what is

STATISTICS?
 X1 − X2
t =
(n1 − 1)s12+ (n2 − 1)s22  1
  +
1 

n1 + n2 − 2 n n 
 1 2 

k Nj k Tj2
2
ssb =   X ij −   
j =1 i =1 j = 1  Nj 
science which deals with methods

of collecting,
organizing,
presentation, analysis,
and interpretation
of data;
drawing conclusion about
what the data means.

numerical data that

describe phenomena.
 Descriptive
Statistics
consists of methods for
organizing, displaying and
describing data by using tables,
graphs, and summary measures.
 Inferential
Statistics
consists of methods that use
information from samples to make
predictions, decisions or
inferences.
 Correlation
Statistics
consists of methods for
associating data between two
variables.
Jack and Jill are estate brokers.
In the last three months of
2014, Jack sold 2, 1, and 4 one-
family houses while Jill sold 3, 0,
and 2.
For the three months,
Jack sold more family
houses than Jill.
Jack and Jill are estate brokers.
In the last three months of
2014, Jack sold 2, 1, and 4 one-
family houses while Jill sold 3, 0,
and 2.
Jack worked harder
than Jill.
Jack and Jill are estate brokers.
In the last three months of
2014, Jack sold 2, 1, and 4 one-
family houses while Jill sold 3, 0,
and 2.
Jill probably did not
work during the second
month.
Jack and Jill are estate brokers.
In the last three months of
2014, Jack sold 2, 1, and 4 one-
family houses while Jill sold 3, 0,
and 2.
Jill has less sale than
Jack.
Population consist of all elements-
individuals items or object- whose
characteristics are being studied.

The technique of collecting

information from a portion
of the population is called
sampling.
The portion of the population selected
for study is referred to as a sample.
Advantages:
▪ Economical in nature
▪ Reliable
▪ Accurate
▪ Saves time
▪ Much cheaper
▪ High suitability ratio towards different
survey
The portion of the population selected
for study is referred to as a sample.
Disadvantages:
▪ Inadequacy of samples
▪ Chances for bias
▪ Problems of accuracy
▪ Untrained manpower
▪ Absence of the informants
▪ Chances of committing the errors in
sampling
▪ Difficulty in getting the representative
sample
A sample must be large enough to
provide a reliable representation of the
whole population.

Aspects to be considered when designing

a sample include the level of accuracy
required, cost, and the timing.

It can be random or
non-random.
 A study that includes every member if
the population is called a census.
Advantages:
▪ Increase confidence interval
▪ Enough respondents have a high degree
of statistical confidence in survey
results
▪ Everyone is invited
Opportunity for everybody to provide
feedback
▪ Higher degree of accuracy
▪ Suitable for heterogeneous units (with
difference)
 A study that includes every member if
the population is called a census.
Disadvantages:
▪ Limits other possibility survey
opportunities
▪ A census isn’t worth having to put a
hold on other survey projects
▪ The more you survey your entire list,
the lower the response rate will be each
time (time and labor consuming)
▪ Inconvenient, it takes much time,
money, and set of industrial
organizations
A variable is a characteristic under
study that assumes different values
for different elements.

Recorded about each individual

thing.

It comes in different values.

What you want to know

about.
Independent Variable is the one used to
explain the variation in the dependent
variable; variables that are being
manipulated.
Dependent Variable is the one being
study; variables that are registered/
measured.
Ex:
Quality demand →
Price of a commodity
Age →
Attention span
 Data refers to unorganized form.
It involves reasoning and
calculations. It is the value that a
variable can assume.
Quantitative Data refers to
numerical information obtained from
counting or measuring that can be
manipulated by any fundamental
operation.

Ex:
Age, IQ scores, height,
weight, income
Qualitative Data refers to
descriptive attributes that cannot
be subjected to mathematical
operations.

Ex:
Gender, citizenship,
educational attainment,
religion
A data whose values are countable is
called discrete data.
Results from counting and it take certain
values (whole numbers)

Ex:
• Number of cell phones
users in a company
• The number of computers
in the laboratory
A data that can assume a numerical
value over a certain interval/s is called
continuous data.

Results from measuring and can have

decimals or fractions.

Ex:
• Weight of students
• The temperature in a city
over a period of time
• Area of classrooms
Number of non-earning
members in a family.

Area or residential lot

owned by families of IR
students.
Students living with
relatives other than
their parents.

Vehicles that pass a

given point from 12:00
to 1:00 PM.
Heights of Tourism
students in LPU.

Fractional Part of a
family’s income spent
for food.
a parameter is a value or measure
obtained from a population.

When one uses the mean,

median, mode and standard
deviation to differentiate
one from another.
Statistic is any value or measurement
obtained from a sample. It is an
estimate of the parameter.

Ex:
In a given popularity survey of a
certain program, if 10% of it
are senior citizens with an
average of 65, then the average
age is statistic.
A study conducted at a Cruise Line College
revealed that the trainees who attended
class 95%-100% of the time usually
receive a 1.0 in the class.

Trainees who attended class 80%-90% of

the time usually received 1.25 or 1.5 in
the class.

Trainees who attended class less than

80%-90% of the time usually received
1.75 or 2.0 or eventually withdrew from
the class.
What are the variables under study?

What are the data in the study?

Are descriptive, inferential or correlation

types of statistics used?
What is the population under study?

From the info given, comment on the

relationship between the variables?
The chart shows the number of job-
related injuries for each of the
transportation industries for 2014.
INDUSTRIES NUMBER OF INJURIES
Railroad 4520
Intercity Bus 5100
Subway 6850
Trucking 7144
Airline 9950
What are the variables under study?

Categorize each variable.

Categorize each quantitative data.

The railroad is shown as the safest
transportation industry. Does it mean
railroads have fewer accident than other
industries? Why?

What factors other than safety influence

a person’s choice of transportation.
From the information given, comment on
the relationship between variables.
Nominal
Classifies data in non
overlapping scale. This scale
distinguishes one object from
another object for identifying
propose only.

Referred to the used

measure of identity, like
religion and sex.
Ordinal
Classifies data into some
specified order or rank.
However, we cannot tell how
much less or how much more one
rank has over the other.

Ex:
Percentile rank of
students in NSAT and
Top 10 students.
Interval
Specifies the precise
difference between or among
the values or ranks.

Provides number that

reflects differences among
item without no absolute
zero score like
temperature.
Ratio
provides number that reflects
absolute zero. It has always
the presence of units of
measurement.

Ex:
Number of students
present and absent.
classify whether nominal,
ordinal, interval or ratio…
Color of a persons hair

Number of male and female

teachers in Lyceum of the
Philippines University
classify whether nominal,
ordinal, interval or ratio…
academic performance measured by
number of marks

raw score of students in

calculus test
The statistical symbol
which abbreviates the
sum of the quantities in a
given range. 4
∑xi
i=1
∑ (capital sigma) indicates
“summation of”, and 1 and 4
are the lower and upper limits
x1+x2+x3+…+x10 can be
expressed as
10
∑ xi
i=1

Read as “the summation of x

sub I where I ranges from 1
to 10.”
x1 = 1 y1 = 4
X2 = 2 y2 = 3
X3 = 3 y3 = 2
X4 = 4 y4 = 1
= x12+x22+x32+x42
= 12 + 22 + 32 + 42
= 1 + 4 + 9 + 16 = 30

= (x1+x2+x3+x4)2 = 100
= (1+2+3+4)2
= (10)2
x1 = 1 y1 = 4
X2 = 2 y2 = 3
X3 = 3 y3 = 2
X4 = 4 y4 = 1
= x1y1+x2y2+x3y3+x4y4
= (1)(4)+(2)(3)+(3)(2)+(4)(1)
= 4+ 6+ 6+ 4 = 20
1 2 3 4
= + + +
4 3 2 1
3 8 18 48 77
= + + + =
12 12 12 12 12
x1 = 1 y1 = 4
X2 = 2 y2 = 3
X3 = 3 y3 = 2
X4 = 4 y4 = 1
Express each in summation
notation, then find the sum.

1. The sum of the first five

multiples of 9.
2. The sum of integers between -13
and 13, inclusive.
3. The sum of the five largest
negative integers.
4. The sum of half of each of the
first five integers.
Quantitative Data refers to numerical
information obtained from counting or
measuring that can be manipulated by
any fundamental operation.

Ex:
Age, IQ scores, height,
weight, income
Qualitative Data refers to descriptive
attributes that cannot be subjected to
mathematical operations.

Ex:
Gender, citizenship,
educational attainment,
religion
Population consist of all elements-
individuals items or object- whose
characteristics are being studied.

The technique of
collecting information
from a portion of the
population is called
sampling.
the portion of the population selected for
study is referred to as a sample.

a study that includes every member if

the population is called a census.
 It is a sampling procedure where every
element of a population is given an equal
chance of being selected as a member
of the sample is called Probability
Sampling.
 Probability Sampling. may be done by
lottery or with aid of a Table of Random
Numbers (Computer Programmed).
 Systematic Sampling. When the
population is too big. Random starting
point is selected from the list of
population. The samples are determined
by choosing every nth element on the
list until the desired number of
samples are drawn.
 Stratified Sampling. Done by creating
different classes or strata within the
population. The grouping may be done
based on grade level, income groupings,
and gender, among others.
Cluster Sampling. If the population is too
bog, a sampling method may be employed
to smaller area. The population may be
divided geographically into regions,
divisions, or districts.
Non- Probability Sampling – in which not
every element of the population is given
an equal chance if being selected as
sample. The drawing of samples is
based purely on the researchers’
objectives.
 Convenience Sampling – The researcher’s
convenience is the primary concern. For
instance, if the convenience of having
internet connections will be considered, not
every element of a population is given the
chance to be chosen as a sample since not
everyone has access to this technology.
Quota Sampling – Similar to stratified
sampling but the drawing of samples is
not done randomly. If desired quota is
reached, the drawing of samples is
terminated.
 Volunteer Sampling – Participants
volunteer to be part of the survey.
 Purposive Sampling – Used when the
specific objective under the study
requires a particular sample which may
not cover the entire population.
 N
n = 2
1 + Ne
✓ n: sample size
✓ N: population
✓ e: margin of error
Draw a sample size from a population of
20 000 using…

5% and 10% margin of error

20000
n=
1 + (20000)( 0.05) 2

20000
n=
1 + (20000)( 0.10) 2
Determine the sample size to be
considered for a research work that will
involve a population of 6000 students if
the desired margin of error is:
a. 10%
b. 5%
c. 1%
d. 3%
e. 7%
Interview:

It can be telephonic interview,

face to face interview or online
interview.
Questionnaire:

Which include Paper-pencil-

questionnaires, Web based
questionnaires, and many other.
Surveys:

It is the most common form of

data collection in which you select
a sample and then conduct
surveys.
Registration:

This method is governed

by existing laws. Data can
be gathered from offices
concerned.
Experiments/ Clinical:

In which you can manipulate

The variables to be
tested by changing
the surroundings.
Observant data Collection:

In this method you

have to be a part of
team from which you
collect data and you
also analyze the
situation on your own.
 The effectiveness of Filipino as
medium of instruction in
mathematics.

Changes in the behavior of drug

dependents.
 The physical and behavioral
changes in a guinea pig
subjected to a new medicine for
SARS.

The reaction of some celebrities to the

announcements of the presidential bid of
an actor.
 The values that are acquired by
some teachers from watching
koreanovelas.

The recreational activities of 3rd year

students and its relative effects to
their study habits.
Bar Graph – used to show relative
sizes of data. Bar drawn
proportional to the data may be
horizontal or vertical.
Write an appropriate title for the graph
indicating important information.

Label both axes. For double

or multiple bar graphs, use
legend to identify the bars.
The zero point should be
clearly indicated.
 Bars must be proportional to the
quantities they are representing. The
width of the bars must be equal.

There must be uniform

spaces between bars.

If necessary, highlight
sources and footnotes.
12

10

6 Series1

0
31 – 37 38 – 44 45 – 51 52 – 58 59 – 65 66 – 72 73 – 79 80 – 86

Results of Mathematics Exam – Trigonometry of IV-Mathtinik

for the First Quarter.
 Line Graph / Frequency Polygon –
shows relationship between two or
more sets of continuous data. For
instance, it may show the
relationship between a population
and time, or liquid capacity and
distance.
State clearly the title of the graph
indicating important information.

Label both axes. For

multiple line graph, a legend
will facilitate understanding
of the information the
graph wants to convey. The
zero point should
be clearly indicated.
Connect plotted points from left
to right.

For multiple line graphs,

one line should be
distinguished from the
other. This can be done
through the use of color
or line forms.
 12

10

6
Series1

0
31 – 37 38 – 44 45 – 51 52 – 58 59 – 65 66 – 72 73 – 79 80 – 86

Results of Mathematics Exam – Trigonometry of IV-Mathtinik

for the First Quarter.
 Circle Graph – best used to
compare parts to a whole. The
size of each sector of the circle
is proportional to the size of the
category that it represents.
Organize the data on the table by
providing column to:
a. The fractional parts or
percent of each quantity
is of the whole.
b. The number of degrees
representing each
fractional part, obtained
by multiplying 360o by
the fractional part.
On a circle, construct successive
central angles using the number of
degrees representing each part.

Label each part and write an

appropriate title for the
graph.
 80 – 86 , 2
31 – 37 , 4
73 – 79 , 5
38 – 44 , 5

66 – 72 , 6

45 – 51 , 9

59 – 65 , 8

52 – 58 , 11

Results of Mathematics Exam – Trigonometry of IV-Mathtinik

for the First Quarter.
 31 – 37 80 – 86
8% 4% 73 – 79
38 – 44 10%
10%

66 – 72
12%

45 – 51
18%

59 – 65
16%

52 – 58
22%

Results of Mathematics Exam – Trigonometry of IV-Mathtinik

for the First Quarter.
Pictograph – used to show vivid
pictorial of data.
 Statistical Map– used to
describe or classify quantitative
data by geographic areas. It is
drawn and divided into regions
and is always accompanied by a
legend which tells the meaning
of the symbols.
descriptive measures which
indicated the center of
distribution.
 Most important, useful
and widely used.
Equal to the sum of the
quantities, divided by the
number of quantities under
consideration.
x
X =
n
Find Alvin’s average grade in
Mathematics 3.

1st Grading Period =84

2nd Grading Period =86
3rd Grading Period =87
4th Grading Period =91
 84 + 86 + 87 + 91
X=
4
348
X=
4
X = 87
Alvin’s average in
Mathematics IV is .
The grades of Jessie in 5
academic subjects together with
the corresponding earned units
are as follows:.
Subject Grade Units
English 85 1
Math 87 2
Science 88 2
Filipino 84 1
Makabayan 83 1

Find her weighted average grade?

  wx
wX =
w
85(1) + 87 ( 2) + 88( 2) + 84(1) + 83(1)
X =
1+ 2 + 2 +1+1
602
X =
7

X = 86

The weighted average

grade of Jessie is .
The grades of Jessie in 5 together with
the corresponding earned units are as
follows:

What should be her numerical grade

equivalent for Cruise Line Geography and
Psychology to get an average of 1.75?
The gross sales of two outlets of
Pinoy Souvenir Store in a certain
week are as follows.
Manila Cebu Total
Monday 10 500 13 000 23 500
Tuesday 15 000 15 000 30 000
Wednesday 21 500 16 000 37 500
Thursday 18 000 17 500 35 500
Friday 25 000 20 500 45 500

Which outlet had the higher

mean gross sales for the week?
By how much?
 10500 + 15000 + 21500 + 18000 + 25000
X=
5
90000
X= X = 18000
5

10500 + 15000 + 21500 + 18000 + 25000

X=
5
82000
X= X = 16400
5
The mean gross sale of the Manila
outlet for the week is P18000 and
the mean gross sale of the Cebu
outlet for the week is P16400.
18000 – 16400 = 1600

Therefore, the Manila outlet had

the higher mean gross sale for the
week than the Cebu out let by
.
The gross sales of two outlets of
Pinoy Souvenir Store in a certain
week are as follows.
Manila Cebu Total
Monday 10 500 13 000 23 500
Tuesday 15 000 15 000 30 000
Wednesday 21 500 16 000 37 500
Thursday 18 000 17 500 35 500
Friday 25 000 20 500 45 500

What is the combined daily mean

gross sales of the two outlets?
 23500 + 30000 + 37500 + 35500 + 45500
X=
5
172000
X=
5

X = 34400

The combined daily mean

gross sale of the two
outlets is .
Middle value in a set
of quantities.
Determine the median of the set
of measures:
23, 15, 9, 30, 27,
10, 18, 14, 13

9, 10, 13, 14, 15, 18, 23, 27, 30

Median is .
Determine the median of the set
of measures:
12.6, 15.0, 19.8, 17.9,
11.7, 18.6, 14.1, 13.4
11.7,12.6,13.4,14.1,15.0,17.9,18.6,19.8

14.1 + 15.0
2
= 14.55
Median is .
Quantity with the
most number of
frequency.
Determine the mode for the set
of scores:
11, 15 ,13, 15, 14, 13, 15

15 appeared 3 times.
Unimodal.

Mode is .
Determine the mode for the set
of scores:
88, 89, 82, 82,
82, 89, 88, 89

82 and 89 both appeared

3 times.
Bimodal.

Mode is and .
Determine the mode for the set
of scores:
21, 18, 16, 21, 18, 16

All numbers appear with the

same count.
No mode.

Mode is .
1. 12,31,29,6,10,8,13,27,24,16

2. 52,52,52,50,55,50,57,49,60,49,62

3. 35,42,36,40,49,33,39,37,44,28,43

4. 13.2,11.5,14.8,12.6,10.2,11.2,11.1,
10.1,10.4

5. 140,142,138,107,121,115,110,121,
130,126,128,130,121
1. Mean: 17.6
Median: 14.5
Mode: none
2. Mean: 53.45
Median: 52
Mode: 52
3. Mean: 38.73
Median: 39
Mode: none
4. Mean: 11.68
Median: 11.2
Mode: none
5. Mean: 125.31
Median: 126
Mode: 121
Mean – computational or
calculated average.
Median – rank or positional
average.
Mode – inspectional or commercial
average.
Mean – easily affected by an
increase o decrease in the number
of data.
Median – May or may not be
affected by extreme values.
Mode – May or may not be
affected by an introduction of
other data.
Mean – most widely used average
and subject to further math
computation.
Median – less widely used but can
be subjected to math computation.
Mode – rarely used and cannot be
mathematically manipulated.
Mean – measure for interval or
ratio scales such as scores/grades,
temperature, and population.
Median – measure for ordinal
scales such as test scores, salary.
Mode – measure for nominal scales
such as number of certain brand
of commodities.
a descriptive measures which
indicates the degree of
asymmetry of a distribution.
 The test is
of average
difficulty
Frequency

Scores

Mode = Median = Mean

Normal Distribution
 The test is
difficulty

Mode < Median < Mean

 The test is
easy

Mean < Median < Mode

S-shaped
 Mean: 56.68
Median: 55.95
Mode: 54.3
54.3 < 55.95 < 56.68
Mode < Median < Mean
Positively Skewed
 12

10

6
Series1

0
31 – 37 38 – 44 45 – 51 52 – 58 59 – 65 66 – 72 73 – 79 80 – 86

Results of Mathematics Exam – Trigonometry of IV-Mathtinik

for the First Quarter.
Suppose a relatively easy test is
given to a highly selected group
of students of PhiSci High
School. If the scores are
plotted, most likely the
shape has a narrow range
and the scores are lumped
near each other.
 If a test composed of almost
equal number of easy, average,
and difficult items is
administered to a
heterogeneous group of
students, the
graph of scores will
be shorter than normal.
 If the test consists of
average items and the
examinees are
heterogeneous, then the
graph of scores would be
symmetrical in shape.
how flat or peak the distribution
 12

10

6
Series1

0
31 – 37 38 – 44 45 – 51 52 – 58 59 – 65 66 – 72 73 – 79 80 – 86

Results of Mathematics Exam – Trigonometry of IV-Mathtinik

for the First Quarter.
If we want to know what
score in particular has a
certain fraction of the data
falling below it, then we must
be seeking the measures of
location.
 Values that divide the data in an
array into 100 equal parts.

P1 (1st percentile) is the

value which is 1% of the
data fall, P2 is the value
below which 2% of the data
fall, and so on, and P99 is
the value below which 99%
of the data fall.
 72,
16, 49,
49, 53,
53, 80,
58, 60,
60, 89,
63, 63,
63,
98,
65, 16,
72, 58,
80, 84,
84, 63,
89, 92,
92, 65.
98.
m (n + 1) 80(14 + 1)
Pm = P80 =
100 100
P80 = 12
 72,
16, 49,
49, 53,
53, 80,
58, 60,
60, 89,
63, 63,
63,
98,
65, 16,
72, 58,
80, 84,
84, 63,
89, 92,
92, 65.
98.
33(14 + 1)
P33 =
m (n + 1) 100
Pm =
100 P33 = 4.9 or 5
72,
16, 49,
49, 53,
53, 80,
58, 60,
60, 89,
63, 63,
63,
98,
65, 16,
72, 58,
80, 84,
84, 63,
89, 92,
92, 65.
98.
m (n + 1)
Dm =
10
6(14 + 1)
D6 =
10
D6 = 9
 72,
16, 49,
49, 53,
53, 80,
58, 60,
60, 89,
63, 63,
63,
98,
65, 16,
72, 58,
80, 84,
84, 63,
89, 92,
92, 65.
98.
m (n + 1) 3(14 + 1)
Qm = Q3 =
4 4
Q3 = 11.25
= (84 + 89) / 2
= 86.5
descriptive measures which
indicates the degree of
spread among the item in a
distribution.
The smaller dispersion of
scores arising from the
comparison often indicates
more consistency and more
reliability.
 3 students are named finalist in the
search for “Student of the Year”. The
evaluation papers revealed the following
scores of the students in 5 different
areas:
Juan Honesto Nathaniel
97 94 95
92 94 94
96 92 93
95 94 96
90 96 92
Mean 94 94 94
the difference between the
largest and smallest values.
R = HS - LS
✓ R : range
✓ HS : highest score
✓ LS : lowest score
 Juan Honesto Nathaniel
97 94 95
92 94 94
96 92 93
95 94 96
90 96 92
97-90 96-92 96-92
Range 7 4 4

“Tie”
For population data

 =
2
N x −
2
( x )
2

2
N
For sample data

S = 2
n x −
2
( x ) 2

n( n − 1)
We will use n-1 instead of
n as divisor in computing the
variance of a sample data
although the variance is
defined as the average of
the squared deviations
about the mean.
The reason for this is to avoid
the likely existence of biases
that are normally associated
with the use of the variance
computed from different
random samples, especially
when the sample sizes n are
small.
The n different sizes
selected from the same
population generally yield
different values for the
variance. But, the average of
these values computed from
several samples of the
population tends to be closer
to the actual variance-the
population variance.
 x x2 x x2 x x2
97 9409 94 8836 95 9025
92 8464 94 8836 94 8836
96 9216 92 8464 93 8649
95 9025 94 8836 96 9216
90 8100 96 9216 92 8464
470 44214 470 44188 470 44190

2 =
N  x2 − ( x ) 2

N2
5(44214) − (470) 2 5(44188) − (470) 2 5(44190) − (470) 2
 =
2
 =
2  =
2

52 52 52

= 6.8 = 1.6 =2
Differentiates sets of scores
with equal averages.

the positive square root

of the variance.
 “Juan” 6.8 = 2.6

“Honesto” 1.6 = 1.3

“Nathaniel” 2 = 1.4
 “Juan”

“Honesto”

“Nathaniel”
Graphically, a standard deviation
of 2.6 means most of the scores
are within 2.6 units from the
mean.
A standard deviation of 1.3
and 1.4 means most of the
scores are within 1.3 and 1.4
units, respectively, from the
mean.
Unlike the range, variance
and standard deviation are
affected by the value of
each observation.

They are more stable that other

measures of variability.
They are extensively used in
connection with other statistical
measures because they can easily
be manipulated algebraically.

If a constant c is added to
each observation, the
variance will not change.
 CV is a measure of relative
variation expressed in percent (%).
It is used to compare the
variability of two or more set of
data especially when the
observations are expressed in
different units of measurement.
  2.6 
 SD  CVJuan =   • 100 = 2.77%
CV =   • 100  94 
 X 
 1.3 
CVHonesto =   • 100
 94 
= 1.38%

 1.4 
CVNathaniel =   • 100
 94 
= 1.49%

The scores of Honesto are more

consistent that the others
A manufacturing company produced the
following number of units per day for a
given period:
21, 25, 20, 28, 30, 23, 22, 31, 27, 19,
33, 24, 29, 26, 32, and 34
Determine the:
▪ Mean
▪ Range
▪ Variance
▪ Standard Deviation
▪ Coefficient of Variation
19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
361 400 441 484 529 576 625 676 729 784 841 900 961 1024 1089 1156

 x = 424  x 2 = 11576

X =
x
S2 =
n  x2 − ( x) 2  SD 
CV =   • 100
n n(n − 1)  X 
424 16(11576) − (424)  4.76 
2
= = =  • 100
16 16(16 − 1)  26.5 
= 26.5 = 22.67 = 17.97%

R = HS − LS S = 22.67
= 34 − 19 = 4.76
= 15