
√34 ∗ √17
−7
Cos θ =
√578
−1
−7
θ = Cos
√578
𝛉 = 𝟏𝟎𝟔. 𝟗𝟐°
Suma: ⃗⃗ = (𝟑, 𝟓)
𝒖
⃗ = (−𝟒, 𝟏)
𝒗
⃗ + 𝑣 = (3 + (−4)), (5 + 1)
𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣 = (−1); (6)
𝑢
⃗ + 𝑣 = (−𝟏, 𝟔)
𝑢
Magnitud: ⃗ + 𝒗
𝒖 ⃗
||𝒖 ⃗ || = √1 + 36
⃗ + 𝒗
||𝒖 ⃗ || = √37
⃗ + 𝒗
||𝒖 ⃗ || = 𝟔. 𝟎𝟖
⃗ + 𝒗
Ángulo: ⃗⃗ + 𝒗
𝒖 ⃗
𝑦
tan 𝜃 =
𝑥
6
tan 𝜃 =
−1
6
𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
−1
𝜃 = 80.53°
Dirección: ⃗ + 𝑣 = (−𝟏, 𝟔)
𝑢
𝜙= 𝜋−𝜃
𝜙 = 180° − 80.53°
𝝓 = 𝟗𝟗. 𝟒𝟕°
• Comprobar y/o graficar los ítems anteriores, según corresponda, en
Geogebra, Matlab, Octave, Scilab, u otro programa similar.
⃗ = 𝟑𝒊 − 𝟒𝒋 + 𝟐𝒌
b) Dados los vectores 𝒗 ⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝒊 + 𝟓𝒋 + 𝟒𝒌, calcular:
𝒘
• ⃗ + 𝟐𝒘
−𝟑𝒗 ⃗⃗
𝐯⃗ = 𝟑𝐢 − 𝟒𝐣 + 𝟐𝐤 ⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝐢 + 𝟓𝐣 + 𝟒𝐤
𝐰
−3𝑣 + 2𝑤
⃗⃗ = (−9 + 4)i + (12 + 10)j + (−6 + 8)k
−3𝑣 + 2𝑤
⃗⃗ = (−5)i + (22)j + (2)k
• 𝟔(⃗𝒗. ⃗𝒘
⃗⃗ )
(𝑣 ∗ 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = (3 ∗ 2)i + (−4 ∗ 5)j + (2 ∗ 4)k
(𝑣 ∗ 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = 6 + (−20) + 8
(𝑣 ∗ 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = −6
6(𝑣 ∗ 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = 6(−6)
6(𝑣 ∗ 𝑤
⃗⃗ ) = −36
Magnitud: ⃗ = 𝟑𝐢 − 𝟒𝐣 + 𝟐𝐤
𝒗
||𝑣 || = √9 + 16 + 4
||𝑣 || = √29
⃗⃗ = 𝟐𝐢 + 𝟓𝐣 + 𝟒𝐤
𝒘
||𝑣 || = √4 + 25 + 16
||𝑣 || = √45
⃗
Director Coseno: 𝒗
x 3 3
Cos α = ||v⃗|| → Cos α = → α = Cos −1 → α = 56.14
√29 √29
y −4 −4
Cos β = ||v⃗|| → Cos β = → β = Cos −1 → β = 137.96
√29 √29
z 2 2
Cos γ = → Cos γ = → γ = Cos −1 → γ = 68.19
⃗ ||
||v √29 √29
Director Coseno: ⃗𝒘
⃗
x 2 2
Cos α = ||v⃗|| → Cos α = → α = Cos −1 → α = 72.65
√45 √45
y 5 5
Cos β = ||v⃗|| → Cos β = → β = Cos −1 → β = 41.81
√45 √45
z 4 4
Cos γ = ||v⃗|| → Cos γ = → γ = Cos −1 → γ = 53.39
√45 √45
𝑣= 3 − 4 2
𝑤
⃗⃗ = 2 5 4
(𝑣 ∗ w
⃗⃗ ) = (3)(2) + (−4)(5) + (2)(4)
(𝑣 ∗ w
⃗⃗ ) = 6 − 20 + 8
(𝑣 ∗ w
⃗⃗ ) = −6
𝑣 = 3𝑖 − 4𝑗 2𝑘
𝑤
⃗⃗ = 2𝑖 5𝑗 4𝑘
𝑖 𝑗 𝑘
(𝑣 𝑥 w
⃗⃗⃗ ) = [3 − 4 2]
2 5 4
(𝑣 𝑥 w −4 2 3 2 3 −4
⃗⃗⃗ ) = [ ]𝑖 − [ ]𝑗 + [ ]𝑘
5 4 2 4 2 5
(𝑣 𝑥 w
⃗⃗ ) = [(−4)(4) − (2)(5)]𝑖 − [(3)(4) − (2)(2)]𝑗 + [(3)(5) − (−4)(2)]𝑘
(𝑣 𝑥 w
⃗⃗ ) = [−16 − 10]𝑖 − [12 − 4]𝑗 + [15 + 8]𝑘
(𝑣 𝑥 w
⃗⃗ ) = [−26]𝑖 − [8]𝑗 + [23]𝑘
(𝑣 𝑥 w
⃗⃗ ) = −26𝑖 − 8𝑗 + 23𝑘
Ejercicio 3: Resolución de problemas básicos sobre vectores en R2 y R3
t1 = 2 s
t2 = 4 s
⃗ 2 = (−4, 8)m/s
v
Ecuación: ⃗ = 𝑣2 − 𝑣1
∆𝑉
⃗ = (−4 − 5), (8 + 3)
∆𝑉
⃗ = (−9), (11)
∆𝑉
⃗ = (−9,11 m/s)
∆𝑉
⃗ = (-9,11)
El cambio de la velocidad es: ∆𝑉
⃗
∆𝑉 (−9,11)
=
∆𝑡 (𝑡2 − 𝑡1 )
⃗
∆𝑉 (−9,11)
=
∆𝑡 (4 s − 2 s)
⃗
∆𝑉 (−9,11)𝑚/𝑠
=
∆𝑡 (2 s)
⃗
∆𝑉 9 11
= (− , )
∆𝑡 2 2
⃗
∆𝑉 9 11
La variación de velocidad por unidad de tiempo es: = (− 2 , 2 )
∆𝑡
Si 𝑎 y 𝑏⃗ son vectores, entonces el ángulo θ que hay entre ellos está dado por la
expresión:
⃗
⃗⃗⃗ ∗ 𝑏
𝑎
𝑪𝒐𝒔 𝜽 = ||𝑎⃗||| 𝑏⃗||
π (5,12) (1.k)
Cos =
3 √169 ∗ √(1+k)2
1 (5,12) (1.k)
=
2 √169 ∗ √(1+k)2
1 5+12k
=
2 13 √1+k2
⃗ ∙𝐁
a) 𝐀 ⃗⃗ ∙ 𝐂
1 0 2 3 9 −5 6
⃗ = [−2 5 6 3] [ 1
⃗ ∙B
A
3 6
]
1 0 3 8 0 −1 3
5 2 −3 0 5 7 −5
⃗ ∙B
A ⃗
(1)(9) + (0)(1) + (2)(0) + (3)(5) (1)(−5) + (0)(3) + (2)(−1) + (3)(7) (1)(6) + (0)(6) + (2)(
(−2)(9) + (5)(1) + (6)(0) + (3)(5) (−2)(−5) + (5)(3) + (6)(−1) + (3)(7) (−2)(6) + (5)(6) + (6
=
(1)(9) + (0)(1) + (3)(0) + (8)(5) (1)(−5) + (0)(3) + (3)(−1) + (8)(7) (1)(6) + (0)(6) + (3)(
[(5)(9) + (2)(1) + (−3)(0) + (0)(5) (5)(−5) + (2)(3) + (−3)(−1) + (0)(7) (5)(6) + (2)(6) + (−3
9 + 0 + 0 + 15 −5 + 0 − 2 + 21 6 + 0 + 6 − 15
⃗A ∙ ⃗B = [ −18 + 5 + 0 + 15 10 + 15 − 6 + 21 −12 + 30 + 18 − 15
]
9 + 0 + 0 + 40 −5 + 0 − 3 + 56 6 + 0 + 9 − 40
45 + 2 + 0 + 0 −25 + 6 + 3 + 0 30 + 12 − 9 + 0
24 14 −3
⃗ = [ 2 40 21 ]
⃗ ∙B
A
49 48 −25
47 −16 33
24 14 −3
0 −2 3 5
⃗A ∙ ⃗B ∙ ⃗C = [ 2 40 21
][ 4 3 5 4]
49 48 −25
−1 0 −9 8
47 −16 33
⃗A ∙ ⃗B ∙ ⃗C
(24)(0) + (14)(4) + (−3)(−1) (24)(−2) + (14)(3) + (−3)(0) (24)(3) + (14)(5) + (−3)(−9)
(2)(0) + (40)(4) + (21)(−1) (2)(−2) + (40)(3) + (21)(0) (2)(3) + (40)(5) + (21)(−9) (
=[
(49)(0) + (48)(4) + (−25)(−1) (49)(−2) + (48)(3) + (−25)(0) (49)(3) + (48)(5) + (−25)(−9)
(47)(0) + (−16)(4) + (33)(−1) (47)(−2) + (−16)(3) + (33)(0) (47)(3) + (−16)(5) + (33)(−9)
59 −6 169 152
⃗ ∙B
A ⃗ = [ 139 116 17 338 ]
⃗ ∙C
217 46 612 237
−97 −142 −236 435
⃗ ∙ 𝟐𝑨
b) 𝟒𝐁 ⃗⃗
9 −5 6 36 −20 24
1 3 6] 4 12 24
B=[ 4B = [ ]
0 −1 3 0 −4 12
5 7 −5 20 28 −20
1 0 2 3 2 0 4 6
−2 5 6 3 −4 10 12 6
A=[ ] 2A = [ ]
1 0 3 8 2 0 6 16
5 2 −3 0 10 4 −6 0
⃗⃗⃗⃗
c) 𝟑𝐂 ∙ (−𝟕𝑩)
0 −2 3 5 0 −6 9 15
C=[ 4 3 5 4] 3C = [ 12 9 15 12]
−1 0 −9 8 −3 0 −27 24
9 −5 6 −63 35 −42
1 3 6 −7 −21 −42
B=[ ] (−7B) = [ ]
0 −1 3 0 7 −21
5 7 −5 −35 −49 35
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ∙ (−7𝐵)
3C
(0)(−63) + (−6)(−7) + (9)(0) + (15)(−35) (0)(35) + (−6)(−21) + (9)(7) + (15)(−49) (0)
= [ (12)(−63) + (9)(−7) + (15)(0) + (12)(−35) (12)(35) + (9)(−21) + (15)(7) + (12)(−49) (12
(−3)(−63) + (0)(−7) + (−27)(0) + (24)(−35) (−3)(35) + (0)(−21) + (−27)(7) + (24)(−49) (−
⃗⃗⃗⃗
⃗ ∙ (−7𝐵)
3C
0 + 42 + 0 − 525 0 + 126 + 63 − 735 0 + 252 − 189 + 525
= −756 − 63 + 0 − 420 420 − 189 + 105 − 588 −504 − 378 − 315 + 420]
[
189 + 0 + 0 − 840 −105 + 0 − 168 − 1176 126 + 0 + 567 + 840
−483 −546 588
⃗⃗⃗⃗ = [−1239 −252 −777]
⃗ ∙ (−7B)
3C
−651 −1449 1533
d) 𝐃𝟐
0 3x 2 −2
D = [3 y 2 3 ]
1 0 (x + y)
e) 𝐃 ∗ 𝐂
0 3x 2 −2 0 −2 3 5
D = [3 y 2 3 ] C=[ 4 3 5 4]
1 0 (x + y) −1 0 −9 8
D∗C
(0)(0) + (3x 2 )(4) + (−2)(−1) (0)(−2) + (3x 2 )(3) + (−2)(0) (0)(3) + (3x 2 )(5) + (−2)(−9) (0)
= [ (3)(0) + (y 2 )(4) + (3)(−1) (3)(−2) + (y 2 )(3) + (3)(0) (3)(3) + (y 2 )(5) + (3)(−9) (3
(1)(0) + (0)(4) + (x + y)(−1) (1)(−2) + (0)(3) + (x + y)(0) (1)(3) + (0)(5) + (x + y)(−9) (1)
f) 𝐂 𝐓 ∗ 𝐃
0 4 −1
0 −2 3 5 0 3x 2 −2
−2 3 0
C=[ 4 3 5 4] CT = [ ] D = [3 y 2 3 ]
3 5 −9
−1 0 −9 8 1 0 (x + y)
5 4 8
CT ∗ D
(0)(0) + (4)(3) + (−1)(1) (0)(3x 2 ) + (4)(y 2 ) + (−1)(0) (0)(−2) + (4)(3) + (−1)(x + y)
(−2)(0) + (3)(3) + (0)(1) (−2)(3x 2 ) + (3)(y 2 ) + (0)(0) (−2)(−2) + (3)(3) + (0)(x + y)
=
(3)(0) + (5)(3) + (−9)(1) (3)(3x 2 ) + (5)(y 2 ) + (−9)(0) (3)(−2) + (5)(3) + (−9)(x + y)
[ (5)(0) + (4)(3) + (8)(1) (5)(3x 2 ) + (4)(y 2 ) + (8)(0) (5)(−2) + (4)(3) + (8)(x + y) ]
0 + 12 − 1 0 + 4y 2 − 0 0 + 12 + (−x − y)
2 2
0 + 9 + 0 −6x + 3y + 0 4+9−0
CT ∗ D = 2 2
0 + 15 + 9 9x + 5y + 0 −6 + 15 + (−9x − 9y)
[0 + 12 + 8 15x 2 + 4y 2 + 0 −10 + 12 + (8x + 8y)]
11 4y 2 12 + (−x − y)
9 −6x 2 + 3y 2 13
CT ∗ D =
24 9x 2 + 5y 2 9 + (−9x − 9y)
[20 15x 2 + 4y 2 2 + (8x + 8y) ]
g) 𝐃𝐞𝐭(𝐁)
9 −5 6
1 3 6]
B=[
0 −1 3
5 7 −5
9 −5 6
1 3 6
0 −1 3
Det(B) =
5 7 −5
9 −5 6
[1 3 6]
Det(B) = [−98]
h) 𝐃𝐞𝐭(𝐃)
0 3x 2 −2
D = [3 y 2 3 ]
1 0 (x + y)
0 3x 2 −2
3 y2 3
Det(D) = 1 0 (x + y)
0 3x 2 −2
[3 y 2 3 ]
Det(D) = [0 + 0 + 9x 2 + 2y 2 − 0 − 9x 2 y − 9x 2 x]
Det(D) = [−9x 2 y − 9x 2 x + 9x 2 + 2y 2 ]
i) (𝐁 𝐓 − 𝐂)𝐓
9 −5 6
0 −2 3 5 9 1 0 5
1 3 6]
B=[ C=[ 4 3 5 4] B T = [−5 3 −1 7]
0 −1 3
−1 0 −9 8 6 6 3 −5
5 7 −5
9 3 −3 0
B T − C = [−9 0 −6 3 ]
7 6 12 −13
9 −9 7
3 0 6
(B T − C)T = [ ]
−3 −6 12
0 3 −13
0 1 2
Pxyz = [ 0 1 0]
−1 1 0
1
b) Encontrar el vector 𝑃𝑥𝑦𝑧, cuando el punto 𝑃𝑢𝑣𝑤 = [2] , con 𝜙 = 45°, con
3
respecto a eje 𝑶𝒀.
cos(45°) 0 sin(45°) 1
Pxyz =[ 0 1 0 ] ∗ [2]
− sin( 45°) 0 cos(45°) 3
0.7071 0 2.1213
Pxyz = [ 0 0 0 ]
−0.7071 0 2.1213
Bibliografía
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Patria. Disponible en la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD. Páginas 31 a 55.
Gutiérrez, M. (2015). Matriz Escalonada. [Video]. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a
Distancia. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2019 de http://hdl.handle.net/10596/7189
Martínez, H. (2015). Matrices: Operaciones básicas. [Video]. Universidad Nacional
Abierta y a Distancia. Recuperado el 14 de marzo de 2019
de http://hdl.handle.net/10596/7194
Mesa, F., Alirio, E., & Fernández, S. O. (2012). Introducción al álgebra lineal. Bogotá,
CO: Ecoe Ediciones. Disponible en la Biblioteca Virtual de la UNAD. Páginas 5-18, 88-
103.
Zúñiga, C., Rondón, J. (2010) Módulo Algebra lineal. Universidad Nacional Abierta y a
Distancia. Páginas 20-77, 92-118, 131-146.