Viena ehehh SttZEOS FOF AN INTRODUCTION TO ANTHROPOLOGICAL THOUGHT (A text book for the students of Anthropoloxy, Sociology & I.A.S.) r<- con REVISED SECOND REVISED EDITION 5 VIKAS® PUBLISHING HOUSE PVT LTDE-28, Sector-8, Nolda-201301 (UP) India. 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Flat No. 10%, Si Rm Tower, Beside Chirsiyatand Over Bridao, «© Kankarbagh Main Rid, Kankaybagh, Patna-€00020 « Ph +91-6122961147 ‘An Introduction to Anthropological Thought + ISBN: 978-07069-8689-1 First Published 1994 Reprinted several times. ‘Second Reprint 2013 \Vikast is the registered trademark of Vikas Publishing House Pvt Lid Copyright © “Makhan Jha, 1994 ‘Al aghts reserved ‘otice may be rer ‘ow known or he nnctodng ‘SSinning. tocording oF by any information storage of retieval system, witout prior wt permission tom the Publisher “formation contained in tis book hee bean published by VIKAS® Publishing House Pt Lid tres bosn cotaned by ta Alshors from sources believed tobe rolable and ae comect ihe boat of tse knowledge. However, the Publisher and ks AUthors shall 70 vent be TANS for any crore, Omiasione or damages aleing out of use of this information and ‘specticaly “acy imped warraes or morchantailfy offiness for any parkeular The, Diepttes any af subject Yo Delhi Jutedation on, Printed in ino. PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION In early 1983 when my book An Introduction to Anthropological ‘Thought was published by Vikas Publishing House Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi, it was well received all over the world by the students and teachers of anthropology, sociology,-psychology and examinees of the Central Services in India and therefore, within a few years it became out of print. The teachers, students and the examinees of the Central Services used to enquire from me as to how to procure this book and I used to assure them that this volume would come up soon, But my pre-occupations and other academic engagements at the national and international levels did not spare me any comfortable time to revise and enlarge it properly. However, the pressing demands of the students of anthropology’ and sociology and specially of the examinees of the Central Services, who offer anthropology for the Main examinations, compelled me to revise and enlarge it and now it is available in a new shape. Thus, in the present volume I have added only two authors viz. Louis Dumont, ‘a French sociologist, who has contributed much to Indian sociology and Fei Hsiao Tung, one of the builders of Chinese anthropology, * about whom nothing is taught and known in Indian anthropology. My visit to China in 1990 brought me in close contact with the Chinese anthropologists and thereafter I thought that our stu- dents know more about the British or European scholars, but they are not much aware of the works of the scholars of our neighbouring country. ‘In the organisation of the contents.of this book, I have added small sub-headings in chapter IX,. where contributions: of the Indian anthropologists have. been discussed specially from the points of view of conveniences for the examinees of Central Services, who are required to give very specific and pointed answers. Makhan Jhaa. ml. Iv. CONTENTS Origin of Anthropology: A Historical Perspective Formulatory Period; Convergent Period; Constructive Period Critical Period, Interpretations of Culture Explicit of Culture; Implicit of Culture; Culture and Culture Constructs; Themes; Autonomous Culture; Ethos ‘and Kido; Covert ‘and Overt Culture; Etic and’ Emic Culture; Cultural Pluralism; Cultural Relativiem; Cultural Revitalization; Mass Culture; Counter Culture; Universal of Culture; Ethnocentriem; Ethnogenesis, Evolutionary School of Thought ‘The Britieh Classical Evolutionists: E.B. Tylor, RR. Maret, James Frazer, Henry James Summer Maine, John Ferguson Mec Lennan, Herbert Spencer;. American Classical Evolutionists: Lewis Henry Morgan; Continental Evolutioniste: Johann Jacob Bachofen, Adolf Bastian; Neo Evolutionists: V. Gordon Childe, Julian H. Steward; Unilinear Evolution; Universal Evolution; Multilinear Evolution; Cultural Taxonomy; Leslie A. White Diffusionist School of Thought British Diffusionist: Grafton Elliot Smith, William James Perry, William Halse Rivers Rivers, Their Criticism; German Diffusionists: Friedrich Ratzel, Fritz Gracbner, Leo Frobenius, Father Wihelm Schmidt, Their Criticism; American Diffusionists: Clark Wissler, Alfred Louis Kroeber; ‘Works on Cultural Area Concept; Age and Area Concept Historical Change and Cultural Area; Criticisms. Functional School of Thought Malinowski’s Early Training, Contributions to Field-Work Methods, Concept of Culture, Theory of Need, Theory of ' Punctionalism, Its Criticism 1 a 27 81