PIPOC 2017 Conference 2017,Kuala Lumpur

QUALITY
PERSPECTIVES OF
PALM OIL

Goh Swee Hock

MOSTA and UTAR
MPOC 2017
 2

The
Best is
1917:
Yet to
103 Years
Sumatran
Come
Deli Dura

M R Chandran 3-Year Tenera Palm AAR

 Those who survived the war
and the years following it
From This will appreciate
NUTRITIONAL QUALITY and
CPOo is still the best way to
stop blindness from Vit-A
deficiency in poorer parts of
the world
To These
From O H Lee
6
Malaysian Palm Oil Industry
At the Crossroads?
Workforce-productivity affects Quality
Now Process contaminants?

From: M R Chandran
Globally -
Important
Consequences

Most Versatile &

Cost-ompetitive
of Edible Oils
 Palm Oil Supply, 2007-2017F [Mistry Oct 2017]
2017
(MMT) 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 F C
Production O
Malaysia 15.3 17.7 17.6 17.0 19.0 18.8 19.2 19.6 20.0 17.3 19.3
N
Indonesia 16.7 18.9 21.0 22.1 25.0 26.9 28.4 30.6 33.4 31.8 34.5
C
Others 5.7 6.0 6.7 6.8 7.0 8.2 8.6 8.9 9.1 9.2 10.0
E
Total 37.7 42.6 45.3 45.9 51.0 53.8 56.2 59.1 62.5 58.3 64.9
R
N
Production
growth (%) 4.8 12.8 6.3 1.3 11.1 5.6 4.4 5.1 5.7 (6.7) 11.3 S
RM 2850/MT ~RM 55 bln RUN-AWAY SUPPLY STOPPED
600,000 in employment PRICES SUPPORTED
Taxes for Nation $$ not sense BUT STILL DEPEND ON BIODIESEL
 L
D
L

An Old Issue
refuses to
go away
S2.74DS-
1.83DP+DC
Adapted from
Yang et al;
Sun et al
(2016; 2017)
What is the meaning of Saturated?(full of H, no
double bonds, v. stable, inert) [solid, clogging]
Monounsaturated (one double bond,
slighty reactive) [liquid, pourable, stable]

trans
w9 18:1 n-9
and Polyunsaturated?(misnomer,
>2 skipped double bonds, peroxidisable,
reactive, polymerisable) [very liquidy,
oxidisable, sticky, painty, rancid? sagging]
w6 18:2 n-6
There is no association between saturated fat consumption
and heart disease, type 2 diabetes, or general mortality. –
Brit J Sport Med, April 2017

New Science Destroys the Saturated Fat Myth INFORM 2017:

Big fat controversy: changing opinions about saturated fats
Palm Olein comparable or better than Virgin Olive Oil [Truswell
(1997); Yang & Sun et al (2016, 2017)]. Despite relative saturation Palm
Oil had earlier been found to be anti-thrombotic [Hornstra (1987)]

It is not easy to fight consumer perceptions

Just continue to educate
 Keys stamp
remains even
after his
demise (2004)!
His Cherry-picked
X Israeli Paradox
(polyunsaturated)
76-Nations & Age
group was To fit
X French Paradox
(saturated)
curve

Israel & France

Paradoxes
CHD vs Sat Fat Data: 41 Countries

M Twain:
Lies, damn lies and statistics

Adapted from Kris Gunnars;

Data of R Hoenselaar (2012)
Brit J Nutr
 Monounsaturates – neutral,
Mediterranean

Saturated lauric
MCTs
Digestive Enzyme Action Variable absorption
of sat FFA
Absorption of 2-MAG
sn-2 Fatty Acids
 sn-2 FATTY ACID COMPOSITION

cocoa…
palm olein
lard
SFA
groundnut
MUFA
soybean
olive
PUFA

high oleic…
rapeseed
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 %

Goh (1999) MOST; Ong and Goh (2002) FNB; Sanders et al. (2011) AJCN; Yang et al (2016) MOST
 100

80

60

40

20

0
100

80

60

40

20

0
Palm Oil
Palmolein
Palm
Olive Oil
butter
CocoaPalmolein
PeanutOlive
Cocoa butter
Canola
Peanut
Rapeseed
Canola
Cottonseed
Rapeseed
Corn
Cottonseed
Soyabean
Corn
Linseed
Soyabean
Sheep (depot)
Linseed
Cattle (depot)
Sheep (depot)
Hyd Soya*
Cattle (depot)
Human milk
Hyd Soya*
Cow's milk
Human milk
Pig (outer…
Cow's milk
Coconut
Pig (outer…
Coconut
S…
P…
S2
P2
S2

M2
P2
S2

P2
M2
LDL-c
Cholesterol
Enzymatic Digestion of TAG FATTY ACIDS
Fast Unsaturated/polyunsaturated,
medium chain saturated are
Absorbed

Long chain saturated

Slow
Not Absorbed; Mg++/Ca++
 Hornstra & Tan 1988

1. Coconut Oil; 2. Triglyceride mixture; 3.

Partially hydrogenated coconut oil; 4. Medium
chain triglycerides; 5. Whale oil;
6. Palm oil
(= and + X are revised values based
MCT ?? on triglyceride structure); 7. Olive oils;
8. Partially hydrogenated soyabean oil; 9.
Linseed oil; 10. Rapeseed oil (old); 11. Rapeseed
oil (new); 12. Sunflower seed oil]
Honstra (OFIC 2016) Now Linear! Sat Fats Remains Demonised? Study results can be
Directed, Diet?, Lifestyle, Time lag?, Population group?, Secondary Intervention ?.
OR to be politically correct, Conventional wisdom, US$

G Honstra OFIC2014

WHAT IS MISSING? Harvard School dominates, reputation; LDL Bias, HDL ignored,
recently sdLDL; MORE SPEAKING OUT: Previously D Kritchevsky & M Enig 1960s; RM
Krauss 1955, etc; Now R Chowdhury (Cambridge) 2010s, L Cassiday/Z Harcombe
2015, Sweden’s low-carb diet, FDA trans fat ruling 2015, Canada 2018 (that long!)
 CHOLESTEROL
Higher Mortality on
Cholesterol-Lowering Diet
On Cholesterol
Lowering Diet

G Taubes, Science 2001

On Conventional Diet

Source: BMJ, 2016

 QUALITY
OPO Palm Olein POO & POP
PLO

POO 40%
POP 85%

PPP 88%

POL
POP HPLC, Swe et al 1995
POS OOO
PLP
CPO TAG Composition
Top olein POP30%, POO 23%,
PLP POS
CBS PLP9%, PLO9%, PPP7%
Hard Stearin
[Healthline, 2013]
QUALITY! Functional properties; brain
food & for special needs (MCT) and
designer oils for young (OPO, w3 &
DHA?)
Recommendation
Supply: Too much of
linoleic, short of w3,
palm olein closest in
composition, blend
with canola
POLYUNSATURATES C
A
9X
N
C
E
R
 Risk to Mammary & Skin cancers
& Prostate cancer

Mammary & Skin cancers: Rat Highest for 18:2 n-6 or w6

experimants “polyunsaturates”
Corn, Soyabean

Lowest in Palm oils; Still higher
in lard, tallow
Also role of minor antioxidant T3
components
Oxidation to aldehydes?
Fumes of PAH?
Others? immune
suppression, detrimental
metabolic pathways
 IARC & WHO ?
Carcinogenic(1):
CANCER

Processed Meats(1)
Benzene(1)
IARC: LPAHs in Petrol(2B)
Vegans not spared.
Carcinogenic
pesticides(1),
MCPD(2B) Glycidol(2A) glyphosate(2A) and
Potential carcinogens
Potential health issue PAs(2B) in honey
not Negotiable?
Trace Components
Tocomonoenol
Instrumental
Sensitivity of
Detection

a-T2
Gee et al (2016)
Mass Fragmentation of α-T2

427.3575 (427.3571 calc C29H47O2+)

Gee et al (2016)
 Trace contaminants surfacing over the years

• PAH - smoked copra, not in palm or PK

• LPAH from bleaching carotene? XNo
carcinogensX Cl
O Cl

• TCDD, PCBs (heat exchanger in pipes?) But

Cl Cl
only synthetic and from pollution (burning). O

Persistent, big fishes at end of food chain Cl 1-5

• Acrylamide - not from oil but from frying Cl 1-5

from
carbohydrate & amino acid aldehyde
O
• Furaldehyde – analytical error on aldehyes & amino acid

H2C C
C NH 2
H
CPO MINOR COMPONENTS TRACE COMPONENTS
Carotenoids (b & a) ~ 800 ppm
Tocols (a-T & T3) ~ 800 a-T1 ~ 20* ppm
a-T2 ~ 1* ppm
Sterols ~ 600
Methylsterols < 100*
Squalene ~ 200-350 TRACE PROCESS
Co-Q ~ 50* CONTAMINANTS
Triterpene alcohols ~ 800* In RBDPO
Phospholipids ~ 5-130 GE & MCPDE 0 -1, 3-5 ppm
Glycolipids ~ ? ; 1000-3000 (fruit)
?
*Estimates
?
Tocols, Carotenoids, Sterols, Terpenoids,
etc, M&I
Ng & Ng’s

H2O Intrinsic DAG

Biosynthesis of TAG
Intrinsic DAG ~ 1-2% Chiral – S-configuration
Fine Chemicals. 2001 prices 2% S-DAG ~RM2,660; Carotene RM1,670;
Tocols RM 3,850; today’s CPO RM2,800; Shikimic acid at 0.001%
possibly higher RM10,000 and zero-waste benefits

Intrinsic DAG
right-handed or
left-handed?
SS -DAG Fine Chemicals!
R-DAG

Gee&Goh (2001)
 COOH
Palm Fruit Water Solubles
O

HO 3 5
4
O OH

OH
HO

}
 COOH COOEt

HO OH H3PO 4.NH2 O

OH AcNH

Shikimic acid Tamiflu

$10/g , 0.01% of 20 M tonnes

=$10X200 M= $2 Bln
0.01% at $10,000/kg ~$10000/tonne
 CANCER ?

D , DAG, MAG, H+, Cl- RCl? NaCl KCl , R.?

 DISCOVERY OF PHOSPHOLIPASE-D
Phospholipid
2D-TLC H2O

PL PA CH3OH CH3CH2OH

Phospholipase-D

Diagrammatic
Shimadzu
 CH2Cl
FORMATION of GE & MCPDE
R O - CHOOCR
C CH2 O +Cl 3-MCPDE
O + R C CH2 CH2OOCR
H COH +H , -H2O +
O CH - 3-Chloropropanediol esters
+Cl
CH2OOCR CH2OOCR
CH2OOCR
1,3-DAG or 1,3-DG
CHCl 2-MCPDE

CH2OOCR
R O - O 2-Chloropropanediol esters
C CH2 -RCOO CH2
R C
O +
H COOCR O CH -H+ CH2OOCR

CH2OH CH Glycidol Ester, GE

CH2OH O
1,2-DAG or 1,2-DG CH2
R O -
+ +Cl -
C CH2 +H , -H2O +Cl
O
H COH Monochloropropandiol mono-esters
CH2OH
1,3-Dichloropropanol esters (1,3-DCP)
1-MAG or 1-MG
 DERIVATISATION & GC-MS
OH
O2CR O
Cl B
Cl Cl
OH O
O2CR 3-MCPD
3-MCPDE
OH PBA O
O2CR 1 Cl
1 H 2O B
HO 2 O
RCO2 2 3
Lipase, Cl
3 Cl 2-MCPD O
acid or
2-MCPDE alkali OH OH
B
Br
O2CR + - O
H , Br

GE O OH
O Glycidol Br
AutomaticMCPD&GE
analysis
AOCS Cd 29c-13
using Na2SO4

CH 2Cl
H C OH
CH 2OH
Mass
110.01346,
112.01051
CHIRAL COLUMN SEPARATES RACEMATE
3-MCPD-d5; 2-MCPD; 3-MBPD-d5

CH 2Cl CH 2Cl CH 2Br CH 2Br

H C OH H C OH H C OH H C OH
CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH CH 2OH

GC–MS TIC chromatograms of DGF procedure samples

processed with different salts present. a DGF method using
NaBr; b DGF procedure with NaCl; c DGF procedure with
Na2SO4.
Glycidol + Cl-  MCPD
 Malaysia Indonesia

3-MCPD
IN
EDIBLE
Colombia
Rice Ghana OILS

Corn

3-MCPDE
2-MCPDE
GE

Hazelnut Sesame Walnut Matthause (2017)

 Levels of MCPDE and GE in food oils
(2012-2015)
Palm

Palm kernel

Coconut
2-MCPD
Walnut

Sunflower 3-MCPD
Soy bean 010917
GE
Rapeseed
1 ppm
Peanut

Olive

Corn
Concentration (µg/kg)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
 ACHIEVABLE MITIGATION LEVELS
Kellens (2017)
Palm

Palm kernel
3-MCPD GE

Coconut <1 ppm GE Achievable with 5% FFA “fair”

Walnut
quality CPO with stripping/deodorizer control
<1 ppm 3-MCPDE difficultly achievable
Sunflower
2018 with washing and double “bleaching”.
Soy bean
1 ppmAchievable only with chemical refining
Rapeseed

Peanut <0.5 ppm GE & 3-MCPDE achievable with

Olive
good quality CPO of 3.5% FFA DOBI 2.5 on
water-washing & physical refining. Better
Corn
values available from chemical refining
Concentration (µg/kg)
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000
 Parameter Special Quality (SQ) Standard Quality
Grade (STD) Grade
Current Standard and
FFA % max 2.5 5.0 Special Quality
M & I,% max 0.25 0.25
PV, meq/kg max 1.0 2.0
Specifications (MS814: CPO
DOBI, min 2.8 2.31 Quality Specifications)
AnV, max 4 5

Proposed CPO Specifications Current Specifications &

Sept 2017 2018 2020 2025 Proposals (MOSTA Workshop
2017)
% Free Fatty Acids # Limits proposed by Fediol,
5 5 max 3.5 max 2.5 max
(Palmitic) for Sept 2017 (as MCPD and
% Moisture & Impurities 0.25 0.25 max 0.25 max 0.20 max glycidol) and for 2018;
* Estimates by EFSA with
DOBI 2.31 2.31 2.5 min 2.8 min
more stringent levels for
infant formula, work is still in
Proposed Additional RBDPO Specifications progress.
3-MCPDE, ppm - 1.0#*max 0.35* max 0.15* max Note: other PORAM specified
parameters remain unchanged
Glycidyl Esters, ppm 1.0# 0.5#*max 0.3* max 0.1* max
 STANDARDS:
Specifications
of Oils

GE?
MCPD?
g
g
g
g
Slide
by PT Gee
RBD
M&I
0.05%
achievable

Possibly
Others?
Phasing Labour Problems to Allow for Evolving
Mechanisation and Artificial Intelligence (AI)
Phasing out Guest
Applications Labour & Evolution to
Different Grades of Palm Oil arising from Proposals in Mechanisation, Use of
Improving Good Grade CPO. For example, technical Digital/Sensor
grade for Oleochemicals, Biodiesel/Fuel and Animal
Feed Grade. Food-grade CPO milling must have Hazard Technologies, AI, etc
Analysis Critical Control Points (HACCP) or ISO22000
certification.
Food Oils: HAACP or
Set up Tripartite Committee nationally led by MPIC to
involve MPOB and Industry stakeholders to set
ISO 22000
standards for improving PO quality and specifications
for food and non-food grades of palm oil and
derivatives. R&D should be intensified to cover surveys
Various Grades of Non-
on quality and focus on challenges on GE and MCPDE Food Oils
and their mitigation. All other aspects of PO quality
during milling and refining are to be done to fill up
various gaps/deficiencies in information/knowledge on Standards Setting:
the focused process contaminants as well as on other
parameters of current interest. Representative
Internationally?
Stakeholders
E. guineensis Tenera E. guineensis X E. oleifera
FATTY ACID COMPOSITION “Tropical Olive Oil”
18:1 Oleic 41% 55-58% Higher
sn-2 oleic 68 65-66%
16:0 Palmitic 47 35 Lower

Tocols 800-1000ppm Tocols ~ similar content

a-T ~20% High a-T a- T ~3-11% lower (<1%
hexane extract)

a-T3 22% a-T3 22%

g-T3 46 g-T3 72
d-T3 12 d-T3 4 [Irias-Mata, 2017]
AAR OxG backcrosses
F
U
T
U
R And finally
• Summarising
Thank You All
E for• your kind
Concluding
attention
?

Designer Plantations & Oils