Hybrid Electric Vehicle

A
Seminar
submitted
in partial fulfillment
for the award of the Degree of
Bachelor of Technology
in Department of Electrical Engineering

Supervisor Submitted By:

Prof. Ravindra Singh Rathore
Assistant Professor Enrolment No.: 15EJIEE749

Department of Computer Science and Engineering

Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology
Rajasthan Technical University
2018-19
 Candidate’s Declaration

I hereby declare that the work, which is being presented in the Seminar, entitled “Hybrid
Electric Vehicles” in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of “Bachelor of Technology”
in Dept. of Electrical Engineering with Specialization in Electric Vehicles, and submitted to
the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and
technology, Rajasthan Technical University is a record of my own WORK carried under the
Guidance of Mr. , Department of Electrical Engineering, Jodhpur Institute of
Engineering and Technology .

I have not submitted the matter presented in this Seminar anywhere for the award of any
other Degree.

Ravindra Singh Rathore

Enrolment No.: 15EJIEE749

Jodhpur Institute of Engineering and Technology,

Signed by
Prof.
Assistant Professor

i
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The Seminar entitled “Hybrid Electric Vehicle” was an uphill climb which had to be assigned
in an organized and disciplined way to reach our target and this became possible due to
sincere and courteous operation shown to us by our teachers and group members.
Firstly I want to thank my Prof. Kusum Agarwal (HOD,CSE) for giving me this opportunity.
I am equally grateful to Ms. , Asst. Professor, JIET for the able guidance, inspiration
and constructive criticism of the seminar. This has helped me come out with excellent work
within specified bounds. It has been a great learning experience.
I would like to express my gratitude towards my teachers for their kind cooperation and
encouragement which help me in completion of this project.
I would like to express my deepest appreciation to all those who provided me the possibility
to complete this seminar and whose contribution in stimulating suggestions and
encouragement, helped me to coordinate my seminar especially in writing this report.
Furthermore I would also like to acknowledge with much appreciation the crucial role of the
staff of JIET Jodhpur, who gave the permission to use all required equipment’s and the
necessary materials to complete this task.
No words can express my humble and eternal gratitude to my beloved parents and relatives
who has been guiding me in all walks of our life.

Ravindra Singh Rathore

15EJIEE749
Electrical Engineering Dept.

ii
 ABSTRACT

This paper is a brief survey in the field of Hybrid Technology. Hybrid Electric Vehicle is a
solution for the price rise in the gasoline and to reduce the increasing pollution. These
Vehicle are lighter than electric vehicles, as they do not have to carry huge weight of batteries
In fact, most of the manufactures have started the works of hybrid vehicles for public vehicles
Hybrid vehicles are all round us. Most of the vehicles we see pulling trains are diesel electric
hybrids. These can draw power from electric from overhead wires or run on diesel when they
are away from wires. Giant mining trucks are often diesel electric hybrids. Submarines are
also hybrid vehicles some are nuclear electric and some are diesel electric technology.

Any vehicles that can combines two or more sources of power that can directly or indirectly
provides propulsion power is a hybrid.

iii
Table of Contents

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... ii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... iii
Table of Contents ................................................................................................................ iiv
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................ 1
LITERATURE SURVEY...................................................................................................... 2
1. History............................................................................................................................... 3
2. Why Choose HEV Technology ......................................................................................... 3
3. Components ...................................................................................................................... 4
4. Working ............................................................................................................................. 7
5.Advantages and Disadvantages.......................................................................................... 8
6.Application ....................................................................................................................... 10
7. Technologies That Are Related to Hybrid Electric vehicle ……………………..…..….13
8.Current Status................................................................................................................... 14
9.Future Scope .................................................................................................................... 15
10.Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 16
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 17
APPENDIX ......................................................................................................................... 18

iv
 INTRODUCTION

A hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is a type of hybrid vehicle that combines a conventional internal
combustion engine (ICE) system with an electric propulsion system (hybrid vehicle drivetrain). The
presence of the electric powertrain is intended to achieve either better fuel economy than a
conventional vehicle or better performance. There is a variety of HEV types, and the degree to
which each functions as an electric vehicle (EV) also varies. The most common form of HEV is the
hybrid electric car, although hybrid electric trucks (pickups and tractors) and buses also exist.

Modern HEVs make use of efficiency-improving technologies such as regenerative brakes which
convert the vehicle's kinetic energy to electric energy, which is stored in a battery or super
capacitor. Some varieties of HEV use their internal combustion engine to generate electricity by
spinning an electrical generator to either recharge their batteries or to directly power the electric
drive motors; this combination is known as a motor–generator. Many HEVs reduce idle emissions
by shutting down the engine at idle and restarting it when needed; this is known as a start-stop
system. A hybrid-electric produces less tailpipe emissions than a comparably sized gasoline car,
since the hybrid gasoline engine is usually smaller than a comparably sized, pure gasoline-powered
vehicle and if not used to directly drive the car, can be geared to run at maximum efficiency, further
improving fuel economy.

1
LITERATURE SURVEY

[1]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle

Content Read: Introduction and history technology.

[2] https://www.seminaronly.com/labels

Content Read: Advantages and Disadvantages.

[3] http://www.ieahev.org/about-the-technologies/hybrid-electric-vehicles/

Content Read: working of sixth sense technology.

[4]. https://www.google.com/images/HybridElectricVehicle/

Content Read: Important images related technology and its working.

2
 Hybrid Electric Vehicles

1. History

 Early days
In 1896, the Armstrong Phaeton was developed by Harry E. Dey and built by the Armstrong
Company of Bridgeport, CT for the Roger Mechanical Carriage Company. Though there were
steam, electric, and internal combustion vehicles introduced in the early days, the Armstrong
Phaeton was innovative with many firsts. Not only did it have a gasoline powered 6.5-liter, two-
cylinder engine, but also a dynamo flywheel connected to an onboard battery.

In 1900, while employed at Lohner Coach Factory, Ferdinand Porsche developed the Mixte, a
4WD series-hybrid version of "System Lohner-Porsche" electric carriage that previously
appeared in 1900 Paris World Fair. George Fischer sold hybrid buses to England in 1901;
Knight Neftal produced a racing hybrid in 1902.

 Predecessors of present technology

A more recent working prototype of the HEV was built by Victor Wouk (one of the scientists
involved with the Henney Kilowatt, the first transistor-based electric car). Wouk's work with
HEVs in the 1960s and 1970s earned him the title as the "Godfather of the Hybrid".[44] Wouk
installed a prototype hybrid drivetrain (with a 16-kilowatt (21 hp) electric motor) into a 1972
Buick Skylark provided by GM for the 1970 Federal Clean Car Incentive Program, but the
program was stopped by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1976
while Eric Stork, the head of the EPA's vehicle emissions control program at the time, was
accused of a prejudicial coverup.

The regenerative brake concept was further developed in the early 1980s by David Arthurs, an
electrical engineer, using off-the shelf components, military surplus, and an Opel GT. The
voltage controller to link the batteries, motor (a jet-engine starter motor), and DC generator was
Arthurs'. The vehicle exhibited 75 miles per US gallon (3.1 L/100 km; 90 mpg‑imp) fuel
efficiency, and plans for it were marketed by Mother Earth News.

In 1982, Fritz Karl Preikschat invented an electric propulsion and braking system for cars based
on regenerative braking. While clearly not the only patent relating to the hybrid electric vehicle,
the patent was important based on 120+ subsequent patents directly citing it. The patent was
issued in the U.S. and the system was not prototyped or commercialized.

 Modern hybrids

3
 Commencing in fall 2007, General Motors began to market their 2008 Two-Mode Hybrid
models of their GMT900-based Chevrolet Tahoe and GMC Yukon SUVs, closely followed by
the 2009 Cadillac Escalade Hybrid version. For the 2009 model year, General Motors released
the same technology in their half-ton pickup truck models, the 2009 Chevrolet Silverado and
GMC Sierra Two-Mode Hybrid models.

The Ford Fusion Hybrid officially debuted at the Greater Los Angeles Auto Show in November
2008,[68] and was launched to the U.S. market in March 2009, together with the second-
generation Honda Insight and the Mercury Milan Hybrid

 Latest developments

The redesigned and more efficient fourth generation Prius was released for retail customers in
Japan in December 2015. The launch in North American market is scheduled for January 2016,
and February in Europe. The 2016 model year Prius Eco surpassed the 2000 first generation
Honda Insight as the all-time EPA-rated most fuel efficient gasoline-powered car available in
the U.S. without plug-in capability. In late 2017 Chevy introduced the Chevy ZH2 that runs off
of hydrogen fuel cells. The ZH2 was built especially for the U.S.

2. WHY CHOOSE HYBRID TECHNOLOGY?

Electric hybrids reduce petroleum consumption under certain circumstances, compared to
otherwise similar conventional vehicles, primarily by using three mechanisms.

Reducing wasted energy during idle/low output, generally by turning the ICE off Recapturing
waste energy (i.e. regenerative braking).
Reducing the size and power of the ICE, and hence inefficiencies from under-utilization, by
using the added power from the electric motor to compensate for the loss in peak power output
from the smaller ICE.

Reduced noise emissions resulting from substantial use of the electric motor at idling and low
speeds, leading to roadway noise reduction,[256] in comparison to conventional gasoline or
diesel powered engine vehicles, resulting in beneficial noise health effects (although road noise
from tires and wind, the loudest noises at highway speeds from the interior of most vehicles, are
not affected by the hybrid design alone)

4
3. COMPONENTS

 Regenerative Braking. The electric motor applies resistance to the drivetrain, causing the
wheels to slow down. In return, the energy from the wheels turns the motor, which functions as a
generator by converting energy normally wasted during coasting and braking into electricity.
This electricity is stored in a battery until needed by the electric motor.

This is really what the regen mode is all about. With the electronic throttle closed and the vehicle
still moving, all of its kinetic energy can be captured to both slow the vehicle and recharge its
battery. As the onboard computer signals the battery to stop sending electricity (via the controller
relay) and start receiving it (through a charge controller), the M/G simultaneously stops
receiving electricity for powering the vehicle and starts sending current back to the battery for
charging.

This contrasts with conventional braking systems, where the excess kinetic energy is converted
to unwanted and wasted heat by friction in the brakes, or with dynamic brakes, where energy is
recovered by using electric motors as generators but is immediately dissipated as heat in
resistors. In addition to improving the overall efficiency of the vehicle, regeneration can greatly
extend the life of the braking system as its parts do not wear as quickly.

Working Principle Regenerative braking is a brake method to use mechanical energy from the
motor and convert kinetic energy to electrical energy and give back to the battery. In the
regenerative braking mode, the motor slows downhill the car. When we apply force to pedal of
brake, then car gets slow down and motor works in reverse direction. When running in invalidate
direction motor acts as the generator and thus charge the battery as shown in figure 2[9]. Thus in
figure 1 the car which is running in normal condition where motor goes forward and takes
energy from the battery.

This brakes work so effectively in driving in such environment so as to stop in cities. The
braking system and controller is the feeling of the structure because it controls the whole part of
vehicles of the motor. The brake controller functions are monitor the speed of the wheel, hence
calculate the torque, electricity which is to be generated and rotational force thus to be feed to
batteries. When we apply brakes the brake controller, it controls and direct the electrical energy
which is formed by the motor to the batteries.

5
 Electric Motor Drive/Assist. The electric motor provides additional power to assist the
engine in accelerating, passing, or climbing hills. This allows a smaller, more efficient engine to
be used. In some vehicles, the motor alone provides power for low-speed driving conditions,
where internal combustion engines are least efficient.

 Automatic Start/Shutoff (also called start-stop). This feature automatically shuts off the
engine when the vehicle comes to a stop and restarts it when the accelerator is pressed. This
prevents wasted energy from idling. This is the characteristic technology in micro-hybrids,
which do not have the regenerative braking and electric drive assist functions of full HEVs.

 Electric traction motor: Using power from the traction battery pack, this motor drives the
vehicle's wheels. Some vehicles use motor generators that perform both the drive and
regeneration functions.

 Internal combustion engine (spark-ignited): In this configuration, fuel is injected into

either the intake manifold or the combustion chamber, where it is combined with air, and the
air/fuel mix is ignited by the spark from a spark plug.

 Traction battery pack: Stores electricity for use by the electric traction motor.

 Motors:Drive motor is one of the HEV’s core components. In accordance with different
vehicles’ operating environment of level road, ramp, acceleration-deceleration, start-stop, and
so on, the motor operating mode switches frequently among fractional load, heavy load, and
excess load, hence improving the integrated efficiency of the electrical motor is a key issue for
the development of motor and its controller, which directly affects vehicle’s power
performance, fuel economy, and emission. The basic performance requirements of HEV’s
motor drive system [3, 4] are high-performance and low-loss, high power density, low speed
and high torque, a wide range of variable speed, strong overload capacity, good reliability, and
so on. Based on the analysis of HEV’s mainstream motor drive systems in the present market,
this paper chooses the AC asynchronous induction motor which has low cost and high
efficienct.

The AC asynchronous induction motor is the nonlinear time-varying system [5] of high-
order, multivariable, and strong coupling, hence the control method based on motor’s
static mathematical model has been unable to meet the requirements of its dynamic
performance. Currently, the control methods of AC asynchronous induction motor in
HEV are mainly two kinds of direct torque control and vector control [6]. In the low
speed, direct torque control is easy to produce torque fluctuation and no closed-loop
6
current and is easy to produce over-current, which cannot meet the requirements of high
stability torque when the vehicle is in the low-speed climbing state, at the same time
there are the problems of motor temperature rise and high noise. Vector control method
is able to achieve the AC asynchronous induction motor’s decoupling control of
magnetic flux and torque, which has good torque control characteristics, being
analogous to DC motor, and can improve the efficiency of drive system and achieve
maximum efficiency control. In addition, vector control can achieve a fixed switching
frequency PWM modulation and reduce the harmonic content of the motor current,
which, to a certain extent, reduce the motor temperature rise and noise.
Therefore, this paper introduces the vector control algorithm based on the rotor flux
linkage oriented and conducts research to design the motor controller of Hybrid Electric
Vehicle with high performance, high efficiency, and high reliability. First, introduce the
basic principles of algorithm, build the modularized simulation platform, and then
design the controller’s software and hardware; meanwhile, analyze controller’s
electromagnetic compatibility and take appropriate antijamming measures to ensure the
normal operation of the electromagnetic sensitive equipments such as CAN bus. Finally,
carry out the motor bench experiment on the basis of the control logic correct, such as
improving the CAN bus communication reliability, ensuring the power-on sequence,
and fault treatment, and complete the performance experiment of the motor drive
system.

Research of Motor Controller’s Electromagnetic Compatibility

Compared with the traditional vehicle, HEV has the following characteristics in the control
aspect. The control objects are more decentralized, data exchange between the various units is
more frequent, and the requirements of reliability and real-time of data exchange are higher.
Hence, it is necessary to introduce the simple, efficient, and reliable communication in the
HEV.

CAN bus, a serial bus, have the merits of simple structure, fault-tolerant capability, technical
maturity, and so forth, which is widely used in the field of automotive electronic control. HEV
needs more equipments and higher coordination control, therefore, the use of CAN bus
achieving in-vehicle network system is a good solution. All of the Prius of Toyota, the Precept
of GM, and the Prodigy of Ford use the CAN bus.

The HEV drive motor of this project is AC asynchronous motor, being driven by the inverter.
The power module, (insulated gate bipolar transistor) IGBT, is widely used in the inverter,
which is a dual current-carrying device and whose switching characteristics are controlled by
the gain of PNP transistor. Therefore, in essence, the current peak of IGBT will be higher than
that of (metal-oxide semiconductor field effect transistor) MOSFET. Meanwhile, the carrier
frequency of the inverter is up to 20 kHz and bus bar voltage is over a hundred volts, so when
there is (pulse-width modulation) PWM wave, there will be a very high voltage peak value,
which will inevitably lead to serious interference noise of conduction and electromagnetic
radiation [9–11]. In addition, the number of automotive electronic equipment increases day by

7
day, which make the electromagnetic environment of the HEV complex and poor. So, it is of
great significance to analyze the system’s electromagnetic interference source and its
propagation path, take the corresponding measures to make electromagnetic sensitive devices,
such as air bag and CAN bus network, work regularly under strong interference condition. The
experimental results indicate that the antijamming measures are practical and the system
operates well.

8
 4. WORKING

Hybrid electric vehicles are powered by an internal combustion engine and an electric motor,
which uses energy stored in batteries. A hybrid electric vehicle cannot be plugged in to charge
the battery. Instead, the battery is charged through regenerative braking and by the internal
combustion engine. The extra power provided by the electric motor can potentially allow for
a smaller engine. The battery can also power auxiliary loads like sound systems and
headlights, and reduce engine idling when stopped. Together, these features result in better
fuel economy without sacrificing performance.

In a traditional hybrid vehicle, you have a complete electric car. It includes an electric motor
to provide all of the power to the wheels, as well as batteries to supply the motor with
electricity. Then you have a completely separate gasoline engine powering a generator. The
engine is very small -- perhaps 10 to 20 horsepower -- and it is designed to run at just one
speed for maximum efficiency. The purpose of this small, efficient engine is to provide
enough power for the car at its cruising speed. During times of acceleration, the batteries
provide the extra power necessary. When the car is decelerating or standing still, the batteries
recharge. This sort of hybrid car is essentially an electric car with a built-in recharger for
longer range. The advantage is that the small, efficient gasoline engine gets great mileage.

5. Advantages and Disadvantages

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ADVANTAGES
1. Environmentally Friendly: One of the biggest advantage of hybrid car over
gasoline powered car is that it runs cleaner and has better gas mileage which makes it
environmentally friendly. A hybrid vehicle runs on twin powered engine (gasoline
engine and electric motor) that cuts fuel consumption and conserves energy.

2. Financial Benefits: Hybrid cars are supported by many credits and incentives that
help to make them affordable. Lower annual tax bills and exemption from congestion
charges comes in the form of less amount of money spent on the fuel.

3. Less dependence on Fossil Fuels: A Hybrid car is much cleaner and requires less
fuel to run which means less emissions and less dependence on fossil fuels. This in
turn also helps to reduce the price of gasoline in domestic market.

4. Regenerative Braking System: Each time you apply brake while driving a hybrid
vehicle helps you to recharge your battery a little. An internal mechanism kicks in that
captures the energy released and uses it to charge the battery which in turn eliminates
the amount of time and need for stopping to recharge the battery periodically.

5. Built From Light Materials: Hybrid vehicles are made up of lighter materials
which means less energy is required to run. The engine is also smaller and lighter
which also saves much energy.

6. Higher Resale Value: With continuous increase in price of gasoline, more and
more people are turning towards hybrid cars. The result is that these green vehicles
have started commanding higher than average resale values. So, in case you are not
satisfied with your vehicle, you can always sell it at a premium price to buyers
looking for it.

10
 DISADVANTAGES:

1. Less Power: Hybrid cars are twin powered engine. The gasoline engine which is primary
source of power is much smaller as compared to what you get in single engine powered
car and electric motor is low power. The combined power of both is often less than that
of gas powered engine. It is therefore suited for city driving and not for speed and
acceleration.

2. Can be Expensive: The biggest drawback of having a hybrid car is that it can burn a hole
in your pocket. Hybrid cars are comparatively expensive than a regular petrol car and can
cost $5000 to $10000 more than a standard version. However, that extra amount can be
offset with lower running cost and tax exemptions.

3. Poorer Handling: A hybrid car houses an gasoline powered engine, a lighter electric
engine and a pack of powerful batteries. This adds weight and eats up the extra space in
the car. Extra weight results in fuel inefficiency and manufacturers cut down weight
which has resulted in motor and battery downsizing and less support in the suspension
and body.

4. Higher Maintenance Costs: The presence of dual engine, continuous improvement in

technology, and higher maintenance cost can make it difficult for mechanics to repair the
car. It is also difficult to find a mechanic with such an expertise.

5. Presence of High Voltage in Batteries: In case of an accident, the high voltage present
inside the batteries can prove lethal for you. There is a high chance of you getting
electrocuted in such cases which can also make the task difficult for rescuers to get other
passengers and driver out of the car.

6. Application:

Motorcycles

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Companies such as Zero Motorcycles[280] and Vectrix have market-ready all-electric
motorcycles available now, but the pairing of electrical components and an internal
combustion engine (ICE) has made packaging cumbersome, especially for niche brands.

Also, eCycle Inc produces series diesel-electric motorcycles, with a top speed of 80 mph (130
km/h) and a target retail price of $5500.

Peugeot HYmotion3 compressor, a hybrid scooter is a three-wheeler that uses two separate
power sources to power the front and back wheels. The back wheel is powered by a single
cylinder 125 cc, 20 bhp (15 kW) single cylinder motor while the front wheels are each driven
by their own electric motor. When the bike is moving up to 10 km/h only the electric motors
are used on a stop-start basis reducing the amount of carbon emissions.

SEMA has announced that Yamaha is going to launch one in 2010, with Honda following a
year later, fueling a competition to reign in new customers and set new standards for mobility.
Each company hopes to provide the capability to reach 60 miles (97 km) per charge by
adopting advanced lithium-ion batteries to accomplish their claims. These proposed hybrid
motorcycles could incorporate components from the upcoming Honda Insight car and its
hybrid powertrain.

Automobiles and light trucks

High-performance cars

Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid, driven by Nico Rosberg, during the 2015 Malaysian Grand Prix,
using 1.6 L turbocharged V6 Hybrid engine.
As emissions regulations become tougher for manufacturers to adhere to, a new generation of
high-performance cars will be powered by hybrid technology (for example the Porsche GT3
hybrid racing car). Aside from the emissions benefits of a hybrid system, the immediately
available torque which is produced from electric motor(s) can lead to performance benefits
by addressing the power curve weaknesses of a traditional combustion engine. [287] Hybrid
racecars have been very successful, as is shown by the Audi R18 and Porsche 919, which
have won the 24 hours of Le Mans using hybrid technology.
Formula 1
In 2014, Formula 1 has changed the cars from 2.4 L V8 engine to 1.6 L turbocharged V6
engine, limited to 15,000 rpm. These turbocharged V6 engines can propel a F1-racecar up to
370 km/h (230 mph).
Achieved by Force India Driver Sergio Perez at the 2016 Mexican Grand Prix.
Taxis

A Toyota Prius hybrid taxi in Singapore.

In 2000, North America's first hybrid electric taxi was put into service in Vancouver, British
Columbia, operating a 2001 Toyota Prius which traveled over 332,000 km (206,000 mi)
before being retired.[288][289] In 2015, a taxi driver in Austria claimed to have covered
1,000,000 km (620,000 mi) in his Toyota Prius with the original battery pack.[290]
12
Many of the major cities in the world are adding hybrid taxis to their taxicab fleets, led
by San Francisco and New York City.[291] By 2009 15% of New York's 13,237 taxis in
service are hybrids, the most in any city in North America, and also began retiring its original
hybrid fleet after 300,000 and 350,000 miles (480,000 and 560,000 km) per
vehicle.[291][292]Other cities where taxi service is available with hybrid vehicles
include Tokyo, London, Sydney, Melbourne, and Rome.
Buses

Hybrid-powered bus
Hybrid technology for buses has seen increased attention since recent battery developments
decreased battery weight significantly. Drivetrains consist of conventional diesel engines and
gas turbines. Some designs concentrate on using car engines, recent designs have focused on
using conventional diesel engines already used in bus designs, to save on engineering and
training costs. As of 2007, several manufacturers were working on new hybrid designs, or
hybrid drivetrains that fit into existing chassis offerings without major re-design. A challenge
to hybrid buses may still come from cheaper lightweight imports from the former Eastern
block countries or China, where national operators are looking at fuel consumption issues
surrounding the weight of the bus, which has increased with recent bus technology
innovations such as glazing, air conditioning and electrical systems. A hybrid bus can also
deliver fuel economy though through the hybrid drivetrain. Hybrid technology is also being
promoted by environmentally concerned transit authorities.
Trucks

Hino hybrid diesel-electric truck.

In 2003, GM introduced a hybrid diesel-electric military (light) truck, equipped with a diesel
electric and a fuel cell auxiliary power unit. Hybrid electric light trucks were introduced in
2004 by Mercedes Benz (Sprinter) and Micro-Vett SPA (Daily Bimodale). International
Truck and Engine Corp. and Eaton Corp. have been selected to manufacture diesel-electric
hybrid trucks for a US pilot program serving the utility industry in 2004.

13
Military vehicles
Some 70 years after Porsche's pioneering efforts in hybrid-drivetrain armored fighting
vehicles in World War II, the United States Army's manned ground vehicles of the Future
Combat System all use a hybrid electric drive consisting of a diesel engine to generate
electrical power for mobility and all other vehicle subsystems. However, all FCS land
vehicles were put on hold in the 2010 DOD budget. Other military hybrid prototypes include
the Millenworks Light Utility Vehicle, the International FTTS, HEMTT model A3, and
the Shadow RST-V.

Marine and other aquatic

For large boats that are already diesel-electric, the upgrade to hybrid can be as
straightforward as adding a large battery bank and control equipment; this configuration can
provide fuel saving for the operators as well as being more environmentally sensitive.

Producers of marine hybrid propulsion include:

eCycle Inc.
Solar Sailor Holdings.

Aircraft
Boeing has stated that for the subsonic concept, hybrid electric engine technology is a clear
winner. Hybrid electric propulsion has the potential to shorten takeoff distance and reduce
noise.[306] The Agusta Westland Project Zero is one aircraft that is intended to be hybrid-
electric.

7. TECHNOLOGIES

In the coming years, hybrids can play a significant role in addressing several of the
major problems faced by the United States and the world today: climate change, air
pollution, and oil dependence. Whether this new technology delivers on its promise
hinges on the choices automakers, consumers, and policymakers make over the coming
years. Poor choices could result in hybrids that fall short even of what conventional
technology could deliver on fuel economy, emissions, or both

14
Types by degree of hybridization
Full hybrid, sometimes also called a strong hybrid, is a vehicle that can run only on a
combustion engine, only on an electric motor, or a combination of both.[15] Ford's
hybrid system, Toyota's Hybrid Synergy Drive and General Motors/Chrysler's Two-
Mode Hybrid technologies are full hybrid systems.[16] The Toyota Prius, Ford Escape
Hybrid, and Ford Fusion Hybrid are examples of full hybrids, as these cars can be
moved forward on battery power alone. A large, high-capacity battery pack is needed
for battery-only operation. These vehicles have a split power path allowing greater
flexibility in the drivetrain by interconverting mechanical and electrical power, at some
cost in complexity.
Mild hybrid, is a vehicle that cannot be driven solely on its electric motor, because the
electric motor does not have enough power to propel the vehicle on its own.[15][16]
Mild hybrids include only some of the features found in hybrid technology, and usually
15
achieve limited fuel consumption savings, up to 15 percent in urban driving and 8 to 10
percent overall cycle.[15][16] A mild hybrid is essentially a conventional vehicle with
oversize starter motor, allowing the engine to be turned off whenever the car is
coasting, braking, or stopped, yet restart quickly and cleanly. The motor is often
mounted between the engine and transmission, taking the place of the torque converter,
and is used to supply additional propulsion energy when accelerating. Accessories can
continue to run on electrical power while the gasoline engine is off, and as in other
hybrid designs, the motor is used for regenerative braking to recapture energy. As
compared to full hybrids, mild hybrids have smaller batteries and a smaller, weaker
motor/generator, which allows manufacturers to reduce cost and weight.[16]
Honda's early hybrids including the first generation Insight used this design,[16]
leveraging their reputation for design of small, efficient gasoline engines; their system
is dubbed Integrated Motor Assist (IMA). Starting with the 2006 Civic Hybrid, the
IMA system now can propel the vehicle solely on electric power during medium speed
cruising. Another example is the 2005–2007 Chevrolet Silverado Hybrid, a full-size
pickup truck.[16] Chevrolet was able to get a 10% improvement on the Silverado's fuel
efficiency by shutting down and restarting the engine on demand and using
regenerative braking. General Motors has also used its mild BAS Hybrid technology in
other models such as the Saturn Vue Green Line, the Saturn Aura Greenline and the
Malibu Hybrid.
Comparison between a hybrid car and a gasoline car
If you compare the power drive of both the cars, you will see that both of them are
equally efficient. While a gasoline car has a bigger engine, the hybrid car has a smaller
engine. Conventional cars have enough power to attain the required speed, and that too
at the required time. In a hybrid car, as the engine is smaller, it is more efficient. It has
lighter parts and reduced number of cylinder. The fuel required for smaller engines is
lesser than the other ones. Since bigger engines have all the pistons in a bigger size,
they need more energy when they make an up and down movement in the cylinder.
Even if the car is not moving, the engine may be on. At this time also the big engine
cylinders use fuel.

If both the cars are moving equally the car with gas engine will use its whole single
power to drive the car. The hybrid car will also need the same output power to drive the
car. But, as it is smaller, it makes lesser power than the bigger one. This is when the
electric motor comes into play. They provide the rest of the power from the battery to
compensate the balance.

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8. Current status
Current research focusing on maximizing the efficiency

Reduce Mass.

Decrease material and manufacturing costs.

Improving the Hardware.

Battery – alternatives to/maximizing the nickel-metal hydride currently in use.

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9.Future

According to the California Cars Initiative (CalCars), which promotes plug-in hybrids,
Americans recharging their plug-ins via a regular 120V outlet should expect to pay about $1
per gallon equivalent. “Using the average U.S. electricity rate of nine cents per kilowatt-hour
(kWh), 30 miles of electric driving will cost 81 cents,” the group maintains. “If we
optimistically assume the average U.S. fuel economy is 25 miles per gallon, at $3.00 gasoline
this equates to 75 cents a gallon for equivalent electricity.”

Those unwilling to wait for a mass-market plug-in can have their existing Prius or Ford
Escape hybrid converted accordingly by any of several “aftermarket” companies at a cost of
$6,000 and up. CalCars provides a comprehensive listing of vendors across the U.S. and
elsewhere that can do the conversions, and also offers its own instructions for those
engineering-savvy hybrid owners who can do it themselves.

Future for hybrid and electric vehicles in India

Indian Govt. has begun subsidizing Electric Vehicles and Hybrid Electric powertrains as a
part of their FAME scheme.

How Can Electric Cars Make Their Way In The Cost-Sensitive Market Of India?

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This has created a boom for automotive manufacturers in India to try their hand in
developing electric vehicles and mild hybrids. The integrated starter generator is a quick fix
and already made its way into the Ciaz - Maruti Suzuki Ciaz SHVS Hybrid: All You Need to
Know - News - NDTV CarAndBike.com

Mahindra also seems to be keen on launching a hybrid (lot of buzz but no official statement).

These policy changes certainly created an environment for Indian manufacturers to move
towards electrification of their fleet. This trend will soon snowball into better products at
more affordable prices as the demand and sales increases. So yes, definitely a bright future
for hybrid drivetrains to improve operating efficiencies in India.

10.CONCLUSION

Hybrid cars are definitely more environmentally friendly than internal-combustion vehicles.
Batteries are being engineered to have a long life. When the hybrid cars become more
widespread, battery recycling will become economically possible. Research into other energy
sources such as fuel cells and renewable fuels make the future look brighter for hybrid cars.

No major problems are likely to be encountered for several decades in supplying the power to
charge PHEVs, as long as most vehicles are charged at night.

A portfolio approach to research, development, demonstration, and, perhaps, market

transition support is essential. It is not clear what technology or combination of
technologies—batteries, hydrogen, or biofuels—will be most effective in reducing the
nation's oil dependency to levels that may be necessary in the long run. It is clear, however,
that a portfolio approach will enable the greatest reduction in oil use. Increasing the
efficiency of conventional vehicles (including HEVs) beyond the current regulatory
framework could reduce gasoline consumption by about 40 percent in 2050, compared to the
Reference Case. Adding biofuels would reduce it another 20 percent.

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 REFERENCES

o https://www.nap.edu/read/12826/chapter/7#34

o www.ieahev.org › About the Technologies

o web.mit.edu/2.972/www/reports/hybrid_vehicle/hybrid_electric_vehicles.html

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