CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION OF PROJECT

In our project the speed of induction motor, control with the help of android apps that comes
under wireless technology. Android application use here as a transmitter and remote control
in order control the speed of induction motor with the help of Bluetooth as a receiver. Electric
induction motors run at fixed speed and are ideally suited to application where a constant
motor output speed is required .While equipment like conveyors may be fine for a fixed
speed there are some application which are better suited to running at variable speeds such
as fan, pumps, winders and precision tools . A recent trend among customers required
automation, to develop the motor varying the speed automatically in this project by using
android Bluetooth. The AC induction motor is the most popular motor use in consumer and
industrial application .There are various method of controlling the speed of AC motor. In
our project the speed of the induction motor control by using android Bluetooth . The present
world of rapid technological changes there is an urgent demand for the best quality product
and services, that can achieved by automation in industries.

1.1.1 MOTORS

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The reverse of this would be the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical
energy and is done by an electrical generator

.
Figure: 1.1 Motor

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There are two main types of Electric motors:
1. AC motors.
2. DC motor.

Figure: 1.2 Types of motors

AC MOTORS:

An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor

commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stationary stator having coils supplied with
alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the
output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be
produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.

a) Synchronous Motor:

A synchronous electric motor is an AC motor in which, at steady state, the rotation of the
shaft is synchronized with the frequency of the supply current; the rotation period is exactly
equal to an integral number of AC cycles.

b) Asynchronous or Induction motor:

An Induction or asynchronous motor is an AC electric motor in which the electric current in

the rotor needed to produce torque and this torque is obtained by electromagnetic induction
from the magnetic field of the stator winding. An induction motors rotor can be either wound
type or squirrel cage type.
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Three phase squirrel cage induction motors are widely used in industrial drives because they
are rugged, reliable and economical. Single-phase induction motors are used extensively for
smaller loads, such as household appliances like fans. Applications of three phase induction
motor are for fixed-speed services, variable frequency drives, (VFDs) variable-torque
centrifugal fan, pump and compressor.

Figure: 1.3 Induction Motor

Construction:

The stator of an induction motor consists of poles carrying supply current to induce a
magnetic field that penetrates the rotor. To optimize the distribution of the magnetic field, the
windings are distributed in slots around the stator, with the magnetic field having the same
number of north and south poles. Induction motors are most commonly run on single-phase
or three-phase power, but two-phase motors exist; in theory, induction motors can have any
number of phases. Many single phase motors having two windings can be viewed as two-
phase motors, since a capacitor is used to generate a second power phase 90° from the
single-phase supply and feeds it to the second motor winding. Single-phase motors require
some mechanism to produce a rotating field on start-up. Cage induction motor rotor's
conductor bars are typically skewed to reduce noise.

Equivalent Circuit:

The useful motor relationships between time, current, speed, power factor and torque can be
obtained from the analysis of the Steinmetz equivalent circuit (also termed T-equivalent
circuit or IEEE recommended equivalent circuit), a mathematical model used to describe
how an induction motor's electrical input is transformed into useful mechanical energy
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output. The equivalent circuit is a single-phase representation of a multiphase induction
motor that is valid in steady-state balanced-load conditions.

Figure 1.4: Equivalent Circuit of an Induction Motor

Principle of operation of Induction Motor:

In both induction and synchronous motors, the AC power supplied to the motor's stator
creates a magnetic field that rotates in time with the AC oscillations. Whereas a synchronous
motor's rotor turns at the same rate as the stator field, an induction motor's rotor rotates at a
slower speed than the stator field. The induction motor stator's magnetic field is therefore
changing or rotating relative to the rotor. This induces an opposing current in the induction
motor's rotor, in effect the motor's secondary winding, when the latter is short-circuited or
closed through external impedance.
The rotating magnetic flux induces currents in the windings of the rotor, in a manner similar
to currents induced in a transformer's secondary winding(s).The currents in the rotor
windings in turn create magnetic fields in the rotor that react against the stator field. Due to
Lenz's Law, the direction of the magnetic field created will be such as to oppose the change
in current through the rotor windings. The cause of induced current in the rotor windings is
the rotating stator magnetic field, so to oppose the change in rotor-winding currents the rotor
will start to rotate in the direction of the rotating stator magnetic field. The rotor accelerates
until the magnitude of induced rotor current and torque balances the applied load. Since
rotation at synchronous speed would result in no induced rotor current, an induction motor
always operates slower than synchronous speed. The difference, or "slip," between actual
and synchronous speed varies from about 0.5 to 5.0% for standard Design B torque curve
induction motors.
The induction machine's essential characters that it is created solely by induction instead of
being separately excited as in synchronous or DC machines or being self-magnetized as in
permanent magnet motors. For rotor currents to be induced, the speed of the physical rotor
must be lower than that of the stator's rotating magnetic field ( ); otherwise the magnetic field
would not be moving relative to the rotor conductors and no currents would be induced. As

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the speed of the rotor drops below synchronous speed, the rotation rate of the magnetic field
in the rotor increases, inducing more current in the windings and creating more torque. The
ratio between the rotation rate of the magnetic field induced in the rotor and the rotation rate
of the stator's rotating field is called slip. Under load, the speed drops and the slip increases
enough to create sufficient torque to turn the load. For this reason, induction motors are
sometimes referred to as asynchronous motors. An induction motor can be used as an
induction generator, or it can be unrolled to form a linear induction motor which can directly
generate linear motion.

Figure 1.5: Torque-Slip Characteristics of an IM

The typical speed-torque relationship of a standard NEMA Design B poly phase induction
motor is as shown in the curve. Suitable for most low performance loads such as centrifugal
pumps and fans, Design B motors are constrained by the following typical torque ranges.

• Breakdown torque, 175-300 percent of rated torque

• Locked-rotor torque, 75-275 percent of rated torque
• Pull-up torque, 65-190 percent of rated torque.

Speed control Methods:

Speed control methods of an induction motors such as pole changing, frequency variation,
variable rotor resistance, variable stator voltage, constant V/f control, slip recovery method
etc. The closed loop constant V/f speed control method is most widely used.
Synchronous speed can be controlled by varying the supply frequency. Voltage induced in
the stator is 𝐸1 ∝ Ф𝑓where Ф is the air-gap flux and f is the supply frequency. As we can
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neglect the stator voltage drop we obtain terminal voltage 𝑉1 ∝ Ф𝑓. Thus reducing the
frequency without changing the supply voltage will lead to an increase in the air-gap flux
which is undesirable. Hence whenever frequency is varied in order to control speed, the
terminal voltage is also varied so as to maintain the V/f ratio constant. Thus by maintaining a
constant V/f ratio, the maximum torque of the motor becomes constant for changing speed.

1.1.2 ARDUINO

Arduino can sense the environment by receiving input from a variety of sensors and can
affect its surroundings by controlling lights, motors and other actuators. The microcontroller
on the board is programmed using the Arduino Programming Language and the Arduino
development environment. Arduino projects can be stand-alone or they can communicate
with software running on a computer. Arduino is an open-source electronics platform based
on easy to-use hardware and software. It is a single-board microcontroller (microcontroller
built onto a single printed circuit board). Arduino is a microcontroller based prototyping board
which can be used in developing digital devices that can read inputs like finger on a button,
touch on a screen, light on a sensor etc. and turning it in to output like switching on an LED,
rotating a motor, playing songs through a speaker etc. The Arduino board can be
programmed to do anything by simply programming the microcontroller on board using a set
of instructions for which, the Arduino board consists of a USB plug to communicate with your
computer and a bunch of connection sockets that can be wired to external devices like
motors, LEDs etc. The aim of Arduino is to introduce the world of electronics to people who
have small to no experience in electronics like hobbyists, designers, artists etc. Arduino is
based on open source electronics project i.e. all the design specifications, schematics,
software are available openly to all the users. Hence, Arduino boards can bought from
vendors as they are commercially available or else you can make your own board by if you
wish i.e. you can download the schematic from Arduino’s official website, buy all the
components as per the design specification, assemble all the components, and make your
own board.
Arduino UNO is based on ATmega328. It has 14 digital input/output pins of which six can be
used as PWM outputs. It has six analog inputs, a 16 MHz ceramic resonator, a USB
connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed
to support the microcontroller and is connected to the computer using USB cable or AC-DC
adapter or battery to get started. Figure 1 shows an Arduino UNO microcontroller board.

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Figure 1.6: Arduino UNO microcontroller board

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1.1.2.1 Summary of Arduino UNO:

Table 1. Summary of Arduino UNO.

Power Supply:

The Arduino can be powered via USB connection or external power supply. Power source is
selected automatically. External power can come from AC-DC supply or battery. The board
can be operated on an external supply of 6V- 20V. The recommended voltage is 7V- 12V. If
the board is supplied with less than 7V, it will be unstable, and if it is supplied with more than
12V, the voltage regulator is overheated and may damage the board.

VIN: The board is supplied with 5V through USB or from an external battery.

5V: This pin outputs a regulated 5V from the regulator onto the board. Power can be
supplied with DC jack (7V – 12V), USB connector (5V), or the VIN pin on the board.
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3.3V: A 3.3V volt supply is generated by on-board regulator.

GND: Ground pin.

IOREF: Provides the voltage reference with which microcontroller operates. Selects the
appropriate power source or enables voltage translators on the output working with 5V or
3.3V.

Input and Output:

Each pin in the board can be used as input or output pin using pinMode( ), digitalWrite( ) and
digitalRead( ) functions. Each pin is operated with 5V.
Serial: 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Used to receive (RX) and transmit (TX) TTL serial data. These
pins are connected to the corresponding pins of the ATmega8U2 USB-to-TTL Serial chip.
External Interrupts: 2 and 3. These pins can be configured to trigger an interrupt on a low
value, a rising or falling edge, or a change in value.
PWM: 3, 5, 6, 9, 10, and 11. Provide 8-bit PWM output.
SPI: 10 (SS), 11 (MOSI), 12 (MISO), 13 (SCK). These pins support SPI communication
using the SPI library.
LED: 13. There is a built-in LED connected to digital pin 13. When the pin is HIGH value,
the LED is on; when the pin is LOW, it's off.
The UNO has six analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, each of which provides 10 bits of
resolution. By default they measure from ground to 5 volts.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
AREF: Reference voltage for the analog inputs.
Reset: Bring this line LOW to reset the microcontroller. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields which block the one on the board.

Communication:

Arduino UNO has several ways of communication with computers, other Arduino or from
other microcontrollers. ATmega328 provides UART TTL serial communication, which is
available on digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX). Arduino software has serial monitor which allows
simple data to be sent to and from Arduino board. RX and TX LEDs will flash while data is
being transferred via USB through the computer.

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Programming and Reset:

Arduino UNO can be programmed with Arduino software. It comes with a boot loader that
allows uploading the new code without any external hardware programmer. Arduino software
uses Arduino C language which is similar to C++. Once the coding is over, it is uploaded to
the board through USB. While uploading TX and RX, LEDs will flash. Choose the board as
Arduino UNO and select serial port from serial port menu. This is likely to be COM3 or
higher.
Arduino UNO has reset button in the board. When it is pressed, the board will reset. Instead
of doing so, UNO is designed in a way that allows it to reset by software running on a
connected computer.

ATMega328:

Atmega328 is an 8-bit microcontroller with 32x8 general purpose-working registers. It has an

on-chip 2-cycle multiplier. High-endurance non-volatile memory segments include 32K bytes
of in-system self-programmable flash memory program, 1 K bytes of EEPROM and 2K bytes
of internal SRAM. The write/erase cycles are set to 10,000 Flash/100,000 EEPROM.

The peripheral features of Atmega328 are:

Two 8-bit timer/counters with separate prescaler and compare Mode

One 16-bit timer/counter with separate prescaler, compare Mode, and capture mode
Real-time counter with separate oscillator
Six PWM Channels
8-channel 10-bit ADC in TQFP and QFN/MLF package
6-channel 10-bit ADC in PDIP Package
Programmable Serial USART
Master/Slave SPI Serial Interface
Byte-oriented 2-wire Serial Interface (Philips I2C compatible)
Programmable Watchdog Timer with Separate On-chip Oscillator
On-chip Analog Comparator
Interrupt and Wake-up on Pin Change

It has 23 programmable I/O lines. The operating voltage is in between 1.8V – 5.5 V and the
temperature range is -400 C to 850 C.

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Atmega328 is a low-power CMOS 8-bit microcontroller based on AVR-enhanced RISC
architecture. Atmega328 achieves 1 MIPS per MHz by executing powerful instructions
allowing the system designer to optimize power consumption versus processing speed.

Figure 1.7: Block diagram of Atmega328

The AVR core combines a rich instruction set with 32 general-purpose working registers. All
the 32 registers are directly connected to the arithmetic logic unit (ALU), allowing two
independent registers to be accessed in one single instruction executed in one clock cycle.
The device is manufactured using Atmel’s high-density non-volatile memory technology.
Atmega328 is a powerful microcontroller that provides a highly flexible and cost-effective
solution to many embedded control applications.

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1.1.2.2 Arduino UNO Software:

Arduino UNO has its own software. It is similar to ‘C’ language. Code has to be written in the
software provided and uploaded the code to the board which is connected to the computer
using USB cable. When using development software, selection of Arduino UNO board and
serial port is important as shown in Figure 3.

Figure 1.8: Selecting Arduino UNO board

Arduino boards are generally based on microcontrollers from Atmel Corporation like 8, 16 or
32 bit AVR architecture based microcontrollers. The important feature of the Arduino boards
is the standard connectors. Using these connectors, we can connect the Arduino board to
other devices like LEDs or add-on modules called Shields. The Arduino boards also consists
of on board voltage regulator and crystal oscillator. They also consist of USB to serial
adapter using which the Arduino board can be programmed using USB connection. In order
to program the Arduino board, we need to use IDE provided by Arduino. The Arduino IDE is
based on Processing programming language and supports C and C++.
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1.1.2.3 Types of Arduino Boards

There are many types of Arduino boards available in the market but all the boards have one
thing in common: they can be programmed using the Arduino IDE. The reasons for different
types of boards are different power supply requirements, connectivity options, their
applications etc. Arduino boards are available in different sizes, form factors, different no. of
I/O pins etc. Some of the commonly known and frequently used Arduino boards are Arduino
UNO, Arduino Mega, Arduino Nano, Arduino Micro and Arduino Lilypad. There are add-on
modules called Arduino Shields which can be used to extend the functionalities of the
Arduino boards. Some of the commonly used shields are Arduino Proto shield, Arduino Wi-Fi
Shield and Arduino Yun Shield.

1.1.3 Bluetooth Module:

Bluetooth is one of the most commonly used wireless technology standards for exchanging
data from fixed and mobile devices over short distances. Bluetooth based personal area
networks (PANs) allows information exchange with high levels of security. Using Bluetooth
technology, different electronic devices communicate with each other wirelessly. Bluetooth is
a free to use wireless communication protocol that can be used to send and receive date
between two devices. The range of transmission of Bluetooth technology is typically less
than that of Wi-Fi and Zig Bee. But still many low range devices like audio players, mobile
phones etc. use Bluetooth as the main communication. Also, the range of frequency for
Bluetooth is 2.41 GHz, which is same as that of Wi-Fi and Zig Bee. There are two types of
Bluetooth modules based on the way they work: Master Bluetooth Module and Slave
Bluetooth Module. The main difference, as the names suggest is that a Master Bluetooth
module can send or receive data from other Bluetooth modules whereas a slave Bluetooth
can only listen to Master Bluetooth module. Even though the communication between two
Bluetooth modules is wireless, they need some protocol to share the transmitted data with
other devices like Microcontrollers. The most commonly used protocol is UART.

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The Bluetooth module used in this project is shown in below image.

Figure 1.9: Bluetooth module

This Bluetooth module comes with 4 pins as seen in the image. VCC is connected to 5V
supply, TX must be connected to the RXD of the microcontroller, RX must be connected to
the TXD of the microcontroller and GND must be connected to ground. The default baud rate
of the Bluetooth module used here is 9600 bps. The Bluetooth module works on a supply of
3.3V. But, the module used here has on board 3.3V regulator. Hence, the Vcc pin of the
module can be connected to 5V supply. As the communication between the Arduino UNO
and Bluetooth module is UART, we need to use the RXD and TXD (Pins 0 and 1) of the
Arduino. Before connecting the data lines, we mentioned already that Bluetooth module
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works on 3.3V. Hence, the data coming from Arduino to Bluetooth is connected using a
voltage divider network consisting of a 1KΩ resistor and a 2KΩ resistor.
But the data coming from Bluetooth module, which is at a level of 3.3V is readable by
Arduino UNO board. Hence, the TX pin of the Bluetooth is directly connected to RXD pin of
the Arduino UNO.

• APPLICATIONS:

• Bluetooth based wireless control has numerous applications like data transfer, audio
transmission, phone conversations etc.
• Controlling an Arduino board using an Android phone with the help of Bluetooth
communication is very useful as it can be applied to various range of applications and the
most important one is home automation

1.1.4 LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAYS

Liquid Crystal Displays are used in many devices like micro oven, calculators etc. They play
a very important role in embedded systems. Many electronic displays are used in embedded
system such as 7 segment, LED displays but they have their own limitations. Compared to
other controllers, Interfacing LCD with Arduino is very easy. In in other microcontrollers, one
should write the complete code for the working of LCD where as arduino provides a very
good platform for non-programmers.
16X2 LCD is the most commonly used LCD Display.16X2 indicates that it can display 32
characters in 2 lines. It has 16 pins. They are shown below.

•LCD Pin Configuration:

Pin 1 GND

Pin 2 +5V

Pin 3 Mid terminal of potentiometer (for brightness control)

Pin 4 Register Select (RS)

Pin 5 Read/Write (RW)

Pin 6 Enable (EN)

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Pin 7 DB0

Pin 8 DB1

Pin 9 DB2

Pin10 DB3

Pin 11 DB4

Pin 12 DB5

Pin 13 DB6

Pin 14 DB7

Pin 15 +4.2-5V

Pin 16 GND

Table 1.1: LCD Pin Configuration

•Pin Description:

Data Pins : Pin7 to Pin14 are data Pins.

Vss : It is the Ground Pin of the module.
Vdd : It is the supply pin of the module.
VEE : Pin3 is used for controlling the brightness of the LCD. Normal setting of this pin is
between 0.4V to 0.9V.A 10 k pot is connected to adjust the brightness of the screen.
Register Select: RS pin is used to select the register. There are two registers in this LCD.
They are data register data instruction register. Data register sends data
to the screen while instruction register sends Commands to LCD’s
controller, which controls the instructions.
Logic High (1) – Activates Data register.
Logic Low (0) – Activates Instruction register.
RW selects either read or write mode.
Logic High (1) – Activates Read mode.
Logic Low (0) – Activates Write mode.
Enable: E enables the LCD module.
LCD can be used either in 4-bit mode or 8-bit mode. In 4-bit mode it requires 7 IO pins of the
Arduino. In 8 bit mode 11 IO pins required from arduino.

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 Figure 1.10: LCD Display
•Circuit Connections:

 The four data Pins D4 to D7 are connected to the four pins (0 to 3) of the arduino.
 Rs (register select) and E (Enable) pins are connected to the pin4 and pin5 of the
arduino.
 VSS pin of the LCD is connected to the ground while VDD is connected to the power
supply.
 V EE of LCD is connected to the potentiometer in order to vary the brightness of the
LCD.
 RW pin is connected to ground.

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1.2 MOTIVATION FOR SELECTION OF PROJECT

Due to rapid advance in automation and process control the field of adjustable speed drives
continuously. In recent technology, various alternate techniques are available for the
selection of speed of drive system. Up to the 1980‟s the dc motor was the choice for variable
speed drive application. Induction motors are using any application such as Industrial drives
control, automotive control, etc. In past few years there has been a great demand in industry
for adjustable speed drives. Fan, pump, Compressors, domestic applications and paper
machines etc... In this area DC motor was very popular but having many disadvantages so
that microcontroller transformed research and development toward control of ac drive. When
the three phase supply is not available for domestic and commercial application, there we
are using single phase induction motor which is one of the most widely used type of low
power motor in the world.

1.3 OBJECTIVES OF PROJECT WORK

Induction motors have been used widely in different fields ranging from domestic appliances
to industrial machinery. This necessitates a speed control mechanism that is efficient and is
also safe to use. Induction Motor Speed Control Project serves this purpose of controlling
the speed of the induction motor. Induction motor runs through direct AC line the amount of
power given to it decides to what RPM it does rotates. We can modulate the power of the AC
line to vary the speed of the induction motor through AC driver circuitry. An Atmega family
microcontroller is used to give PWM power to an opto-coupler which drives the TRIAC giving
supply to the induction motor. In this way, with the help of two push buttons one can control
the speed of the induction motor electronically and also very efficiently. This whole process
is also displayed on an LCD which acts as user interface and thus helping the user getting
informed about it. In this way this project is quite useful in controlling an Induction Motor and
having good efficiency while doing so.

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 CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In modern industrialized countries, more than half the total electrical Energy used is
converted to mechanical energy through AC induction motors. Induction motors are
extensively used in industrial and household appliances and consume more than 50% of
the total generated electrical energy. Single-phase induction motors are widely used in home
appliances and industrial control. During the last few years, the concept of speed and torque
control of asynchronous motor drives has gained significant popularity. This way, it has been
possible to combine the induction-motor structural robustness with the control simplicity and
efficiency of a direct current motor. This evolution resulted to the replacement of the dc
machines by induction motors in many applications in the last few years. Earlier only dc
motors were employed for drives requiring variable speeds due to facilitate of their speed
control methods . The conventional methods of speed control of an induction motor were
either too extravagant or too inefficient thus limiting their application to only constant speed
drives. They are used to drive pumps, fans, compressors, mixers, agitators, mills, conveyors,
crushers, machine tools, cranes, etc. This type of electric motor is so popular due to its
simplicity, reliability, less maintenance and low cost. Today, with advancements in power
electronics, microcontrollers, and digital signal processors(DSPs), electric drive systems
have improved drastically. Initially the principle of speed control was based on steady state
consideration of the induction motor. V/f control was the commonly used one for the open-
loop speed control of drives with low dynamic requirements.
Various methods for speed control of induction motor include pole changing, stator voltage
control, supply frequency control, rotor resistance control, scalar control and vector control.
The relationship for rotor speed is given by Eq.1
Nr = 120f (1− s)/p ……….. (1)
As seen from expression above rotor speed can be controlled by changing pole. Poles can
be changed using multiple stator windings, pole amplitude modulation etc. This method of
speed control is not recommended since poles are generally fixed for induction machine.
Apart from this, stator voltage control and supply frequency control are methods for speed
control in these methods stator voltage is controlled with the help of ac voltage regulator and

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supply frequency is controlled using cycloconverters respectively. Their major drawback is
that the yoke of machine gets saturated since the E.M.F. equation for Induction Motor is
given by
E = 2√2πϕmfN …..…… (2)
Scalar control and Vector control method is far better than above described methods. In this
method the ratio of stator voltage to that of frequency is varied accordingly to get the desired
speed and torque. The only drawback of the method is that it is unsuitable for industries
where precise control is of prime importance. Other than this illustration of vector control
strategy for an Induction Motor (IM) drive using sinusoidal pulse width modulation technique
has been efficient.

2.2. Early Developments

Most of researches for motor drives focused on high power industrial applications which
require high performance drive of the single-phase induction motor(SPIM) . The advances
in domestic and commercial applications in modern life raised the urgent needs to use low
power SPIM. So that SPIM became the most widely used type of low power ac motors
specially for those applications where a three- phase power source is not available.
Some of these applications need variable speed ac motors which need sophisticated control
systems and drive circuits. Traditionally, variable speed operation of a single- phase
induction motor is suffer from large harmonic injection into the supply and low power factor,
in addition to the limited speed. Coilins , have carried out their research to examine the
operation of a single-phase induction motor when operated from a variable-frequency
power supply. The motivation for the study has two folds: Firstly, to show that single-phase
induction motor behave quite differently than three- phase induction motor at low
frequencies. Secondly, is to implement the power semiconductor and microprocessor
technology in this field. They concluded that the single-phase induction motor can be
successfully driven from a variable-frequency power supply with consideration to the motor's
maximum available steady-state and dynamic torque. K. J. Lee , have used the equivalent
circuit referred to the rotor side, only the stator resistances in the direct axis and the
quadrate axis are different each other and the other parameters are represented to be
equal. Thus the decoupling of the stator current is similar to that of the three-phase
induction motor. The more simplified single- phase induction motor variable speed
drive system is implemented as proposing motor model transformed to the rotor side,
and it is possible to drive continuously, fast response and upgraded torque performance
comparing with the conventional relay type controller. Therefore it can be adapted to
domestic appliances required high performance. Jianming Yao has implemented the

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PIC17C756 microcontroller in a single phase induction motor adjustable speed drive control
with hardware setup and software program in C code. The main feature used in this
microcontroller was its peripherals to realize pulse width modulation. in the single phase
motor control. Furthermore, One chip and re-programmable ROM replaces the
conventional complicated circuit solution. He concluded that this brought low cost, small size
and flexibility to change the control algorithm without changes in hardware. The problem for
this microcontroller was that it had no dead band register and only had a three PWM output.
Therefore, additional logic analog circuits were added to generate their complement
signals and to generate dead time in order to avoid the overlapping of turn on for both
upper and lower switches of single phase MOSFET bridge . This work, the pulse width
duration is vary using microcontroller.

2.3 Recent Developments

The use of induction motors are increasing day by day significantly in various fields including
industrial, residential applications .The advancement of variable speed drive technology is
praiseworthy and unbelievable in the past few years. Variable frequency drive is a special
type of convertible speed drive. Ac drive, variable speed drive, adjustable frequency drive,
inverter drive etc. are the other form of names of variable frequency drive. Various kinds of
operations and different multispeed functions are executed by regulating the speed of motor.
Previously the variable speed drive faced many limitations such as poor efficiencies,
unstable speed control, large space consumptions etc. by the development of power
electronics these problems are overcome gradually. The necessity of induction motors in
various fields need to be understood first. The advantages provided by induction motors
making a huge difference compare to other electrical motor. Some the advantages are
describe below:
The induction motors are very cheap compare to dc motors or synchronous motors.
The robust construction of induction motors makes it more preferable than any other
motors.
The percentage of reliability and efficiency of induction motors is undoubtedly better than
any other motors.
Induction motors maintenance cost are very low because of its simple construction.

In industrial sectors three phase induction motor is heavily used because of ruggedness and
reliability. For heavier load consumption, single phase induction motor is used such as fan in
household equipment. It is widely used in industrial appliances instead of dc machines
because it can achieve a fast torque response . Torque response is very sensitive to flux and
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easily manipulated by variation of parameters. Identify accurate parameters are very
important to achieve the desired performance. Most of the drives used in the industrial motor
control are electrical. Depending on the application, some of them are fixed speed and some
are variable speed. The variable speed drives had various limitations such as poor
efficiencies, larger space, lower speed, etc.,. However, the advent of power electronics
transformed the scene completely and today variable speed drive which are not only
constructed smaller in size but also obtained very efficient and higher reliable, etc. There are
probably more single-phase induction motors in use today than the total of all the other types
put together. It is logical that the least expensive, lowest maintenance type motor should be
used most often. The single-phase induction motor best fits this description. The induction
motor can run only at its rated speed when it is connected to the main supply. However, they
are constant motor. To control the speed of these motor, a motor drive and control system
with different methods can be used. An induction motor's speed enable affected by the
supply frequency, change the number of motor stators, adjust the power input. Over the past
several years there have advances in solid-state control technology and how it can be used
to control motors. Solid state controls are usually very reliable, can give exact speeds and
are becoming more economically feasible to use with fractional horse power motors. Most of
the different styles of solid state controls incorporate the varying of the frequency to control
the motor speed. They can vary the frequency to be higher than the normal line frequency,
meaning the speed can be increased beyond what the motor is rated for. Moreover they are
simple to implement and cost effective.

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 CHAPTER 3

CONCEPT & THEORY

3.1 INTRODUCTION

Induction motors have been used widely in different fields ranging from domestic appliances
to industrial machinery. This necessitates a speed control mechanism that is efficient and is
also safe to use. Induction Motor Speed Control Project serves this purpose of controlling
the speed of the induction motor. Induction motor runs through direct AC line the amount of
power given to it decides to what RPM it does rotates. We can modulate the power of the AC
line to vary the speed of the induction motor through AC driver circuitry. An Atmega family
microcontroller is used to give PWM power to an opto-coupler which drives the TRIAC giving
supply to the induction motor. In this way, with the help of two push buttons one can control
the speed of the induction motor electronically and also very efficiently. This whole process
is also displayed on an LCD which acts as user interface and thus helping the user getting
informed about it. In this way this project is quite useful in controlling an Induction Motor and
having good efficiency while doing so.
The main intention of this project is to develop an induction motor speed control system
which is helpful to control the speed of an induction motor using TRIAC. In this project, the
zero-crossing point of the voltage waveform is detected by a comparator whose output is
then fed to the microcontroller. And microcontroller also interfaced to Bluetooth it takes
signal from the android app. As signal come from android app the speed of induction motor
will decreases or increases Then, it provides the required delayed triggering pulses to a pair
of SCRs through an opto-isolator connected to this circuit. Finally, power is applied to the
load through the SCRs. 2 push-button switches are interfaced to the controller for increasing
and decreasing the AC power to the load. In this project, a lamp is used in the place of
induction motor demonstration purposes. The motor speed variation depends on the power
reduction.
HIGHLIGHTS:
• This project is Design to control the speed of induction motor
• Zero crossing point of voltage waveform is detected by comparator output is then fed
to microcontroller.
• Bluetooth is interfaced to microcontroller.

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• It takes signal from android app.
• Signal comes from android the speed of induction motor will increases or decreases.

3.1.1 Pulse Width Modulation

Pulse Width Modulation or simply PWM is a digital technique using which the amount of
power delivered to a device can be varied. It provides a means of providing analog results
with digital signals. In PWM technique, a square wave is switched between on and off state.
By changing the time the signal spend on “on” state versus the time the signal spends on
“off” state, we can simulate a range of voltages between 0V and 5V. When this switching
between on and off state is very fast, then the result is as if the output signal is at a stable
voltage level between 0V and 5V. One important term we need to discuss when dealing with
PWM is Duty Cycle. It is defined as the ratio of the time for which the signal stays in HIGH
state (on time) to that of the total time period of the signal (on time + off time). In Arduino,
there are 6 pins that are capable of generating such PWM signals. The following graph
shows a comparison of different duty cycles and their corresponding voltage levels.

Figure:3.1 Pulse width modulation

From the graph, it is clear that when the duty cycle is increased, the output voltage (or power
delivered) is also increased. For 100% duty cycle, the voltage available is 5V and for 50%
duty cycle, the voltage is 2.5V.

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In order to generate a PWM signal, we need to learn about two functions in Arduino library:
analogRead and analogWrite.
analogRead is a function which is used read the analog values from the analog pins of the
Arduino. Arduino UNO board has 6 – channel, 10 – bit analog – to – digital converter (ADC).
This means that the ADC in Arduino UNO will map the input voltages between 0 – 5V in to
an integer value between 0 and 1023. Hence, the analogRead function will return any value
between 0 and 1023. The syntax of analogRead function is analogRead (analog pin no);
Since we are reading the analog voltages from the potentiometer at A0 pin, we need to write
analogRead (A0); in the sketch. As it returns an integer value, a temporary variable of
integer data type is created with it.
The next function is the analogWrite. It is a function which is used to set the duty cycle of the
PWM signal for any given PWM pin. The syntax of analogWrite function is analogWrite
(PWM pin no, value); the value indicates the duty cycle and must be a value between 0 (0V)
and 255 (5V).
We can easily understand that the value returned by the analogRead function is stored in the
temp variable. This value will be used to control the duty cycle of the PWM signal using
analogWrite function. But the range of values accepted by the analogWrite function is
between 0 and 255. Hence, we need to perform some mathematical calculations to put
suitable value in the analogWrite function. Finally, the calculated value is put in the
analogWrite function along with the PWM pin to produce a PWM signal.
When the circuit is built and sketch is uploaded to the Arduino, we can see that by changing
the position of the potentiometer, the speed of motor is also varied.

3.2 CONCEPT OF PROJECT

A lot of projects involve controlling devices running on DC voltage. The devices running on
DC voltage are usually controlled by changing logic at GPIO pins for switching control or by
PWM for operational control. There are times when devices running on AC current also
needs to be controlled by the microcontroller. For switching control, the AC appliances are
usually interfaced to microcontroller boards via relays or relay circuits. For operational
control over AC appliances like controlling the speed of a induction motor (fan) or dimming a
light bulb, power electronics comes into the picture. This project is a demonstration of
operational control of AC motor (Induction motor) using zero voltage crossing detection.
An alternating voltage changes its sign periodically. The alternating voltage supplied to
households is usually the sine wave. An alternating voltage can be other forms of the wave
also. Irrespective of the waveform, an alternating voltage in the first half of every cycle flows
in one direction reaching to a peak voltage and then drops down to zero level. Then in the

25
next half of each cycle, it flows in alternate direction reaching to a peak voltage and then
drops down to zero level. The rise and drop of voltage in alternate direction are graphically
shown with a negative sign of voltage and voltage curve. The cycles are repeated
throughout the voltage supply. For controlling AC appliances operationally, the peak voltage
of both the halves of a cycle needs to be chopped off. For this, it is important to detect when
voltage alternates its direction. The point on voltage curve where it alternates direction is
called zero voltage crossing.
The zero voltage crossing of AC voltage can be detected by first rectifying it using full wave
rectifier and then using an optoisolator which will switch OFF and ON upon zero voltage
crossings and past zero voltage crossings respectively. The output of optoisolator can then
be passed to the microcontroller to indicate zero voltage crossings to it.
For controlling AC voltage to a load, TRIAC needs to be used. TRIAC (Triode for AC) is
commonly used for power control and switching applications. The TRIAC can be feed control
using an optocoupler which itself would be driven by a microcontroller pin.
The project is built upon Arduino UNO and 4N25 optoisolator with a full bridge rectifier is
used for zero voltage crossing detection. The 3011 optocoupler and BT136 TRIAC are used
for chopping off AC voltage to the load. The tasks of zero voltage crossing detection and
switching of 3011 IC are programmatically controlled by the Arduino board.

3.2.1 COMPONENT USED

• Arduino UNO
• 16x2 LCD
• MOC 3011 optocoupler(Peak Blocking voltage-250V)
• 4N25 optoisolator(Forward Voltage for Turing ON:1.25-1.5V)
• BT136 traic(Max Gate Trigger Voltage-1.5V)
• Wire to carry 2A, 230v AC
• 12-0, 1 Amp Transformer
• Two pin plug.
• Load(induction motor)
• 1N4007 diode
• Terminal block: PBT-2
• 6-pin IC base-2 pieces
• Resistors-10k, 3k3, 330 and 120 ohm
• Bread Board for connection

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3.2.2 BLOCK DIAGRAM

Figure 3.2: Block Diagram

3.2.3 CIRCUIT CONNECTIONS

The circuit is built around Arduino UNO. There are distinct circuit sections that are interfaced
to the Arduino to realize the project functioning. In the project, following circuit sections are
assembled together:
Power Supply - The Arduino and LCD module need 5V DC supply. The required DC voltage
is supplied by a battery. The supply from the battery is regulated to 5V DC using 7805 IC.
The IC has three pins - pin 1 should be connected to the anode of the battery, pin 2 and 3
with the cathode (common ground). The 5V DC should be drawn from the pin 3 of the IC. An
LED along with a 10K Ω pull-up resistor can also be connected between common ground
and output pin to get a visual hint of supply continuity.

27
LCD Display - The LCD display is used to show the supplied voltage reading. When the
project is powered ON, it first flashes initial messages showing the intent of the project. Once
the Arduino sketch initializes the circuit, the voltage supplied to the load is displayed on the
LCD screen. The 16X2 LCD display is connected to the Arduino board by connecting its data
pins to pins 3 to 6 of the Arduino board. The RS and E pins of the LCD are connected to pins
13 and 12 of the Arduino UNO respectively. The RW pin of the LCD is grounded.

Table3.1: Circuit connections between Arduino Uno and Character LCD

The standard open-source library for interfacing LCD with Arduino UNO is used in the
project. The library works as expected and needs no changes or modifications.

Variable Resistor - A 10K ohm resistor is used to change the firing angle. It is connected to
the A0 pin of Arduino UNO. The resistance provides an analog voltage which is converted to
digital reading by the in-built ADC. The optocoupler 3021 is operated accordingly to control
the firing angle.
Zero Voltage Crossing Detection Circuit - First the AC voltage from the main supply is
stepped down using a transformer to 12V. The stepped down AC voltage is feed to full
bridge rectifier circuit built using 1N4007 diodes. The rectified voltage is supplied to pins 1
and 2 of 4N25 optocoupler. The 4N25 is a phototransistor type optocoupler. At pin 1, there is
an anode of in-built LED and at pin 2 is the cathode of it.

The 4N25 optocoupler has the following pin configuration -

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 Table3.2: Pin configuration of 4N25 Opto-Coupler

Figure 3.3: Pin Diagram of of 4N25 Opto-Coupler

The base of the in-built phototransistor is grounded while the output is drawn from the
Collector of the photo-transistor. This way, the photo-transistor actually operates like an LED
which gets forward biased when photo-diode glows. The collector pin is connected to pin 2
of the Arduino.

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Figure 3.4: Circuit Diagram of Zero Voltage Crossing Detector

Opto-Isolator EL3011 - EL3011 is a photo-TRIAC type optocoupler. It should be noted that

photo-transistor and photodarlington type optocouplers are used for controlling DC devices
while photo-SCR and photo-triac type optocouplers are used for controlling AC devices. The
EL3011 has the following pin configuration -

Table 3.3: Pin configuration of EL3011 Opto-Isolator

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Figure 3.5: Pin Diagram of EL3011 Opto-Isolator

The pin 2 of EL3011 is connected to ground and pin 1 is connected to pin 10 of the Arduino.
The Main Terminal pins of photo-TRIAC, pins 4 and 6 of EL3011 are connected to pins 3
(Base) and 2 (Main Terminal 2) of BT136. The pin 2 of BT136 and pin 6 of EL3011 are
connected to a junction with phase wire of main supplies. The pin 5 of the EL3011 is not
connected so the photo-TRIAC actually operates like a photo-DIAC. The load is connected
between pin 1 of BT136 and neutral wire. The phase voltage is controlled by the BT136
which itself is controlled by the photo-TRIAC operating as photo-DIAC of EL3011.

TRIAC BT136 - A TRIAC has three terminals - Main Terminal 1, Main Terminal 2 and Gate.
TRIAC is equivalent to two SCRs connected in inverse parallel with the gates connected
together. Therefore TRIAC works as a bi-directional switch which is triggered by the pulse on
the base. The Main Terminal 1 and Main Terminal 2 of the TRIAC are used for connecting
phase and neutral wire and the triggering pulse is supplied to Gate terminal from the photo-
TRIAC of EL3011. The Gate terminal can be triggered either by a positive or negative
voltage. There are four possible modes of the operation of a TRIAC -

a) Main Terminal 2 has a positive voltage compared to Main Terminal 1 and there is positive
pulse at Gate
b) Main Terminal 2 has a positive voltage compared to Main Terminal 1 and there is
negative pulse at Gate
c) Main Terminal 1 has a positive voltage compared to Main Terminal 2 and there is positive
pulse at Gate
d) Main Terminal 1 has a positive voltage compared to Main Terminal 2 and there is
negative pulse at Gate

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The TRIAC conducts current when either Main Terminal 2 gets a positive voltage with
respect to the Main Terminal 1 and the Gate gets a positive trigger or Main Terminal 1 has a
positive voltage compared to Main Terminal 2 and there is a negative pulse at Gate. When
the Gate current is removed, the TRIAC switches off. BT136 is the TRIAC used in the circuit
and has following pin configuration -

Table 3.4: Pin configuration of TRIAC

Figure 3.6: Circuit Diagram of Voltage Controller

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3.3 WORKING OF PROJECT

Figure 3.7: Circuit Diagram of Project

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The project controls the AC voltage by sending pulses to the Gate pin of BT136 TRIAC.
When the circuit is powered ON, the Arduino sketch initializes the circuit and start reading
analog voltage supplied through variable resistance at A0 pin. The zero voltage crossing is
detected by the 4N25 circuit. The AC voltage from main supplies is stepped down to 12V AC
by the transformer and rectified by the 1N4007 diode full-wave rectifier. The AC voltage once
converted to DC voltage drives the IR diode of 4N25 forward biasing it for voltage levels
greater than 1.1 Volt.
When the voltage level of the rectified wave is above zero voltage crossing, phototransistor
of 4N25 remains in forward biased condition, short-circuiting the VCC supply at pin 2 of
Arduino to ground. Therefore, for a majority of the waveform, a LOW logic is received at pin
2 of Arduino. When voltage level approaches zero voltage crossing, the IR diode of 4N25
does not get the required voltage for forward biasing. So, the phototransistor of 4N25
switches to unbiased condition and the pin 2 of Arduino get a HIGH pulse upon zero voltage
crossing.
The Arduino detects the zero voltage crossing and determines a firing angle based on the
voltage supplied through variable resistance at pin A0. The analog voltage at A0 pin is read
by the Arduino and converted to a digital reading using in-built ADC channel. A time interval
based on digitized voltage reading is calculated in the Arduino Sketch. An interrupt routine
shooting a HIGH pulse for 50 microseconds after the delay of the resultant time interval is
activated at pin 10 of the Arduino. The HIGH pulse drives the IR diode of an EL3011
optocoupler with the same delay of the calculated time interval. This, in turn, drives the
triggering pulse at the Gate terminal of BT136 TRIAC with the same delay equivalent to the
calculated time interval.
In power control application using TRIAC, the voltage pulse before the emergence of
triggering pulse at Gate terminal of TRIAC gets chopped off while the part of AC voltage
wave after the emergence of triggering pulse at Gate terminal of TRIAC remains available
for supply to the load.
Check out the Arduino program which is detecting zero voltage crossing based on digital
logic at pin 2, calculating a time delay for triggering pulse by digitizing analog voltage
through variable resistance at A0 pin and generating a triggering pulse at pin 10 in an
interrupt routine.

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 CHAPTER 4

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

4.1 RESULT

In this project speed of the induction motor is control by android phone with Bluetooth
wireless communication. Control the speed of the AC motor using Bluetooth control. The
speed can be controlled from 0% to 100% as different speeds.

4.2 ADVANTAGES

1. Remote operation is achieved by any smart-phone /tablet etc. With android os.
2. Technically expert controller is not required.
3. Android app is an open source system to develop any programming code.
4. Programming code is not always required to change for different input parameters.
5. Bluetooth consumes less power so more preferable.
6. More useful for the patient and disabled person.

4.3 DISADVANTAGES

1. It is of short range as we are using Bluetooth as transmitter.

2. Android app we are using consumes more battery of users phone.
3. High complexity i.e. device and application impact.

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 CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSION

5.1 CONCLUSION

The speed control of single phase induction motor is achieved which has been developing
the interfacing between software and hardware for controlling speed of induction motor using
android Bluetooth. The demand for remotely operating devices increases. The all hardware
component are responded and take command from software. The project has been
implemented.

5.2 FUTURE SCOPE

The main purpose of our project is to control the speed of induction motor by android
application. In this project opto-coupler, Bluetooth module, machines are interface with AVR
microcontroller. The AVR microcontroller receive command signal from Bluetooth module
and decodes it first and then send signal to opto-coupler. The main disadvantage of system
is the Bluetooth module support only for short distance. This can be eliminated using GSM,
WI-FI, and also dual tone multi frequency signal. We can increase the distance.

5.3 APPLICATIONS

1. In home automation application, convinced of remotely controlling the speed of fan is

achieved.
2. Many industrial applications require adjustable speed and constant speed for
improvement of quality product.
3. Intensity of light can also be controlled with the help of android application.
4. Bell drive application like small conveyors, large blowers, pumps as well as many direct
drive or geared application.
5. Wood working machinery air compressors, high processors, water pumps, vaccum pump
and high torque application

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References:

[1]. Power Electronics by Dr. P.S. Bimbhra. Khanna Publishers, New Delhi.
[2] Muhammad H. Rashid: “Power Electronics Circuits, Devices & Application” PHI, New
Delhi, 2001.
[3] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth
[4] Advanced Micro processors and Peripherals by A K Ray and K M Bhurchandi, Tata \
McGraw Hill Private Limited.
[5] Nasar, S. A., 1987. Handbook of Electric Machines, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
Limited.
[6] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/arduino_uno
[7] http://www.engineersgarage.com

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