HYDRAULIC JUMP

Objectives:
 Understand how hydraulic jumps are formed
 Measure the flow depth downstream from the jump

THEORY:
In this experiment, we are trying to create two different types of flow in a small channel. The
transition from the supercritical flow to the subcritical flow creates the phenomenon called
the hydraulic jump, and in order to observe this phenomenon, we needed to create these two
flows.

The dynamics of hydraulic jump is governed by the flow continuity and the momentum
equation. From the theory we know that a hydraulic jump has the ability to dissipate large
quantities of energy. This means that it could have a high number of applications in the
modern world. Also, because the energy dissipation is high and the head loss is unknown, we
cannot use the energy equation when dealing with a hydraulic jump. Therefore, we will need
to use different equations in this experiment

Hydraulic jumps are very efficient in dissipating the energy of the flow to make it more
controllable & les erosive. In engineering practice, the hydraulic jump frequently appears
downstream from overflow structures (spillways), or under flow structures (slvice gates),
where velocities are height. A hydraulic jump is formed when liquid at high velocity
discharges into a zone of lower velocity only if the 3 independent velocities (y1, y2, fr1) of
the hydraulic jump equation conform to the following equation:

Y2 = y1/2 [-1+√1+8Fr2 ]

Fr2 = 92/9y3

Apparatus:
 Hydraulics Bench
 Flume
 Broad-crested weir
 Point gauges
  Manometer & scales
 Pump

Procedure:
 Make sure that the channel bed is flat by retracting the adjustable central section of
the channel bed.
 Start the pump and set the desired flow of water.
 Raise the sluice gate in the upper end of the channel to a height of less than that of the
water behind it. Make sure that the height of the water behind the sluice gate is higher
than the height of the gap under it.
 Raise the height of the sluice gate in the lower end of the channel to a height of such
that the hydraulic jump is formed around the middle of the channel.
 Record the height of both sluice gates. Also, record the height of water just after the
upper channel sluice gate, in the middle of the channel and just before the lower sluice
gate.
 Repeat the previous procedure by adjusting the flow rate of water and the height of
the sluice gates. The flow of water set by the flow control valve is measured in litres
per minute (l/m).

The flow rates that we chose ranged between 30 and 70 litres per minute. We decided to use
the gate opening in the upper end of the channel at 10mm, 15mm and 20mm of height.
Calculations:

.
Conclusion:
In this study, a hydraulic experiment was performed by using a channel with a fixed weir and
sluice gate-type movable weir installation to examine the resulting hydraulic jump and
differences of each weir type. Regarding hydraulic jump or the energy dissipation issues of
sluice gate-type movable weirs, when movable-weir downstream water level differences
grow larger or the discharge flow increases, their openness height should be elevated (Fr <
2.5) to protect the downstream area.