09 Truss Analysis PDF

Truss analysis
Cremona–Maxwell
Graphic Method
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cremona_diagram
Luigi Cremona
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Cremona
James Clerk Maxwell

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell
Carl Culmann
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Culmann
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
analysis Copyright © G G Schierle, 2011 press Esc to end,  for next,  for previous slide
Prof Schierle 1 ‹#›
Truss examples
Oakland Bay Bridge
Truss joists
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Airport terminal Hamburg
Stadium roof Milan
Prismatic trusses provide
lateral & rotational stability
Vertical compression bars: thick

Diagonal tension bars: thin
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Truss concepts
Beam • Replace beams for long spans
Truss • Replace bulk by triangulation
• Triangle is the only stable polygon 
• Square is an unstable polygon 
• All other polygons are unstable 

09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Common trusses
1 Pratt truss
2 Howe truss
3 X-truss
4 K-truss
5 Warren truss
6 Warren truss with vertical bars
7 Fink truss
8 Belgian truss
9 Scissor truss
10 Bowstring truss
11 Bowstring truss (alternate)
12 Bowstring K-truss
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Unique trusses
1 Prismatic truss
2 Prismatic truss frame
3 Prismatic truss arch
4 Folded truss
5 Folded truss frame
6 Folded truss vault
Note:
Prismatic and folded trusses
resist buckling and rotation
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Graphic Truss Analysis
1 Truss diagram
2 Force polygon for loads and reactions
Force polygon for joint ABHG
Equilibrium arrows on bars
3 Truss with tension & compression arrows
4 Equilibrium polygons for left half of truss
(right half is equal due to symmetry)
5 Bar force list (+ tension, - compression)
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Truss Analysis steps
• Draw truss diagram to scale
• Add tributary joint loads
• Compute reactions
• Add letters between loads and reactions
• Add letters between truss bars
• Draw load / reactions polygon
• Draw equilibrium polygon for joints
Select joint sequence to limit unknown
bar forces (max. 2 per joint)
• Draw equilibrium arrows on bars
• Measure bar forces at force scale
• Define bar tension / compression:
arrow pulling from joint = tension (+)
arrow pushing joint = compression (-)
• Record bar forces
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Graphic Truss Analysis
1 Joint ABHG
2 Joint ABHG equilibrium polygon
3 Joint BCJH
4 Joint BCJH equilibrium polygon
5 Joint HJKG
6 Joint HJKG equilibrium polygon
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Parallel chord truss
1 Truss diagram
2 Equilibrium force polygon
3 Bar force table
4 Intuitive analysis
Top chord shortens in compression
Bottom chord elongates in tension
Inward sloping bars elongate in tension
Outward sloping bars shorten in compression
Vertical bars shorten in compression
Note:
Diagonal bars in tension are preferred
since they are the longest bars and thus
would tend to buckle in compression.
Buckling increases quadratic with length !!!
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Prof Schierle 10‹#›
Truss analysis examples
1 Warren truss
2 Warren truss equilibrium polygons
3 Pratt truss
4 Pratt truss equilibrium polygons
5 Braced frame
6 Braced frame equilibrium polygon
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Wood truss
1 Truss with gusset plate joints
2 Gusset plate for nails, both sides
3 Gang nail gusset plate
4 Truss with bolt and split ring joints
5 Split ring joint
A Split ring resists shear stress
B Bolt
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Wood truss
Timber truss with steel rods and

diagonal wood bars in compression
(wood tension joints are difficult)
7 Truss joist with steel web bars

8 Truss with gusset plates
9 Truss with twin chord and single
web bars
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Steel truss
1 Truss
2 Twin angles with gusset plate
3 Channels with gusset plate
4 Pipe with gusset plate
5 Welded tube joint
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Steel truss joints
1 Twin angles with gusset plate
2 Welded tube joint
3 Welded pipe joint

Note:
Concentric truss joints avoid bending stress
Eccentric joints caused collapse in the past
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Steel truss joist
Roof / floor
Glass wall supported with truss joists
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
Space truss joint Mero
The popular Mero joint provides concentric connections
for space truss bars in any direction.
Mero is an abbreviation of:
The first 2 letters of Dr. Meneringhausen, the inventor
and the first 2 letters of Rohr, German for pipe.
A Node
B Web bar
C Chord bar
D Roof support
E Wall support
F Joint support
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis
trusses are cool
09Graphic
Graphic Truss
truss Analysis

09 Truss Analysis PDF

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09 Truss Analysis PDF

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Truss analysis

James Clerk Maxwell

Oakland Bay Bridge

Vertical compression bars: thick

• Triangle is the only stable polygon 

• Square is an unstable polygon 

• All other polygons are unstable 

2 Prismatic truss frame

3 Prismatic truss arch

5 Folded truss frame

6 Folded truss vault

1 Truss with gusset plate joints

2 Gusset plate for nails, both sides

3 Gang nail gusset plate

4 Truss with bolt and split ring joints

5 Split ring joint

A Split ring resists shear stress

Timber truss with steel rods and

7 Truss joist with steel web bars

2 Twin angles with gusset plate

3 Channels with gusset plate

4 Pipe with gusset plate

5 Welded tube joint

2 Welded tube joint

3 Welded pipe joint

Glass wall supported with truss joists

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