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6
Divergence Theorem of Gauss
The Green’s theorem already derived and it can be written
in a vector form 𝑽 = 𝑔𝒊 − 𝑓𝒋 . Let 𝐶 be a curve in two
dimensions which is written in the parametric form 𝒓 =
𝒓(𝑠). Then, the unit tangent and unit normal vectors to 𝐶
be given by
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑻= 𝒊+ 𝒋, 𝒏 = 𝒊− 𝒋.
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
Then,
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑓 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑔 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 +𝑔 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑔 𝒊 − 𝑓 𝒋 . 𝒊− 𝒋 𝑑𝑠
𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑠
= 𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝑠
Also
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑓 𝜕 𝜕
− = 𝑖 +𝑗 . 𝑔 𝒊 − 𝑓 𝒋 = ∇. 𝑽
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝑠 =
C R
∇. 𝑽 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴.
S
𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑣1 𝒊. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑣2 𝒋. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴
S S S S
𝜕 𝑣1 𝜕 𝑣2 𝜕 𝑣3
∇. 𝑽 𝑑𝑉 = dV + dV + dV
D D
𝜕𝑥 D
𝜕𝑦 D
𝜕𝑧
𝜕 𝑣2
𝑣2 𝒋. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 =
S D
𝜕𝑦
dV, ……………(2) and
𝜕 𝑣3
𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 =
S D
𝜕𝑧
dV ……………..(3)
𝑣3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 ) − 𝑣3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔(𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
R
………..…(4)
We write
𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 + 𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴.
S S1 S2 S3
𝜕 2 𝜕 2
So that 𝒌. 𝒏 = 1 1+ + . Hence,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝐴
𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑣3
S1 S1 𝜕 2 𝜕 2
1+ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦
= 𝑣3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦…………………(5)
R
𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 𝜕𝑔 2 𝜕𝑔 2
𝒏= 𝒊+ 𝒋−𝒌 1+ +
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝜕𝑔 2 𝜕𝑔 2
So that 𝒌. 𝒏 = − 1 1+ + . Hence,
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝑑𝐴
𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = −𝑣3 𝜕𝑔 2 𝜕𝑔 2
S2 S2 1+ 𝜕𝑥 + 𝜕𝑦
= − 𝑣3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦…………….(6)
R
𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑣3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑥, 𝑦 − 𝑣3 𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑔 𝑥, 𝑦
S R
dx dy.
……………………(8)
From equations (4) and (8), we obtain
𝜕𝑣3
𝑣3 𝒌. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 =
S D
𝜕𝑧
𝑑𝑉.
Remarks:
𝑣1 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧 + 𝑣2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣3 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
S
𝜕𝑣1 𝜕𝑣2 𝜕𝑣3
= + + 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑧
D 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
or 𝑣1 cos 𝛼 + 𝑣2 cos 𝛽 + 𝑣3 cos 𝛾 𝑑𝐴
S
Solution: We have
4 4𝑦−𝑦 2 4𝑦
= 𝑦=0 𝑥=− 4𝑦−𝑦 𝑧=𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
2 𝑑𝑧 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
4 2
= 𝑦=0
2 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 (4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 )1 2 − 4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 3 2 𝑑𝑦
3
4 4 4 4
= 𝑦=0 3
4𝑦 − 𝑦 2 3 2 𝑑𝑦 = 4− 𝑦−2 2 3/2 𝑑𝑦
3 𝑦=0
𝑽. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = 𝑓 ∇𝑔. 𝒏 𝑑𝐴 = ∇. 𝑓. ∇𝑔 𝑑𝑉
S S D