Activities to develop

Each student in the group has to answer the following questions

using academic references to support the research:

1. In the propagation of electromagnetic waves, what are the

"transmission lines"?

Lines of transmission. Its length is large compared to the

wavelength of the signals it transmits. A transmission line can
compose two parallel conductors that connect the generator with
the load. From a certain frequency, the lines formed by two parallel
conductors are a large amount of energy and are usable by their
high losses. At high frequencies it is convenient to use coaxial lines,
formed by a central conductor of a tubular metal mesh that has a
near constant blind potential and forms "the return of the earth" of
very low impedance. The two conductors (central and mesh) are
separated by an appropriate dielectric. The Constants distributed
one Line (per Unit length) son along the:

 Ohmic resistance in series: R

 Serial autoinduction: L
 Distributed parallel capacity: C
 Parallel behavior: G
 Complex impedance in series: Z
 Complex admittance in series: Y
https://www.studocu.com/es/document/universidad-politecnica-de-madrid/electronica-ii-y-
ordenadores/apuntes/lineas-de-transmision-y-guias-de-ondas/2437221/view

2. In a transmission system, what are the appropriate values

for the reflection coefficient and the VSWR?

the reflection coefficient relates the amplitude of the reflected wave

with the amplitude of the incident wave. It is usually represented
with a (uppercase gamma).

The reflection coefficient is given by:

The coefficient of reflection is the probability that the particle is
reflected by the barrier in a potential step or potential barrier is
given by the relationship:

Where A corresponds to the amplitude of the reflected wave, A * is

its conjugate and B corresponds to the amplitude of the incident
wave, and B * its conjugate

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coeficiente_de_reflexi%C3%B3n

VSRW

The standing wave ratio (VSWR) is defined as the ratio of the

maximum voltage to the minimum voltage of a standing wave in a
transmission line, therefore, it has no units. In terms of voltage, it
is the division of the sum of the incident voltage plus the reflected
voltage between the difference of the incident voltage minus the
reflected voltage. Essentially, the VSWR is a measure of the
decoupling of all charges in the radiant system (feeders, jumpers,
connectors, antennas, and other devices that are part of the radiant
system).

The variation of the VSWR depends very much on the variation of

the waves existing in a transmission line, but mainly, of the
reflected wave. In practical terms, a hit feeder, a badly made
connector, a bad fit on the junction of two connectors or an oxidized
antenna port cause the impedance of the transmission line to vary
along its entire length and in turn will make the reflected wave
increase, so that, consequently, the value of VSWR will rise.
 http://blogcomunicacionesmoviles.blogspot.com/2012/11/vswr-voltage-standing-wave-
ratio-y-dtf.html

3. What happens to the coefficient of transmission and

reflection when: the line ends in short circuit and when the
line ends in open circuit?
Since the impedance at each point is the quotient between the
voltage and the current, the points at which the voltage for the
short-terminated line is canceled are: the short circuit itself, that is,
the end of the line (x = 0) and the multiples of half wavelength. On
the contrary, the maximums are located in the intermediate points
to the minimums, that is, in the odd multiples of a quarter
wavelength, where the intensity is canceled and, therefore, the
impedance becomes infinite

Reflection in lines in open circuit and short circuit. There can be no

voltage in a short circuit or circulate current through an open circuit.

A. Line terminated in short circuit ( Z L  0 )

All the power of the line is reflected in the opposite direction. No

power is delivered to the load because it is a short circuit.
Undesirable situation The impedance seen is:

Z L ( x)  j·Z 0 ·tan( x)

www.esi.uclm.es/www/isanchez/comdatos0910/tema4.
 4. What characteristics should be found in a transmission line
system to be considered well coupled?

A transmission line is a material structure of uniform geometry used

to efficiently transport radio frequency energy from one point to
another; as it can be from one transmission equipment to another,
from a transmitter to the antenna, among other applications. A
parameter that defines it commonly is its characteristic impedance,
the most common values being 50 and 75 ohms when we refer to
a particular type of known transmission lines, in this case, as coaxial
cables. A typical example of 75 ohms is the RG-6 cable which is
used for the residential cable service connection.

For there to be energy propagation in TEM mode, it is necessary

that there are at least two electrical conductors and a dielectric
medium between them (which can even be air or vacuum).
Examples of transmission lines are the bifilar cable, the coaxial
cable, and planar lines such as the stripline, the microstrip.

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADnea_de_transmisi%C3%B3n

5. In the Smith chart, identify a Z_L = α, a Z_L = 0, two

resistive loads and two complex loads. assume the
characteristic impedance.

https://www.google.com/search?q=tabla+de+Smith&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKE
wjUxNfp1OfhAhXCjFkKHWByBDgQ_AUIDigB&biw=1280&bih=657#imgrc=hinvFDf5jjDR9M:
Choose one of the following problems, solve it and share the
solution in the forum. Perform a critical analysis on the group
members’ contributions and reply this in the forum.

1. A transmission line has the following parameters:, 𝐿 = 30𝑚𝐻/𝑘𝑚,

𝐶 = 55 𝑛𝐹/𝑘𝑚, 𝐺 = 4𝜇𝑆/𝑘𝑚 and 𝑅 = 100Ω/𝑘𝑚. It has a generator
supplying 120𝑉 𝑟𝑚𝑠 at 𝜔 = 3 𝑥 105 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 and in series with a
resistance of 300Ω. The load has an impedance of 80Ω. Find the input
voltage and current.

𝒎𝑯
𝑳 = 𝟑𝟎
𝒌𝒎
𝒏𝑭
𝑪=𝟓
𝒌𝒎
𝝁𝑺
𝑮=𝟒
𝒌𝒎
𝜴
𝑹 = 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝒌𝒎
𝒓𝒂𝒅
𝝎 = 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓
𝒔
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕 = 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝑽 𝒓𝒎𝒔
𝑽𝒊𝒏
𝑰=
𝒁𝟎

𝑹 + 𝒋𝝎𝑳
𝒁𝟎 = √
𝑮 + 𝒋𝝎𝑪

𝒁𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝑽𝒈
𝒁𝒈 + 𝒁𝟎

𝜴 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒎𝑯
𝟏𝟎𝟎 + 𝒋 𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒔 ∗ 𝟑𝟎
𝒁𝟎 = √ 𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒎
𝝁𝑺 𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝒏𝑭
𝟒 + 𝒋𝟑 𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟓 𝒔 ∗ 𝟓
𝒌𝒎 𝒌𝒎

𝒁𝟎 = 𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
 𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐𝟎𝟎
𝟐𝟎𝟎 + 𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑽𝒊𝒏 = 𝟏𝟑𝟗 − 𝒋𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟒

𝟏𝟑𝟗 − 𝒋𝟐𝟖. 𝟐𝟒
𝑰=
𝟑𝟒𝟎 − 𝒋𝟐𝟓𝟎
𝑰 = 𝟎. 𝟑𝟎𝟒 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟒𝟏