MATHEMATICS (860)

Aims:

1. To enable candidates to acquire knowledge and to develop an understanding of the terms, concepts,
symbols, definitions, principles, processes and formulae of Mathematics at the Senior Secondary stage.

2. To develop the ability to apply the knowledge and understanding of Mathematics to unfamiliar situations or
to new problems.

3. To develop an interest in Mathematics.

4. To enhance ability of analytical and rational thinking in young minds.

5. To develop skills of -

(a) Computation.

(b) Logical thinking.

(c) Handling abstractions.

(d) Generalizing patterns.

(e) Solving problems using multiple methods.

(f) Reading tables, charts, graphs, etc.

6. To develop an appreciation of the role of Mathematics in day-to-day life.

7. To develop a scientific attitude through the study of Mathematics.

A knowledge of Arithmetic, Basic Algebra (Formulae, Factorization etc.), Basic Trigonometry and Pure
Geometry is assumed.

As regards to the standard of algebraic manipulation, students should be taught:

(i) To check every step before proceeding to the next particularly where minus signs are involved.

(ii) To attack simplification piecemeal rather than en block.

(iii) To observe and act on any special features of algebraic form that may be obviously present.

124
 CLASS XI

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.

Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.

There will be one paper of three hours duration of 100 marks.

Section A (80 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions. Internal choice will be provided in
three questions of four marks each and two questions of six marks each.

Section B/ Section C (20 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions EITHER from Section B
or Section C. Internal choice will be provided in two questions of four marks each.

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 80 Marks
1. Sets and Functions 22 Marks
2. Algebra 34 Marks
3. Coordinate Geometry 8 Marks
4. Calculus 8 Marks
5. Statistics & Probability 8 Marks
SECTION B: 20 marks
6. Conic Section 12 Marks
7. Introduction to Three Dimensional Geometry 4 Marks
8. Mathematical Reasoning 4 Marks
OR
SECTION C: 20 Marks
9. Statistics 6 Marks
10. Correlation Analysis 6 Marks
11. Index Numbers & Moving Averages 8 Marks
TOTAL 100 Marks

125
 SECTION A - Domain and range of a function.
1. Sets and Functions - Sketches of graphs of exponential
function, logarithmic function,
(i) Sets modulus function, step function and
Sets and their representations. Empty set. rational function.
Finite and Infinite sets. Equal sets. Subsets. (iii) Trigonometry
Subsets of a set of real numbers especially Positive and negative angles. Measuring
intervals (with notations). Power set. angles in radians and in degrees and
Universal set. Venn diagrams. Union and
conversion from one measure to another.
Intersection of sets. Practical problems on
Definition of trigonometric functions with
union and intersection of two and three sets.
the help of unit circle. Truth of the
Difference of sets. Complement of a set.
identity sin2x+cos2x=1, for all x. Signs of
Properties of Complement of Sets.
trigonometric functions. Domain and range
(ii) Relations & Functions of trignometric functions and their graphs.
Ordered pairs, Cartesian product of sets. Expressing sin (x±y) and cos (x±y) in terms
Number of elements in the cartesian product of sinx, siny, cosx & cosy and their simple
of two finite sets. Cartesian product of the applications. Deducing the identities like the
set of reals with itself (upto R x R x R). following:
Definition of relation, pictorial diagrams,
domain, co-domain and range of a relation. tan x ± tan y
tan (x ± y) = ,
Function as a special type of relation. 1  tan x tan y
Function as a type of mapping, types of
cot x cot y  1
functions (one to one, many to one, onto, cot(x ± y)=
into) domain, co-domain and range of a coty ± cotx
function. Real valued functions, domain and 1 1
sin α ± sin β =2sin ( α ± β )cos ( α  β )
range of these functions, constant, identity, 2 2
polynomial, rational, modulus, signum, 1 1
exponential, logarithmic and greatest integer cos α + cos β = 2 cos ( α + β ) cos (α - β )
functions, with their graphs. Sum, difference, 2 2
product and quotient of functions. 1 1
cos α - cos β = - 2sin ( α + β ) sin (α - β )
• Sets: Self-explanatory. 2 2
Identities related to sin 2x, cos2x, tan 2x,
• Basic concepts of Relations and sin3x, cos3x and tan3x. General solution of
Functions
trigonometric equations of the type
- Ordered pairs, sets of ordered pairs. siny = sina, cosy = cosa and tany = tana.
- Cartesian Product (Cross) of two Properties of triangles (proof and simple
sets, cardinal number of a cross applications of sine rule cosine rule and area
product.
of triangle).
Relations as:
• Angles and Arc lengths
- an association between two sets.
- Angles: Convention of sign of angles.
- a subset of a Cross Product.
- Domain, Range and Co-domain of a - Magnitude of an angle: Measures of
Relation. Angles; Circular measure.
- Functions: - The relation S = rθ where θ is in
- As special relations, concept of radians. Relation between radians
writing “y is a function of x” as y = and degree.
f(x).
- Definition of trigonometric functions
- Introduction of Types: one to one, with the help of unit circle.
many to one, into, onto.
126
 - Truth of the identity sin2x+cos2x=1 - Linear equations of the form acosθ +
NOTE: Questions on the area of a sector bsinθ = c, where c ≤ a2 + b2
of a circle are required to be covered.
and a, b ≠ 0
• Trigonometric Functions
- Properties of Δ
- Relationship between trigonometric
a b c
functions. Sine formula: = = ;
sin A sin B sin C
- Proving simple identities.
Cosine formula:
- Signs of trigonometric functions.
b2 + c2 − a 2
- Domain and range of the cos A = , etc
2bc
trigonometric functions.
1
- Trigonometric functions of all Area of triangle: ∆ = bc sin A, etc
angles. 2
- Periods of trigonometric functions. Simple applications of the above.
- Graphs of simple trigonometric
2. Algebra
functions (only
sketches). (i) Principle of Mathematical Induction
NOTE: Graphs of sin x, cos x, tan x, sec x, Process of the proof by induction,
cosec x and cot x are to be included. motivating the application of the method
by looking at natural numbers as the least
• Compound and multiple angles
inductive subset of real numbers. The
- Addition and subtraction formula: principle of mathematical induction and
sin(A ± B); cos(A ± B); tan(A ± B); simple applications.
tan(A + B + C) etc., Double angle,
Using induction to prove various
triple angle, half angle and one
summations, divisibility and inequalities of
third angle formula as special cases.
algebraic expressions only.
- Sum and differences as products
(ii) Complex Numbers
sinC + sinD =
C+D C−D Introduction of complex numbers and their
2sin   cos   , etc. representation, Algebraic properties of
 2   2  complex numbers. Argand plane and polar
- Product to sum or difference i.e. representation of complex numbers. Square
2sinAcosB = sin(A + B) + sin(A – B) root of a complex number. Cube root of unity.
etc. - Conjugate, modulus and argument of
Trigonometric Equations complex numbers and their properties.
- Solution of trigonometric equations
- Sum, difference, product and quotient of
(General solution and solution in the two complex numbers additive and
specified range). multiplicative inverse of a complex
- Equations expressible in terms of number.
sinθ =0 etc.
- Locus questions on complex numbers.
- Equations expressible in terms i.e.
sinθ = sin α etc. - Triangle inequality.
- Equations expressible multiple and - Square root of a complex number.
sub- multiple angles i.e. sin2θ = - Cube roots of unity and their properties.
sin2 α etc.

127
(iii) Quadratic Equations • Inequalities
Statement of Fundamental Theorem of - Linear Inequalities
Algebra, solution of quadratic equations
Algebraic solutions of linear
(with real coefficients).
inequalities in one variable and their
• Use of the formula: representation on the number line.
Graphical representation of linear
− b ± b 2 − 4ac inequalities in two variables.
x=
2a Graphical method of finding a
solution of system of linear
In solving quadratic equations. inequalities in two variables.
• Equations reducible to quadratic form. Self-explanatory.
• Nature of roots - Quadratic Inequalities
− Product and sum of roots. Using method of intervals for solving
problems of the type:
− Roots are rational, irrational, equal,
reciprocal, one square of the other. x2 + x − 6 ≥ 0
− Complex roots. + - +
− Framing quadratic equations with -3 2
given roots.
A perfect square e.g. x 2 − 6 x + 9 ≥ 0 .
NOTE: Questions on equations having
common roots are to be covered. - Inequalities involving rational
expression of type
• Quadratic Functions.
f ( x)
Givenα, β as roots then find the equation ≤ a . etc. to be covered.
g ( x)
whose roots are of the form α 3 , β 3 , etc.
(iv) Permutations and Combinations
Real roots
Fundamental principle of counting. Factorial
Case I: a > 0 Complex roots n. (n!) Permutations and combinations,
Equal roots derivation of formulae for n Pr and n Cr and
their connections, simple application.
Case II: a < 0 Real roots
Complex roots, • Factorial notation n! , n! =n (n-1)!
Equal roots
• Fundamental principle of counting.
Where ‘a’ is the coefficient of x2 in the
equations of the form ax2 + bx + c = 0. • Permutations
n
Understanding the fact that a quadratic - Pr .
expression (when plotted on a graph) is a - Restricted permutation.
parabola. - Certain things always occur
• Sign of quadratic together.
- Certain things never occur.
Sign when the roots are real and when
they are complex. - Formation of numbers with digits.
- Word building - repeated letters - No
letters repeated.
- Permutation of alike things.
- Permutation of Repeated things.
128
 - Circular permutation – clockwise • Geometric Progression (G.P.)
counterclockwise – Distinguishable / a (r n − 1)
not distinguishable. - Tn = arn-1, Sn = ,
r −1
• Combinations a
n n n n n =S∞ ; r <1 Geometric
- C r , C n =1, C 0 = 1, C r = C n–r , 1− r
n
C x = nC y , then x + y = n or x = y,
n+1
C r = nC r-1 + nC r . Mean, b = ac
- Inserting two or more Geometric
- When all things are different.
Means between any two numbers.
- When all things are not different. - Three terms are in G.P. ar, a, ar-1
- Mixed problems on permutation and - Four terms are in GP ar3, ar, ar-1,
combinations. ar-3
(v) Binomial Theorem • Arithmetico Geometric Series
Identifying series as A.G.P. (when we
History, statement and proof of the binomial substitute d = 0 in the series, we get a
theorem for positive integral indices. Pascal's G.P. and when we substitute r =1 the
triangle, General and middle term in binomial A.P).
expansion, simple applications.
• Special sums ∑ n, ∑ n 2 , ∑ n 3
• Significance of Pascal’s triangle.
Using these summations to sum up other
• Binomial theorem (proof using induction) for related expression.
positive integral powers,
3. Coordinate Geometry
i.e. (x + y )n = n
C0 x n + nC1 x n -1 y + ...... + nCn y n .
(i) Straight Lines
Questions based on the above.
Brief recall of two dimensional geometry from
(vi) Sequence and Series earlier classes. Shifting of origin. Slope of a line
Sequence and Series. Arithmetic Progression and angle between two lines. Various forms of
(A. P.). Arithmetic Mean (A.M.) Geometric equations of a line: parallel to axis, point-
slope form, slope- intercept form, two-point
Progression (G.P.), general term of a G.P., sum
form, intercept form and normal form. General
of first n terms of a G.P., infinite G.P. and its equation of a line. Equation of family of lines
sum, geometric mean (G.M.), relation between passing through the point of intersection of two
A.M. and G.M. Formulae for the following lines. Distance of a point from a line.
special sums ∑ n, ∑ n 2 , ∑ n 3 .
• Basic concepts of Points and their
• Arithmetic Progression (A.P.) coordinates.

- T n = a + (n - 1)d • The straight line

n - Slope or gradient of a line.
- Sn = {2a + (n − 1)d }
2 - Angle between two lines.
- Arithmetic mean: 2b = a + c - Condition of perpendicularity and
parallelism.
- Inserting two or more arithmetic means
- Various forms of equation of lines.
between any two numbers.
- Slope intercept form.
- Three terms in A.P. : a - d, a, a + d - Two-point slope form.
- Four terms in A.P.: a - 3d, a - d, a + d, - Intercept form.
a + 3d - Perpendicular /normal form.
- General equation of a line.
129
 - Distance of a point from a line. - Limits involving exponential and
- Distance between parallel lines. logarithmic functions.
- Equation of lines bisecting the angle NOTE: Indeterminate forms are to be
between two lines. introduced while calculating limits.
- Equation of family of lines • Differentiation
- Definition of a locus. - Meaning and geometrical
- Equation of a locus. interpretation of derivative.
(ii) Circles - Derivatives of simple algebraic and
• Equations of a circle in: trigonometric functions and their
- Standard form. formulae.
- Diameter form. - Differentiation using first principles.
- General form. - Derivatives of sum/difference.
- Parametric form. - Derivatives of product of functions.
• Given the equation of a circle, to find the Derivatives of quotients of functions.
centre and the radius.
• Finding the equation of a circle. 5. Statistics and Probability
- Given three non collinear points. (i) Statistics
- Given other sufficient data for Measures of dispersion: range, mean
example centre is (h, k) and it lies on deviation, variance and standard deviation of
a line and two points on the circle ungrouped/grouped data. Analysis of
are given, etc. frequency distributions with equal means but
• Tangents: different variances.
- Condition for tangency • Mean deviation about mean and median.
- Equation of a tangent to a circle • Standard deviation - by direct method,
short cut method and step deviation
4. Calculus method.
NOTE: Mean, Median and Mode of grouped
(i) Limits and Derivatives
and ungrouped data are required to be
Derivative introduced as rate of change both covered.
as that of distance function and
(ii) Probability
geometrically.
Random experiments; outcomes, sample
Intuitive idea of limit. Limits of polynomials
spaces (set representation). Events;
and rational functions trigonometric,
occurrence of events, 'not', 'and' and 'or'
exponential and logarithmic functions.
events, exhaustive events, mutually exclusive
Definition of derivative relate it to scope of
events, Axiomatic (set theoretic) probability,
tangent of the curve, Derivative of sum,
connections with other theories studied in
difference, product and quotient of functions.
earlier classes. Probability of an event,
Derivatives of polynomial and trigonometric
probability of 'not', 'and' and 'or' events.
functions.
• Limits • Random experiments and their outcomes.
- Notion and meaning of limits. • Events: sure events, impossible events,
mutually exclusive and exhaustive events.
- Fundamental theorems on limits
(statement only). - Definition of probability of an event
- Laws of probability addition
- Limits of algebraic and
theorem.
trigonometric functions.
130
 SECTION B
6. Conic Section
Sections of a cone, ellipse, parabola, hyperbola, a
point, a straight line and a pair of intersecting
lines as a degenerated case of a conic section.
Standard equations and simple properties of
parabola, ellipse and hyperbola.
• Conics as a section of a cone.
- Definition of Foci, Directrix, Latus
Rectum.
- PS = ePL where P is a point on the
conics, S is the focus, PL is the
perpendicular distance of the point from
the directrix.
(i) Parabola
e =1, y2 = ±4ax, x2 = 4ay, y2 = -4ax,
x2 = -4ay, (y -β)2 =± 4a (x - α),
(x - α)2 = ± 4a (y - β).
- Rough sketch of the above.
- The latus rectum; quadrants they lie in;
coordinates of focus and vertex; and
equations of directrix and the axis.
- Finding equation of Parabola when Foci
and directrix are given, etc.
7. Introduction to three-dimensional Geometry
- Application questions based on the
above.
(ii) Ellipse
x2 y2
- 2
+ 2 = 1 , e <1, b 2 = a 2 (1 − e 2 )
a b
( x − α)2 ( y − β) 2
- + =
1
a2 b2
- Cases when a > b and a < b.
- Rough sketch of the above.
- Major axis, minor axis; latus rectum;
coordinates of vertices, focus and centre;
and equations of directrices and the
axes.
- Finding equation of ellipse when focus
and directrix are given.
- Simple and direct questions based on the
above.
- Focal property i.e. SP + SP′ = 2a.
131
(iii) Hyperbola
x2 y2
- − = 1 , e > 1, b2 = a 2 ( e 2 − 1)
a 2 b2
( x − α)2 ( y − β) 2
- − =1
a2 b2
- Cases when coefficient y2 is negative and
coefficient of x2 is negative.
- Rough sketch of the above.
- Focal property i.e. SP - S’P = 2a.
- Transverse and Conjugate axes; Latus
rectum; coordinates of vertices, foci and
centre; and equations of the directrices
and the axes.
• General second degree equation
ax 2 + 2hxy + by 2 + 2 gx + 2 fy + c = 0
- Case 1: pair of straight line if
abc+2fgh-af2-bg2-ch2=0,
- Case 2: abc+2fgh-af2-bg2-ch2≠0,
then represents a parabola if h2 = ab,
ellipse if h2 < ab, and hyperbola if h2
> ab.
• Condition that y = mx + c is a tangent to
the conics, general equation of
tangents, point of contact and locus
problems.
Coordinate axes and coordinate planes in three
dimensions. Coordinates of a point. Distance
between two points and section formula.
- As an extension of 2-D
- Distance formula.
- Section and midpoint form
8. Mathematical Reasoning
Mathematically acceptable statements.
Connecting words/ phrases - consolidating the
understanding of "if and only if (necessary and
sufficient) condition", "implies", "and/or",
"implied by", "and", "or", "there exists" and
their use through variety of examples related to
the Mathematics and real life. Validating the
statements involving the connecting words,
Difference between contradiction, converse and
contrapositive.
Self-explanatory.
 SECTION C 1
9. Statistics
∑ uv - ( ∑ u )( ∑ v )
r= N
• Combined mean and standard deviation. 2 1 2 1
∑ u − (∑ u) ∑ v − (∑ v)
2 2
• The Median, Quartiles, Deciles, Percentiles N N
and Mode of grouped and ungrouped data.
• Rank correlation by Spearman’s (Correction
included).
10. Correlation Analysis
• Definition and meaning of covariance.
11. Index Numbers and Moving Averages
• Coefficient of Correlation by Karl Pearson.
(i) Index Numbers
If x - x, y - y are small non - fractional
- Price index or price relative.
numbers, we use
- Simple aggregate method.
∑ ( x - x )( y - y ) - Weighted aggregate method.
r=
∑ (x - x ) ∑(y - y)
2 2
- Simple average of price relatives.
- Weighted average of price relatives
(cost of living index, consumer price
If x and y are small numbers, we use index).
1 (ii) Moving Averages
∑ xy − ∑ x ∑ y
r= N - Meaning and purpose of the moving
averages.
∑ x − (∑ x ) ∑ y − (∑ y )
2 1 2 2 1 2
N N - Calculation of moving averages with the
given periodicity and plotting them on a
Otherwise, we use assumed means graph.
A and B, where u = x-A, v = y-B - If the period is even, then the centered
moving average is to be found out and
plotted.

132
 CLASS XII

The syllabus is divided into three sections A, B and C.

Section A is compulsory for all candidates. Candidates will have a choice of attempting questions from
EITHER Section B OR Section C.

There will be one paper of three hours duration of 100 marks.

Section A (80 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions. Internal choice will be provided in
three questions of four marks each and two questions of six marks each.

Section B/ Section C (20 Marks): Candidates will be required to attempt all questions EITHER from Section B
OR Section C. Internal choice will be provided in two questions of four marks each.

S.No. UNIT TOTAL WEIGHTAGE

SECTION A: 80 MARKS

1. Relations and Functions 12 Marks

2. Algebra 14 Marks

3. Calculus 40 Marks

4. Probability 14 Marks

SECTION B: 20 MARKS
5. Vectors 6 Marks

6. Three - Dimensional Geometry 8/10 Marks

7. Applications of Integrals 6/4 Marks

OR
SECTION C: 20 MARKS
8. Application of Calculus 8 Marks

9. Linear Regression 6 Marks

10. Linear Programming 6 Marks

TOTAL 100 Marks

133

SECTION A
1. Relations and Functions
(i) Types of relations: reflexive, symmetric,
transitive and equivalence relations. One to
one and onto functions, composite functions,
inverse of a function. Binary operations.
• Relations as:
- Relation on a set A
- Identity relation, empty relation,
universal relation.
- Types of Relations: reflexive,
symmetric, transitive and
equivalence relation.
• Binary Operation: all axioms and
properties
• Functions:
- As special relations, concept of
writing “y is a function of x” as y =
f(x).
- Types: one to one, many to one, into,
onto.
- Real Valued function.
- Domain and range of a function.
- Conditions of invertibility.
- Composite functions and invertible
functions (algebraic functions only).
(ii) Inverse Trigonometric Functions
Definition, domain, range, principal value
branch. Graphs of inverse trigonometric
functions. Elementary properties of inverse
trigonometric functions.
- Principal values.
- sin-1x, cos-1x, tan-1x etc. and their graphs.
x number of solutions of system of linear
- sin-1x = cos −1 1 − x 2 = tan −1
1 − x2
1 π
- sin-1x= cosec −1 ; sin-1x+cos-1x=
x 2
similar relations for cot-1x, tan-1x, etc.
( x 1− y ± y 1− x )
sin-1 x ± =
sin-1 y sin -1 2 2
cos y cos ( xy  1 − y 1 − x )
cos x ± =
-1 -1 -1 2 2
x+ y
similarly tan-1 x +=
tan-1 y tan-1 , xy < 1
1 − xy
x− y
=
tan -1
x − tan-1 y tan-1 , xy > −1
1 + xy
- Formulae for 2sin-1x, 2cos-1x, 2tan-1x,
3tan-1x etc. and application of these
formulae.
2. Algebra
Matrices and Determinants
(i) Matrices
Concept, notation, order, equality, types of
matrices, zero and identity matrix, transpose
of a matrix, symmetric and skew symmetric
matrices. Operation on matrices: Addition
and multiplication and multiplication with a
scalar. Simple properties of addition,
multiplication and scalar multiplication. Non-
commutativity of multiplication of matrices
and existence of non-zero matrices whose
product is the zero matrix (restrict to square
matrices of order upto 3). Concept of
elementary row and column operations.
Invertible matrices and proof of the
uniqueness of inverse, if it exists (here all
matrices will have real entries).
(ii) Determinants
Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3 x 3
matrices), properties of determinants,
minors, co-factors and applications of
determinants in finding the area of a
triangle. Adjoint and inverse of a square
matrix. Consistency, inconsistency and
. equations by examples, solving system of
linear equations in two or three variables
(having unique solution) using inverse of a
and
matrix.
134
 - Types of matrices (m × n; m, n ≤ 3), 3. Calculus
order; Identity matrix, Diagonal matrix. (i) Continuity, Differentiability and
- Symmetric, Skew symmetric. Differentiation. Continuity and
- Operation – addition, subtraction, differentiability, derivative of composite
multiplication of a matrix with scalar, functions, chain rule, derivatives of inverse
multiplication of two matrices trigonometric functions, derivative of
(the compatibility). implicit functions. Concept of exponential
1 1  and logarithmic functions.
1 2 
E.g. 0 2  = AB( say ) but BA is Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential
 2 2 functions. Logarithmic differentiation,
1 1 
derivative of functions expressed in
not possible. parametric forms. Second order derivatives.
- Singular and non-singular matrices. Rolle's and Lagrange's Mean Value
- Existence of two non-zero matrices Theorems (without proof) and their
whose product is a zero matrix. geometric interpretation.
AdjA
- Inverse (2×2, 3×3) A −1 = • Continuity
A
- Continuity of a function at a point
• Martin’s Rule (i.e. using matrices) x = a.
- Continuity of a function in an
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1
interval.
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 - Algebra of continues function.
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 - Removable discontinuity.

 a 1 b 1 c1   d1   x • Differentiation
A = a 2 b2 c 2  B = d 2  X =  y 
    - Concept of continuity and
differentiability of x , [x], etc.
a 3 b3 c3   d 3   z  - Derivatives of trigonometric
functions.
AX = B ⇒ X = A −1 B - Derivatives of exponential functions.
Problems based on above. - Derivatives of logarithmic functions.
NOTE 1: The conditions for consistency of - Derivatives of inverse trigonometric
equations in two and three variables, using functions - differentiation by means
matrices, are to be covered. of substitution.
NOTE 2: Inverse of a matrix by elementary - Derivatives of implicit functions and
operations to be covered. chain rule.
• Determinants - e for composite functions.
- Order. - Derivatives of Parametric functions.
- Minors. - Differentiation of a function with
respect to another function e.g.
- Cofactors.
differentiation of sinx3 with respect
- Expansion.
to x3.
- Applications of determinants in finding - Logarithmic Differentiation -

the area of triangle and collinearity. xx
Finding dy/dx when y = x .
- Properties of determinants. Problems - Successive differentiation up to 2nd
based on properties of determinants.
order.
NOTE 1: Derivatives of composite functions
using chain rule.
135
NOTE 2: Derivatives of determinants to be covered. (iii) Integrals
• L' Hospital's theorem. Integration as inverse process of
differentiation. Integration of a variety of
0 ∞
- form, form, 0 0 form, ∞ ∞ form functions by substitution, by partial fractions
0 ∞ and by parts, Evaluation of simple integrals
etc. of the following types and problems based
on them.
• Rolle's Mean Value Theorem - its
geometrical interpretation. Definite integrals as a limit of a sum,
Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
• Lagrange's Mean Value Theorem - its (without proof). Basic properties of
geometrical interpretation definite integrals and evaluation of definite
(ii) Applications of Derivatives integrals.
Applications of derivatives: rate of change • Indefinite integral
of bodies, increasing/decreasing functions, - Integration as the inverse of
tangents and normals, use of derivatives in differentiation.
approximation, maxima and minima (first
- Anti-derivatives of polynomials and
derivative test motivated geometrically and functions (ax +b)n , sinx, cosx, sec2x,
second derivative test given as a provable cosec2x etc .
tool). Simple problems (that illustrate basic
- Integrals of the type sin2x, sin3x,
principles and understanding of the subject as
sin4x, cos2x, cos3x, cos4x.
well as real-life situations).
- Integration of 1/x, ex.
• Equation of Tangent and Normal
- Integration by substitution.
• Approximation.
- Integrals of the type f ' (x)[f (x)]n,
• Rate measure. f ′( x)
.
• Increasing and decreasing functions. f ( x)

• Maxima and minima. - Integration of tanx, cotx, secx,

cosecx.
- Stationary/turning points.
- Integration by parts.
- Absolute maxima/minima
- Integration using partial fractions.
- local maxima/minima f ( x)
Expressions of the form when
- First derivatives test and second g ( x)
derivatives test degree of f(x) < degree of g(x)
- Point of inflexion. x+2 A B
E.g. = +
( x − 3)( x + 1) x − 3 x + 1
- Application problems based on
maxima and minima.
x+2 A B C
= + +
( x − 2)( x − 1) 2
x − 1 ( x − 1) 2
x−2

x +1 Ax + B C
= 2 +
( x + 3)( x − 1) x + 3 x − 1
2

136
 When degree of f (x) ≥ degree of g(x), b c b

e.g. ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f ( x)dx + ∫ f ( x)dx

x +1 2
 3x + 1  a a c
= 1−  2  where a < c < b
x + 3x + 2
2
 x + 3x + 2  b b

• Integrals of the type: ∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (a + b − x)dx

a a
dx dx px + q px + q
∫ ,∫ ,∫ 2 dx, ∫ dx a a
x2 ± a2 x 2 ± a 2 ax + bx + c ax 2 + bx + c ∫ f (=
x)dx ∫ f (a − x)dx

∫ ∫
0 0
and a 2 ± x 2 dx, x 2 − a 2 dx,
 a
2a 2 ∫ f ( x)dx, if f (2a − x) = f ( x)
∫ f ( x)dx =  0
∫ ∫
ax 2 + bx + c dx, ( px + q ) ax 2 + bx + c dx,
0  0,
 f (2a − x) =− f ( x)
integrations reducible to the above
forms.  a
∫
2 f ( x)dx,if f is an even function
a

dx
∫ a cos x + b sin x ,
dx dx
∫ a + b cos x , ∫ a + b sin x ∫ a cos x + b sin x + c ,
(a cos x + b sin x)dx ,
∫ c cos x + d sin x
dx
∫ a cos 2
x + b sin 2 x + c
1 ± x2
∫ 1 + x 4 dx ,
dx
∫ 1 + x 4 , ∫ tan xdx, ∫ cot xdx etc.
• Definite Integral
- Definite integral as a limit of the
sum.
- Fundamental theorem of calculus
(without proof)
- Properties of definite integrals.
- Problems based on the following
properties of definite integrals are to
be covered.
b b
∫ f ( x)dx = ∫ f (t )dt
a a
b a
∫ f ( x)dx = − ∫ f ( x)dx
a b
∫−a
f ( x)dx =  0

 0,if f is an odd function
dx
(iv) Differential Equations
Definition, order and degree, general and
particular solutions of a differential
equation. Formation of differential equation
whose general solution is given. Solution
of differential equations by method of
separation of variables solutions of
homogeneous differential equations of first
order and first degree. Solutions of linear
dy
differential equation of the type:
dx
+py= q,
where p and q are functions of x or
dx
constants. + px = q, where p and q are
dy
functions of y or constants.
- Differential equations, order and degree.
- Formation of differential equation by
eliminating arbitrary constant(s).
- Solution of differential equations.
- Variable separable.
- Homogeneous equations.
dy
- Linear form + Py = Q where P and Q
are functionsdx of x only. Similarly for
dx/dy.
- Solve problems of application on growth
and decay.
- Solve problems on velocity, acceleration,
distance and time.

137
 - Solve population based problems on - Components of a vector.
application of differential equations. - Vectors in two and three dimensions.
- Solve problems of application on - iˆ, ˆj , kˆ as unit vectors along the x, y and
coordinate geometry. the z axes; expressing a vector in terms of the
NOTE 1: Equations reducible to variable unit vectors.
separable type are included. - Operations: Sum and Difference of vectors;
scalar multiplication of a vector.
NOTE 2: The second order differential
equations are excluded. - Section formula.
- Triangle inequalities.
4. Probability - Scalar (dot) product of vectors and its
Conditional probability, multiplication theorem geometrical significance.
on probability, independent events, total - Cross product - its properties - area of a
probability, Bayes’ theorem, Random variable triangle, area of parallelogram, collinear
and its probability distribution, mean and vectors.
variance of random variable. Repeated - Scalar triple product - volume of a
independent (Bernoulli) trials and Binomial parallelepiped, co-planarity.
distribution.
- Independent and dependent events NOTE: Proofs of geometrical theorems by
conditional events.
using Vector algebra are excluded.
- Laws of Probability, addition theorem,
multiplication theorem, conditional 6. Three - dimensional Geometry
probability. Direction cosines and direction ratios of a line
- Theorem of Total Probability. joining two points. Cartesian equation and vector
- Baye’s theorem. equation of a line, coplanar and skew lines,
shortest distance between two lines. Cartesian
- Theoretical probability distribution, and vector equation of a plane. Angle between
probability distribution function; mean and (i) two lines, (ii) two planes, (iii) a line and a
variance of random variable, Repeated plane. Distance of a point from a plane.
independent (Bernoulli trials), binomial
distribution – its mean and variance. - Equation of x-axis, y-axis, z axis and lines
parallel to them.
SECTION B - Equation of xy - plane, yz – plane,
5. Vectors zx – plane.
Vectors and scalars, magnitude and direction - Direction cosines, direction ratios.
of a vector. Direction cosines and direction
- Angle between two lines in terms of direction
ratios of a vector. Types of vectors (equal, unit,
cosines /direction ratios.
zero, parallel and collinear vectors), position
vector of a point, negative of a vector, - Condition for lines to be perpendicular/
components of a vector, addition of vectors, parallel.
multiplication of a vector by a scalar, position
vector of a point dividing a line segment in a • Lines
given ratio. Definition, Geometrical - Cartesian and vector equations of a line
Interpretation, properties and application of through one and two points.
scalar (dot) product of vectors, vector (cross) - Coplanar and skew lines.
product of vectors, scalar triple product of
vectors. - Conditions for intersection of two lines.
- As directed line segments. - Distance of a point from a line.
- Magnitude and direction of a vector. - Shortest distance between two lines.
- Types: equal vectors, unit vectors, zero NOTE: Symmetric and non-symmetric forms of
vector. lines are required to be covered.
- Position vector.
138
 • Planes
- Cartesian and vector equation of a
plane.
- Direction ratios of the normal to the
plane.
- One point form.
- Normal form.
- Intercept form.
- Distance of a point from a plane.
- Intersection of the line and plane.
- Angle between two planes, a line and a
plane.
- Equation of a plane through the
intersection of two planes i.e.
P 1 + kP 2 = 0.
7. Application of Integrals
Application in finding the area bounded b y
simple curves and coordinate axes. Area
enclosed between two curves.
- Application of definite integrals - area
bounded by curves, lines and coordinate axes
is required to be covered.
- Simple curves: lines, circles/ parabolas/
ellipses, polynomial functions, modulus
function, trigonometric function, exponential
functions, logarithmic functions
SECTION C
8. Application of Calculus
Application of Calculus in Commerce and
Economics in the following:
- Cost function,
- average cost,
- marginal cost and its interpretation
- demand function,
- revenue function,
- marginal revenue function and its
interpretation,
- Profit function and breakeven point.
- Rough sketching of the following curves:
AR, MR, R, C, AC, MC and their
mathematical interpretation using the
concept of maxima & minima and
increasing- decreasing functions.
Self-explanatory
139
NOTE: Application involving differentiation,
integration, increasing and decreasing
function and maxima and minima to be
covered.
9. Linear Regression
- Lines of regression of x on y and y on x.
- Scatter diagrams
- The method of least squares.
- Lines of best fit.
- Regression coefficient of x on y and y on x.
- b xy × b yx = r 2 , 0 ≤ b xy × b yx ≤ 1
- Identification of regression equations
- Angle between regression line and properties
of regression lines.
- Estimation of the value of one variable using
the value of other variable from appropriate
line of regression.
Self-explanatory
10. Linear Programming
Introduction, related terminology such as
constraints, objective function, optimization,
different types of linear programming (L.P.)
problems, mathematical formulation of L.P.
problems, graphical method of solution for
problems in two variables, feasible and infeasible
regions(bounded and unbounded), feasible and
infeasible solutions, optimal feasible solutions
(up to three non-trivial constraints).
Introduction, definition of related terminology
such as constraints, objective function,
optimization, advantages of linear programming;
limitations of linear programming; application
areas of linear programming; different types of
linear programming (L.P.) problems,
mathematical formulation of L.P problems,
graphical method of solution for problems in two
variables, feasible and infeasible regions,
feasible and infeasible solutions, optimum
feasible solution.