313A
Steel H-beams were used as piling to support the embank-
ments. Predicted settlements in the 15 years following comple-
tion are less than 80mm.
935354
Failure of the Carsington Dam
Skempton, A W; Vaughan, P R
Geotechaique V43, N1, March 1993, P151-173
A summary and update of the Carsington Dam failure analy-
sis is presented. The initial slip sheared through the core. The
factor of safety based on limit equilibrium analysis was 1.4,
but pre-existing shears reduced this to 1.2, and progressive
failure reduced the average strength further, culminating in
collapse. Finite element analysis can reproduce this sequence.
The slide spread by lateral load transfer. In the valley cen-
tre,the slide passed through the base of a mudstone fill. Com-
bined finite element and limit equilibrium analysis indicates a
safety factor just before failure of about 1.1. Reduction of the
safety factor from a value of 1.6 based on intact strength
through to dam failure is described.
935355
Investigation of the failure of Carsington Dam. Technical note
Rocke, G
Geoteclmique V43, N1, March 1993, P175-180
The failure during construction of the Carsington Dam has
been widely reported and analysed. Immediate remedial
actions taken once the extent of failure was realised are
described. The organisation, planning, and execution of the
site and laboratory investigations to clarify the cause of failure
are outlined.
935356
Arch dams with an upstream base joint
Rescher, O J
Int Water Power Dam Constr V45, N3, March 1993, P17-25
The adoption of an upstream base joint with a grout curtain
and a control gallery is proposed to provide a structural unit
with adequate potential for kinematic response to cyclic defor-
mation processes during reservoir fluctuation. Finite element
analysis and photoelastic model tests have been used to simu-
late behaviour of arch dam foundations on different jointed
rock media. Stresses and stress distributions obtained are dis-
cussed with a view to optimisation of dam/foundation design.
935357
Computing the stability of clay fiH dams under construction
Fry, J J; Delage, P; Nedjat, N; Nanda, A
lnt Water Power Dam Constr V45, N3, March 1993, P26-29
Several major clayey fill dams failed during the 1980s (Acu,
Mirgenbach, Carsington) as a result of high water pressures
developed after placement of low permeability, high water
content fill. The computer program U D A M is presented to
forecast the pore pressure under such conditions. It uses a
three phase soil approach, and evaluates air and water pres-
sures and displacements as nodal variables. Local safety factor
is calculated for each element. The unsaturated constitutive
equations are developed from work by Alonso et al (1988).
© 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd, Reproduction not permitted
935358
Influence of rock joint deformations on uplift pressure in
concrete gravity dam foundations: field measurements and
interpretation
Grenoble, B A; Morris, D I
Proc Conference on Fractured and Jointed Rock Masses,
Lake Tahoe, 3-5 June 1992 P535-542. Publ California:
Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, 1992
Changes in reservoir and thermal loads on a dam in normal
use are transferred to the foundation rock and can alter joint
aperture. Joint deformations affect permeability of flow paths
through the foundations and can change uplift pressure on the
dam and thus influence sliding stability. Effects of reservoir
level and temperature are examined for an ideal case. Example
data are presented from dams with foundations with no
apparent permeability changes and where permeability varies
with reservoir level or with temperature.
935359
Monitoring of clay core: Mangla Dam project
ul Haq, I
Proc Ninth Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Bangkok, 9-13 December 1991 VI,
P355-358. Publ Thailand." Southeast Asian Geotechnical
Society, 1991
The core for the main embankment of the Mangla Dam Pro-
ject, Pakistan, was constructed using excavated claystone,
compacted wet to behave plastically in the event of settlement
or earthquake. The material has clay fraction 20-40%, plastic-
ity index 17-30%. High pore pressures developed during con-
struction, but no stability problem arose because of the free
drainage shells. Piezometers have responded as expected to
filling and drawdown of the reservoir. Even after 24 years, the
pore pressure at the centre of the core is higher that at reser-
voir level, and development of the phreatic line has been
retarded.
935360
Influence of core thickness and inclination on stability of dams
Datta, M; Gulhati, S K
Proe Ninth Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Bangkok, 9-13 December 1991 VI,
P315-318. Publ Thailand: Southeast Asian Geotechnical
Society, 1991
Relative size of core and shell in zoned dams is often influ-
enced by availability of suitable materials. Parametric study
has been undertaken to identify the influence of core thickness
and inclination on the stability of a hypothetical 50m high
zoned dam. The thickness of vertical core at which it begins to
influence stability, the inclination at which an upstream
inclined core begins to influence stability, and extent of influ-
ence of the thickness and inclination of the core on safety
factor have been evaluated. A sizable zone is found where
these parameters have small effect on stability and in which
the core may economically constructed.
935361
Optimum depth of partial cut off with blanket in stratified
foundations of Kapur Dam
Goel, M C; Mandavia, A B
Proc Ninth Asian Regional Conference on Soil Mechanics and
Foundation Engineering, Bangkok, 9-13 December 1991 VI,
P319-322. Publ Thailand: Southeast Asian Geotechnical
Society, 1991
The Karpur Dam under construction in Orisa State, India, is a
48m high rolled earthrill dam on stratified foundations. An
electrical analogue method was used to find the optimum com-
bination of impervious blanket length and partial cutoff depth

in the foundations. Graphite conducting paper impregnated
with electrolytes of different conductivities was used to simu-
late the foundation strata. Choice of electrolyte, the model,
and similitude are described. Effects of upstream blanket
length on seepage discharge have been examined for cutoff
depths of 0-32m.
935362
Utilization of economical slopes for Jordaneile Dam
Wilson, J A; Engemoen, W O; McLean, F G; Hensley, P J
Proc Conference Stabih'ty and Performance of Slopes and
Embankments !I, Berkeley, 29 Jane-I July 1992 V1, P653-
668. Publ New York: ASCE, 1992 (ASCE Special
Geotechnical Publication No 31)
Jordanelle Dam is a compacted zoned earthfill dam under con-
struction in Utah. High quality core and fill materials are
found in the reservoir area. The use of these in combination
with a sloping core allows economical design with upstream
and downstream slopes of 1:2 and 1:1.5 respectively. Seismic
analyses have confirmed dam stability against earthquakes on
the Wasatch Front or other local seismic sources.
935363
Design of the Charter Oak Bridge embankments
Smith, A D
Proc Conference Stability and Performance of Slopes and
Embaakmems I!, Berkeley, 29 Jane-I July 1992 V1, P721-
736. Publ New York: ASCE, 1992 (ASCE Special
Geotechnical Publication ~1o 31)
A new bridge in Hartford, Connecticut, required embank-
ments 15m high over 30m of soft Connecticut Valley Varved
Clays. Detailed field and laboratory tests were carried out for
site characterization and stability analyses undertaken. The
design adopted used staged construction, with preloads,
surcharges, lightweight fill, and vertical drains to limit post-
construction settlement. Primary settlement was close to pre-
dicted value, although settlement rate was faster than
expected. Secondary compression was slightly below design
objective.
935364
Threatened levees on Sherman Island
Foott, R; Sisson, R; Bell, R
Proc Conference Stability and Performance of Slopes and
Embankments II, Berkeley, 29 Junc-I July 1992 V1, P756-
774. Publ New York: ASCE, 1992 (ASCE Special
Geotechnical Publication No 31)
Severe vertical cracking was observed in 1990 on levees pro-
tecting Sherman Island on the Sacramento Delta, California.
The levee foundations are peats and silts, much compressed
over many years, then silts and clays over sand. Stability anal-
yses were carried out. It is noted that where failure is primarily
related to deformation in the foundations soils, classical limit
equilibrium analysis can overestimate stability. Remedial mea-
sures included stabilisation berms, vibratory compaction, and
re-establishment of the crown. Drying of peat due to drought
and farming practices is thought to have led to the failure.
935365
Performance of test fill constructed on soft peat
Tillis, R K; Meyer, M R; Hultgren, E M
Proc Conference Stabik'ty and Performance of Slopes and
Embankments I1, Berkeley, 29 Jtme-I July 1992 V1, P775-
787. Publ New York: ASCE, 1992 (ASCE Special
Geotechnical Publication No 31)
A test fill embankment was constructed prior to development
of the Wilkerson Dam on Boudin Island in the Sacra-
mento/San Joaquin Delta. The site is underlain by 3-3.5m of
© 1993 Pergamon Press Ltd. Reproduction not permitted
314A
soft peat. The 100m by 60m embankment was designed so
plane strain conditions applied in the central portion. One side
was rapidly loaded to failure, the other stage loaded. Back
calculated and laboratory values of undrained shear strength
of the peat and measured and predicted values of settlement
rate are compared.
935366
Subsurface characterization and design of an ash landfill on
varied clays
Vaghar, S; Bemben, S M; Walbaum, M
Proc Conference Stability and Performance of Slopes and
Embankments !I, Berkeley, 29 Jane-I July 1992 I/1, P788-
803. Publ New York: ASCE, 1992 (ASCE Special
Geotechnical Publication No 31)
Investigations into the feasibility of dumping residual ash at a
site in New Jersey are presented. The site is covered by refuse
fill over peat and silty sand, then varved clays and silts and
glacial till, all in a weathered bedrock valley. Subsurface
exploration to establish soil profile and properties is described.
Stability analysis showed deep slip surfaces, including seg-
ments along clay varves, gave the lowest safety factors. The
design specified includes deep excavation, foundation drain-
age, stabilised ash fill, and above-ground retaining walls.
935367
Plastic waste low-weight embankments for pavements
comtn~tion on soft soil
Daudon, D; El Ghocbe, H; Coulet, C
Proc lntermationul Comference on Geoteclmicul Engineering
for Coastal Developmem, GEO470AST'91, YokaLama, 3-6
September 1991 V1, P777-781. Publ Japan: Coastal
Development Institute of Technology, 1991
The use of blocks of compressed plastic waste as a lightweight
fill for embankments on soft foundations is described. The
waste is highly compressed then bound to form gabion-like
blocks. An experimental embankment of height 4.6m has been
constructed around a core of 3 rows of the blocks with total
height 3.6m. Settlement and stresses have been monitored for
a 6 month period. Results are such that applications at real
sites are proposed.
Hydraulic structures
See also." 935072
935368
Performance of deep-corrugated steel box-type culvert
Rauch, A F; Sargand, S M; Hazen, G A
J Geotech Engng Div ASCE Vl19, N3, March 1993, P433-
452
A 4.6m span by 1.5m rise box-type culvert of 140mm deep
corrugated cross section without transverse rib stiffeners was
instrumented to measure deformations and stresses as it was
backfilled. Further data were obtained on response to station-
ary vehicular loads. Numerical simulation was carried out
using the finite element code CANDE and a hyperbolic consti-
tutive model for the backfill sands. Numerical results and field
data are compared. High stress levels as a result of construc-
tion equipment operating on nearly completed backfill were
observed.