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Igneous origin of K-feldspar megacrysts in deformed granite of the Papoose

Flat Pluton, California, USA

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DOI: 10.1007/s10069-002-0005-3

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Electronic Geosciences (2002) 7: 31–39
DOI 10.1007/s10069-002-0005-3
O R I GI N A L P A P E R
R.H. Vernon Æ S.R. Paterson
Igneous origin of K-feldspar megacrysts in deformed granite
of the Papoose Flat Pluton, California, USA
Received: 28 January 2002 / Revised: 10 April 2002 / Accepted: 19 April 2002 / Published online: 16 July 2002
! Springer-Verlag 2002
Abstract Many points of evidence, especially igneous
microstructures and structures resulting from solid-state
deformation, indicate that K-feldspar megacrysts in
deformed granites of the Papoose Flat pluton are re-
sidual phenocrysts, not porphyroblasts. Evidence of an
igneous origin includes features such as crystal shapes,
simple twinning, zonally arranged euhedral plagioclase
inclusions, oscillatory compositional zoning, and local
occurrence in microgranitoid enclaves. Evidence of sol-
id-state deformation of the megacrysts (which is con-
sistent with their existence prior to the mylonitic
deformation) includes marginal recrystallization and
neocrystallization, microcline twinning, marginal re-
placement by myrmekite, and recrystallized/neocrystal-
lized ‘‘tails’’. Evidence of porphyroblastic growth, such
as overgrown inclusion trails, is absent. This appears to
be the situation in most felsic augen gneisses and myl-
onites.
Keywords Augen gneiss Æ Granite Æ K-feldspar Æ
Mylonite Æ Papoose Flat
Introduction
This paper is concerned with the origin of K-feldspar
megacrysts in deformed rocks of the quartz monzonite
Papoose Flat pluton, Inyo Mountains, California, USA,
together with general implications for the origin of
megacrystic felsic augen gneisses and mylonites world-
wide. Two hypotheses have been suggested to explain
R.H. Vernon (&)
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences and
GEMOC, Macquarie University,
Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia
E-mail: rhvernon@laurel.ocs.mq.edu.au
R.H. Vernon Æ S.R. Paterson
Department of Earth Sciences,
University of Southern California,
Los Angeles, CA 90089-0740, USA
the Papoose Flat K-feldspar megacrysts, namely (1) the
megacrysts are porphyroblasts that grew during the de-
formation (Dickson 1996) and, (2) the megacrysts are
porphyroclasts – residual phenocrysts that were present
in the granite before the deformation (Vernon 1986a,
Paterson et al. 1991).
If the augen are residual phenocrysts, they should
show microstructural evidence of deformation and re-
crystallization. The implication of the phenocryst hy-
pothesis is that the K-feldspar augen are well preserved
because they are large single crystals that are much
stronger than the surrounding, finer-grained quartz and
mica, which deform and recrystallize much more readily
and so form the foliated matrix (e.g., Vernon et al. 1983;
Vernon 1986a; Vernon and Flood 1988).
In this paper, we evaluate the available evidence,
concluding that it favors a phenocryst origin for the
megacrysts in the deformed rocks of the Papoose Flat
pluton. This has general relevance to the origin of
K-feldspar in felsic gneisses and mylonites (Brigham
1984; Vernon 1986a, 1990a), and hence for the inference
of parent rocks for felsic gneisses in regional metamor-
phic terranes (Vernon and Williams 1988; Vernon 1990a;
Vassallo and Vernon 2000).
Papoose Flat pluton
The K-feldspar megacrysts in the Papoose Flat pluton
generally do not show alignment (Paterson et al. 1991),
the only clear evidence of a magmatic flow foliation
being an AMS foliation and weak mineral alignment (de
Saint Blanquat et al. 2001). Common aplite and rare
pegmatite dykes or sills occur in the Papoose Flat plu-
ton, and less commonly in the wallrocks.
The western marginal rocks have been deformed in
the solid state to form felsic augen gneisses and mylo-
nites with S/C structures, a strong stretching lineation,
and intensely folded aplites (Figs. 1, 2, and 3). These
deformed rocks also contain K-feldspar megacrysts,
many of which have euhedral crystal shapes. As in the
32
Fig. 1. Megacrystic granite that has been strongly deformed in the
solid state (mylonitic augen gneiss) showing relics (porphyroclasts)
of K-feldspar that were stronger than the former groundmass.
Some are almost euhedral, others have recrystallized/neocrystal-
lized ‘‘tails’’, and still others have become rounded during the
deformation. Western end of the papoose Flat pluton. (Vernon
2000, Fig. 9)
Fig. 2. Felsic mylonite with euhedral to lenticular K-feldspar
megacrysts, western end of the Papoose Flat pluton
non-deformed or weakly deformed parts of the pluton,
the megacrysts are generally not aligned (Figs. 1 and 2).
The orientations of the foliation and lineation, as well
as the mineral assemblages in the mylonites of the
western part of the pluton, are consistent with a regional
origin for the solid-state deformation (Paterson et al.
1991; Law et al. 1992; Paterson and Vernon 1995). The
subsolidus fabric in the pluton occurs only along certain
margins, and so is less likely to have been caused by
radial expansion of the pluton. Moreover, this fabric is
much stronger than any magmatic fabric present, so that
a smooth change from magmatic fabric formation to
subsolidus fabric formation is not in evidence. Other
evidence that the deformation was subsolidus includes
(1) 10-cm-scale S/C fabrics in host rocks about 2 km
Fig. 3. Intensely folded aplite vein in felsic mylonite with scattered
K-feldspar porphyroclasts, some of which are euhedral; western
end of the Papoose Flat pluton. Scale in centimeters
away from the pluton (i.e., well outside the metamorphic
aureole), which have the same mineral lineation orien-
tation and kinematics as those in the pluton, and (2)
folding of the margin-parallel aureole foliation and of
porphyroblasts in the aureole (Paterson et al. 1991).
Evidence relevant to the origin of the megacrysts
The following points of evidence indicate that that the
K-feldspar megacrysts are residual phenocrysts (por-
phyroclasts), rather than porphyroblasts that grew in-
situ in the deformed rocks.
1. Many of the K-feldspar megacrysts (augen) show
planar crystal faces (Figs. 1, 2, and 3), which are
common in phenocrysts in granites. In contrast,
metamorphic K-feldspar porphyroblasts are typi-
cally xenoblastic (e.g., Vernon 1986a, 1999a). The
augen vary considerably in shape, from rounded to
euhedral (Figs. 1, 2, and 3), depending on the
amount of recrystallization and/or strain they have
accumulated, as in other mylonitic rocks (e.g., Ver-
non 1990a). Crystal faces may be preserved in the
K-feldspar megacrysts of strongly deformed rocks,
such as mylonites (Vernon 1986a, 1990a), as shown
in Fig. 3, because of the considerably greater
strength of large, single crystals of strong minerals,
such as feldspar, compared with fine-grained quartz-
mica-rich aggregates that constitute the matrix of
these rocks (e.g., Etheridge and Vernon 1981).
2. The megacrysts show stronger intensity of micro-
cline twinning (Figs. 4 and 5) in the more deformed
rocks (Dickson 1996, p. 916). Microcline twinning
correlates well with solid-state deformation (Eggle-
ton 1979; Eggleton and Buseck 1980; Bell and
Johnson 1989). Fitz Gerald and McLaren (1982)
found that microcline twinning did not occur in the
absence of stress in their experiments.
 33

Fig. 4. Microcline twinning, reflecting solid-state deformation, in a

K-feldspar porphyroclast that also shows some marginal recrys-
tallization/neocrystallization to aggregates of quartz and micro-
cline; these constitute good evidence for the western end of the
Papoose Flat pluton. Crossed polars; base of photo 3 cm
Fig. 6. Recrystallized/neocrystallized ‘‘tails’’ on an essentially
euhedral megacryst of K-feldspar with concentrically arranged
inclusions in a felsic mylonite; western end of the Papoose Flat
pluton. US quarter dollar for scale

Fig. 7. Enlarged view of part of Fig. 6

Fig. 5. Enlarged view of part of Fig. 4 showing marginal recrys-
tallization
3. The matrix foliation is deflected by and anastomoses
around some of the megacrysts (Paterson and Ver-
non 1995, Fig. 11E), as shown in Figs. 6 and 7, re-
flecting deformation of the matrix around a strong,
existing crystal. The alternative explanation, namely
that the megacrysts pushed aside the foliation dur-
ing their growth, is much less likely (Vernon and
Powell 1976; Vernon 1978). In particular, if mega-
crysts grow by matrix displacement after the defor-
mation responsible for forming the foliation, equal
deflections all round the megacryst would be ex-
pected, without ‘‘tails’’ (see point 4), as discussed by
Ferguson et al. (1980).
4. Some of the megacrysts have recrystallized or neo-
crystallized ‘‘tails’’, (Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9), which are
common adjacent to K-feldspar megacrysts in augen
gneisses and mylonites (Simpson and Schmid 1983;
Vernon 1990a; Passchier and Trouw 1996). They
constitute good evidence of the existence of the
megacryst prior to the mylonitic deformation.
5. The solid-state foliation and lineation overprint
structures formed by magmatic flow, such as
schlieren layering and aligned K-feldspar mega-
crysts, where present (Paterson et al. 1991, p. 326).
34
Fig. 8. Fine-grained, recrystallized/neocrystallized ‘‘tails’’ on a
porphyroclast (residual phenocryst) of K-feldspar in mylonite;
western end of the Papoose Flat pluton. The igneous origin of the
megacryst is indicated by concentric oscillatory compositional
zoning and by the zonal arrangement of euhedral plagioclase
inclusions, both of which are truncated by the matrix, confirming
that deformation occurred after formation of the zoning. Crossed
polars; base of photo 3 cm. (Vernon 2000, Fig. 10)
Fig. 9. Rounded porphyroclast of K-feldspar with extensive
marginal recrystallization/neocrystallization and ‘‘tails’’ in a felsic
mylonite; from a similar rock to that shown in Fig. 13. Crossed
polars; base of photo 12 mm
6. Euhedral plagioclase and biotite inclusions are ar-
ranged parallel to concentric compositional zoning
(Brigham 1984; Dickson 1996), as shown in Figs. 7, 8,
and10. This is common in igneous K-feldspar phe-
nocrysts (Vernon 1986a). In contrast, K-feldspar
porphyroblasts in metamorphic rocks are character-
ized by spherical quartz and plagioclase inclusions,
either at random (e.g., Vernon 1968, 1999a), or ar-
ranged in curved trails reflecting an overgrown matrix
foliation; these inclusion trails are independent of the
crystallographic orientation of the host mineral. Such
curved inclusion trails are so rare in felsic gneisses that
this criterion alone probably eliminates the por-
phyroblast hypothesis for the K-feldspar augen.
Fig. 10. Euhedral inclusions of plagioclase in a K-feldspar
megacryst in mylonite, showing extensive marginal recrystalliza-
tion/neocrystallization to fine-grained aggregates that have trun-
cated the porphyroclast and locally dismembered it; western end of
the Papoose Flat pluton. Crossed polars; base of photo 12 mm
7. The K-feldspar megacrysts commonly have com-
plex oscillatory barium zoning patterns, as shown
in Fig. 8. Dickson (1996) stated that such zoning
can form during growth of K-feldspar porphyro-
blasts. However, it is common in K-feldspar
megacrysts in non-deformed granites (Mehnert and
Büsch 1981; Brigham 1984; Cox et al. 1996), as
reviewed by Vernon (1986a), whereas oscillatory
zoning in K-feldspar porphyroblasts (e.g., in
metapelites) has not been reported, as far as we are
aware. Cox et al. (1996) showed that discontinuities
in concentric Ba zoning in K-feldspar megacrysts in
the Shap Granite, UK, resulted from influxes of
foreign magma into a crystallizing magma cham-
ber.
8. The concentric compositional zoning and/or zonal
arrangement of plagioclase inclusions may be trun-
cated by the external boundaries of an auge, owing
to removal of its outer parts by solution during
deformation (Fig. 8), indicating the presence of the
megacrysts prior to deformation. Zoned plagioclase
phenocrysts truncated by sillimanite folia have been
described by Vernon et al. (1987). In contrast,
compositional zoning of metamorphic origin gen-
erally follows the metamorphic grain boundaries,
rather than being truncated by them.
9. Many of the augen show simple twinning, which is
common in igneous K-feldspar, but rare to absent in
metamorphic K-feldspar (e.g., Vernon 1986a,
1999a).
10. At their margins, the megacrysts commonly show
subgrains, partial recrystallization, and neocrystal-
lization (Figs. 8, 9, and 10), which are well estab-
lished indicators of solid-state deformation in
experimentally and naturally deformed minerals and
rocks at relatively high metamorphic grades (upper
greenschist facies and higher for feldspar).

Fig. 11. Lobes of myrmekite projecting from the matrix into a
K-feldspar porphyroclast, indicating solid-state replacement during
deformation; western end of the Papoose Flat pluton. Crossed
polars; base of photo 1.75 mm
Fig. 12. Marginal fringe of myrmekite replacing a K-feldspar
porphyroclast with microcline twinning. Foliae rich in recrystal-
lized/neocrystallized biotite are deflected around the porphyroclast.
Western end of the Papoose Flat pluton. Crossed polars; base of
photo 4.4 mm. (Vernon 2000, Fig. 29)
11. The augen are replaced marginally and/or along
internal fractures by myrmekite (Figs. 11 and 12).
The formation of abundant myrmekite strongly
correlates with solid-state deformation (Simpson
and Wintsch 1989; Vernon 1991a), and myrmekite is
very common in granites that have been deformed in
the solid state (Vernon et al. 1983; Paterson et al.
1989; Simpson and Wintsch 1989; Vernon 1990a,
1991a). Some of the myrmekite is accompanied by
muscovite, which is a common association in de-
formed felsic rocks (Ashworth 1972; Phillips et al.
1972; Vernon et al. 1983).
12. Fracture of megacrysts, as well as imbrication and
boudinage of the resulting fragments, is observed,
this being common in deformed granites (e.g.,
Passchier and Trouw 1996) and another indication
of the existence of the megacrysts prior to the solid-
state deformation. Imbrication (‘‘tiling’’) may occur
during magmatic flow, but this refers to individual
35
crystals, rather than fragments (den Tex 1969;
Blumenfeld 1983; Shelley 1985; Blumenfeld and
Bouchez 1988).
13. Dickson (1966, 1996) suggested that Ba-zoned
megacrysts of K-feldspar with oriented, oscillatory-
zoned plagioclase inclusions occurring in country
rocks near the pluton are porphyroblasts. However,
Brigham (1984) and Paterson and Vernon (1995,
p. 1374) showed that megacryst-bearing zones in the
hornfelses are dykes, from which melt has been
strained during intense deformation, leaving behind
concentrations of megacrysts, together with country
rock xenocrysts and xenoliths. Individual mega-
crysts near the contact result from intense defor-
mation of small sills or dykes containing
phenocrysts of K-feldspar, the accompanying quartz
having been drawn out into thin veins connecting
the largely undeformed megacrysts (Brigham 1984,
p. 37), as shown in Figs. 13 and 14.
14. Some megacrysts have been truncated by aplite
veins (Fig. 15), which is additional evidence of the
existence of the megacrysts prior to the formation
of the aplites, and hence of an igneous origin for
the megacrysts. On the other hand, some mega-
crysts occur across the boundaries of deformed
aplite layers (Fig. 16), which has been taken by
Dickson (1996) to indicate solid-state growth of the
K-feldspar. However, as shown by Vernon (1986a),
Fig. 13. Strongly deformed, isoclinally folded felsic veins with
residual coarse-grained relics and megacrysts near northern margin
of the Papoose Flat pluton
Fig. 14. Enlarged view of part of Fig. 13
36
Fig. 15. K-feldspar megacryst truncated by an aplite vein, indi-
cating that the megacryst pre-dates the vein; western end of the
Papoose Flat pluton. US quarter dollar for scale
Fig. 16. K-feldspar megacrysts projecting into an aplite vein;
western end of the Papoose Flat pluton
aplites may form by molding around existing
megacrysts, as indicated by deflection of flow lay-
ering in aplites around megacrysts. Moreover, as
pointed out by Sen (1956) and Pitcher and Berger
(1972), aplitic veins may form relatively early in the
cooling history of granite plutons, owing to the
filling of fractures in the magma, after which
crystallization continues. Thus, K-feldspar crystals
initiating in the aplite may continue to grow into
the adjacent magma and in the aplite magma (e.g.,
Vernon 1986a, p. 24).
15. In strongly deformed rocks, such as the Papoose
Flat mylonites, aplites and quartz veins may be
squeezed against, and so become bent around the
stronger megacrysts, causing solid-state mylonitic
Fig. 17. Quartz-rich vein deflected around K-feldspar megacrysts
in augen gneiss/mylonite; western end of the Papoose Flat pluton.
US quarter dollar for scale
layering in the aplites to be deflected around the
megacrysts (Dickson 1996, Fig. 7, lower photo-
graph, bottom-right), as shown in Figs. 17, 18, and
19. These structures indicate that the megacrysts
were present at least before the final stages of the
deformation.
16. K-feldspar megacrysts occur in some microgranitoid
enclaves (‘‘mafic inclusions’’) in the Papoose Flat
pluton, which has been taken by Dickson (1996,
p. 916) to indicate porphyroblastic growth of the
K-feldspar in solid xenoliths. However, they are
very common in microgranitoid enclaves in megac-
rystic granites, and are formed by magma mixing,
not in-situ metamorphic growth, as explained in
detail by Vernon (1983, 1984, 1986a, 1990b, 1991b),
Hibbard (1981), and Reid et al. 1983).
17. Locally K-feldspar megacrysts occur in ‘‘comb lay-
ers’’ (Brigham 1984), as shown in Fig. 20. Comb
layering is good evidence of magmatic crystalliza-

Fig. 18. Enlarged view of part of Fig. 17
Fig. 19. Thin aplite vein deflected around K-feldspar megacrysts
in mylonite; western end of the Papoose Flat pluton. US quarter
dollar for scale
tion under conditions of strong supersaturation
(e.g., Moore and Lockwood 1973; Brigham 1984;
Vernon 1985).
18. Most of the megacrysts in the Papoose Flat mylonites
show little evidence of preferred alignment (Figs. 1, 3,
17, and 19 ). Though rotation and alignment of K-
feldspar megacrysts may occur in mylonites (e.g.,
37
Fig. 20. Comb layering in pegmatite-aplite veins. Knife 9 cm long
Simpson and Schmid 1983), they may remain ran-
dom, despite strong flow of the matrix between them.
Residual K-feldspar phenocrysts may persist almost
undeformed (apart from microcline twinning and
slight marginal recrystallization), complete with ig-
neous features, such as oscillatory compositional
zoning and zonally-arranged inclusions of igneous
plagioclase (Vernon 1986a). Similarly, embayments
in quartz phenocrysts may survive strong deforma-
tion and medium-grade metamorphism (Etheridge
and Vernon 1981; Vernon 1986b; Williams and Burr
1994). This occurs because the deformation is parti-
tioned into weaker matrix folia, typically rich in
quartz and/or mica, which anastomose around the
large, strong single-crystal phenocrysts. Other ex-
amples are provided by deformed granitoids of the
Sandia granite, New Mexico (Vernon 1986a), the Aar
Granite, central Alps (Choukroune and Gapais 1983;
Gapais 1989), and the Abroi gneiss, New England
area, Australia, (Vernon 1990a).
19. Dickson (1996) suggested that deformation con-
trolled the growth of the K-feldspar as megacrysts.
However, the fact that identical porphyroblasts oc-
38
cur in the non-deformed parts of the pluton indi-
cates that deformation is not necessary for their
development.
Conclusions
Many points of evidence, especially igneous micro-
structures and structures resulting from solid-state de-
formation, indicate that K-feldspar megacrysts in
deformed granites of the Papoose Flat pluton are re-
sidual phenocrysts, not porphyroblasts. Moreover, evi-
dence of metamorphic or metasomatic growth, such as
overgrown inclusion trails, is absent. Thus, the deformed
rocks of the Papoose Flat pluton provide good evidence
for a granite precursor for megacrystic felsic augen
gneisses and mylonites because the megacrysts occur in
both non-deformed and deformed equivalents.
This adds to the accumulating evidence for the gen-
eral inference that augen gneisses and mylonites with
megacrysts of K-feldspar typically have porphyritic
granite precursors (e.g., Vernon and Williams 1988;
Vernon 1990a; Vassallo and Vernon 2000). Arguments
in favor of the porphyroblast hypothesis for K-feldspar
megacrysts are based on weak evidence or unsupported
assertions, such as (1) a tendency towards euhedral
shapes of megacrysts in some mylonites (without con-
sidering microstructural evidence of internal deforma-
tion) necessarily indicates late growth, and (2) the
occurrence of megacrysts in microgranitoid enclaves
necessarily indicates growth in solid xenoliths. Both as-
sertions have been countered by Vernon (1986a). All the
available published evidence, augmented by evidence
provided by the Papoose Flat pluton, is consistent with
magmatic crystallization of K-feldspar megacrysts in
granites and their deformed equivalents.
Acknowledgements R.H.V. acknowledges the support of a Mac-
quarie University Research Grant and S.R.P. acknowledges the
support of NSF grant EAR-8916340.
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