GUJARAT TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

Chandkheda, Ahmedabad
Affiliated

Government Engineering College Bhuj

A Report On

Transition metal over bentonite as heterogeneous catalyst for cyclohexane

oxidation
A User Defined Problem
B. E. Semester – VII

Submitted by:
Sr.No Name of Student Enrolment No.

1 Milan Patel 150150105039

2 Mohit Patel 150150105040

3 Pratik Patel 150150105043

4 Jenish Sakhiya 150150105048

Guided by
Lakha Chopda Veja
Assistant Professor

Academic Year
(2018-19)

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19

 Certificate

This is to certify that the project entitled “Transition metal over

bentonite use as heterogeneous catalyst for cyclohexane oxidation”
has been carried out by following student under my guidance in
fulfillment of the degree of Bachelor of engineering in CHEMICAL
( 7th semester) of Gujarat Technological University, Ahmadabad
during the academic year 2018- 2019.

Name of student Enrollment Number

Milan Patel 150150105039
Mohit Patel 150150105040
Pratik Patel 150150105043
Jenish Sakhiya 150150105048

Guided by: Lakha Chopda Veja, Head of the Department

Assistant Professor, Chemical Engineering
GEC, Bhuj. Prof. P. H. Rana

GEC, Bhuj.

Date:

Place: Bhuj

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19

 Acknowledgments

First of all, a grateful thanks is expressed to our guide L. V. Chopda, Assistant

Professor of Department of Chemical Engineering, Government Engineering College, Bhuj. It
was only due to his valuable guidance, ever friendly nature and most important his trust and
faith in us that we were able to do our research work in a respectable manner. We are lucky
enough to have his vast knowledge in our support also morally he was always with us.
We take opportunity to express deep and sincere sense of gratitude towards
Dr. P. H. Rana Sir, Head of Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering
College, Bhuj.
We would like to thanks to Dr. P. P. Rathod, Principal, Government Engineering
College, Bhuj, for his unmentionable support, providing basic infrastructure and healthy
research environment.
We would also thank our Institution, all faculty members in Department of Chemical
Engineering. No words are enough to acknowledge constant support of our colleagues and
other classmates and other juniors without whom this project would have been a distant reality.
Finally, I can never forget my parent’s emotional support towards me and my work.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19

 Index

Topic Page no.

List of Tables and Figures 1

Abstract 2

Problem Statement 3

Literature Survey 4

Chapter 1 – Introduction 7

1.1 Introduction 7

1.2 Objective 7

Chapter 2 – Process 8

2.1 Selection of metal that use as catalyst 8

2.2 Impregnation Method 8

2.3 Drying 9

2.4 Calcination 9

2.5 X-ray diffraction 9

2.6 Process for oxidation of cyclohexane 9

2.7 Gas Chromatography 9

Chapter 3 – Practical Work and Result 11

3.1 Making of Catalyst 11

3.1.1 Introduction 11

3.1.2 Practical Calculation 11

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19

 3.2 Catalytic Test 12

3.3 Oxidation of Cyclohexane 13

3.4 Product Testing 14

Conclusion 16

Future Work 17

Reference 18

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19

 List of Figures
Fig. 2.1 Tree Diagram of Impregnation method
Fig. 2.2 Basic diagram of Gas Chromatography
Fig. 3.1 Catalyst Fe@bentonite
Fig. 3.2 XRD Result of Fe@bentonite
Fig. 3.3 Comparison of XRD Result of Raw Bentonite and Fe@bentonite
Fig. 3.4 Experimental setup for Catalyst preparation and Oxidation Reaction

List of Tables
Table 3.1 Data of Oxidation Reaction
Table 3.2 GC Result of First Sample
Table 3.3 GC Result of Second Sample
Table 3.4 GC Result of Third Sample
Table 3.5 GC Result of Fourth Sample

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 1

 Abstract
Oxidation of cyclohexane is very important reaction for industrial products like polymer
industry, petrochemicals, etc. cyclohexanone, Cyclohexanole, Adipic acid, CHHP are the
product of the oxidation of cyclohexane, cyclohexanone and Cyclohexanole is known as the
K-A oil is the main intermediate product for the production of nylon 6 nylon 6,6.

Various method for the oxidation for cyclohexane but the conversion was very low due to
several selectivity problems. Due to higher reactivity of intermediate desired products, e.g.
Cyclohexanole and cyclohexanone, compared to cyclohexane leads to many byproducts
formation and reduces selectivity drastically at higher conversion level. So it is restricted to
operate at lower conversion level to achieve about 70-80% selectivity of K-A oil.

For this various metal are used like gold, silver, cobalt, iron, aluminum, etc. C-H bond is very
stable so that for the reaction required high activation energy and temperature. This report about
the detail survey about the cyclohexane oxidation reaction carried using different amount of
Fe@bentonite catalyst and check the better selectivity of products for provide commercially
feasible operation.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 2

 PROBLEM STETMENT
Oxidation of cyclohexane with use of heterogeneous catalyst was the one of the problematic
operation due to low conversion and low selectivity of products. Many different transitions
metals are used as a heterogeneous catalyst like Au, Ag, Co, etc. but that was very costly in the
market. There are many products from the oxidation process like Cyclohexanole,
cyclohexanone, Adipic acid, CHHP. But their selectivity are low.
In oxidation process we use O2 as an oxidant but it’s require a very high temperature and
pressure because of the activation energy of oxygen molecule.
In these project we have use Fe@bentonite as a heterogeneous catalyst and H2O2 as an oxidant.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 3

 Literature Survey Based on UDP
1. Review of a Cyclohexane Oxidation Reaction Using Heterogeneous
Catalyst:- Priyank Khirsariya, Raju Bhai Mewada, Chemical
Engineering Department, Institute of Technology, Nirma University,
Ahmedabad,2014

Development of new process for direct oxidation of cyclohexane in presence of oxygen or

air with higher conversion and good selectivity is the main objective of the current
researcher. It is also have lots of commercial significance. Due to more stable nature of
cyclohexane and more reactivity of intermediate products like Cyclohexanole and
cyclohexanone, selective oxidation is a major challenge. Literature survey suggests that the
air
Oxidation of cyclohexane produces only limited conversion, about 10-19% with 80-95%
selectivity with gold metal and different supports like ZSM-5, MCM-41, SBA-15. Further
efforts and understanding is required to reduce activation energy and replace the traditional
process of cyclohexane oxidation to K-A oil.

2. Cyclohexane oxidation continues to be a challenge:- lf Schuchardt, Dilson

Cardoso, Ricardo Sercheli, Ricardo Pereira, Rosenira S. da Cruz, Mario
C. Guerreiro, Dalmo Mandelli, Estevam V. Spinacé, Emerson L. Pires,
2000
Cyclohexane oxidation with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of homogeneous catalysts
or redox molecular sieves shows low efficiency and is, therefore, not interesting for
industrial applications. Peroxometalates as catalyst are much more efficient and should be
studied in more detail. Cyclohexane oxidation with tert-butyl hydro peroxide gives much
higher efficiencies in the presence of homogeneous or heterogeneous catalysts or redox
molecular sieves, since this oxidant is more reactive. However, its higher price and the need
to utilize the tert-butanol produced makes this oxidant unattractive for industry. The ideal
oxidant is certainly molecular oxygen which is cheap and quite selective if temperatures
not higher than 343K are used. The challenge is to find active catalysts for these conditions.
The combination of redox active solids, like the amorphous cerium containing silica found
in our group, with tert-butyl hydro peroxide seems to be an appropriate solution as long as
the hydro peroxide is a co-catalyst and not used up in the oxidation process. On the other
hand non-radical oxidation of cyclohexene is an interesting alternative for industry, as
cyclohexanone is directly obtained in a Wacker-type oxidation, and the oxidative cleavage
of the double bond would directly lead to Adipic acid. However, these oxidative
transformations of cyclohexene need to be further studied

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 4

3. Oxidation of Cyclohexane by Transition Metal Oxides on Zeolites:-
Christopher R. Riley, Nancy E. Montgomery, Nada N. Megally, Jessica
A. Gunn and L. Shannon Davis-2012
The oxidation of cyclohexane under very mild temperature and pressure conditions is
possible using simply prepared transition metal oxides supported on zeolites. The cobalt
materials produced a surprising range of products from the expected Cyclohexanole and
cyclohexanone, to the exciting production of 1-hexanol. The cobalt-based materials were
the only materials tested that demonstrated true catalytic activity; all other active materials
tested were stoichiometric based on the amount of peroxide added. The products of
Cyclohexanole and cyclohexanone were expected for a free radical based oxidation, the
mechanism most likely involved in the cobalt mediated reactions. The stoichiometric ratio
of products to peroxide indicates peroxide activation and selective oxygen atom transfer
chemistry by the iron and iron/copper catalysts. Future work to investigate the potential
of a one-step cyclohexane oxidation, as well as verification of the mechanisms involved
in all three active systems is planned.

4. Highly selective and direct oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone

over vanadium exchanged NaY at room temperature under solvent-free
conditions:-Nabanita Pala, Malay Pramanik, Asim Bhaumik,
Mahammad Ali-2014
A highly reactive V–Y zeolite bearing VO2+at the exchange site of NaY zeolite has been
synthesized through a simple ion-exchange method. V–Y showed excellent catalytic
activity in highly selective one-pot oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone by using
tert-butylhydroperoxide as oxidant at room temperature. The reaction proceeds under
solvent-free conditions, without any aid of toxic organic solvent and thus provide a very
significant pollution-free route for the large scale production of cyclohexanone. The
impact of catalytic reaction parameters and explanations of the highly selective one-pot
synthesis of cyclohexanone are also discussed to get a clear overview in this eco-friendly
oxidation reaction. High reactivity of V–Y under mild liquid phase oxidation reaction may
motivate the researchers to explore its potential in other value added selective oxidation
reactions.

5. Preparation of Ru/ZrO2 catalysts by NaBH4 reduction and their catalytic

activity for NH3 decomposition to produce H2 by Takeshi Furusawa,
Masayuki Shirasu, Keita Sugiyama, Takafumi Sato, Naotsugu Itoh, and
Noboru Suzuki publication on Date (Web): 28 Nov 2016

Ru/ZrO2 catalysts were prepared by two methods, and the activity of the catalysts for the
NH3 decomposition reaction was tested. The catalyst prepared by chemical reduction with
NaBH4 displayed higher catalytic activity than the catalyst prepared by the impregnation
method. The characterization results indicated that the important factors for high NH3
conversion were complete removal of Cl from the catalyst surface and formation of Ru
metal. The catalytic activity increased with increasing reaction temperature. Surprisingly,

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 5

the Ru/ZrO2 catalyst prepared by chemical reduction with NaBH4 was active for NH3
decomposition without H2 pretreatment, and the results indicated that the catalyst was
activated by NH3 or by H2 produced by the NH3 decomposition reaction. Moreover, the
size of the Ru metal particles formed on the catalyst affected the NH3 conversion, and the
Ru metal particles were redispersed during the NH3 decomposition reaction regardless of
reaction temperature from 573 to 973 K.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 6

 Chapter 1 – Introduction

1.1 Introduction
The oxidation of hydrocarbons is a process of great importance in the petroleum industry. It is
an efficient single stage process and many important chemical products are now produce by
oxidation of hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons oxidize in the liquid-phase more readily, and at
lower temperature, than in the gas phase.
Amongst these reactions, the oxidation of cyclohexane is of especial interest. The liquid-phase
oxidation of cyclohexane produces high yields of cyclohexanone, Cyclohexanole and Adipic
acid, the raw materials for the manufacture of nylon 6 and nylon 66.
The reaction has different characteristics under different oxidation conditions (e.g. unanalyzed,
catalyzed by transition metals, promoted by gaseous initiators, etc.) and change in the nature
of the reaction.
Oxidation reaction
Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in oxidation state by a molecule, atom or ion.
As an example, during the combustion of wood, oxygen from the air is reduced, gaining
electrons from carbon which is oxidized through oxidation reactions are commonly associated
with the formation of oxides from oxygen molecules, oxygen is not necessarily includes in
such reaction, as other chemical species can serve the same function.
Heterogeneous catalyst
Catalyst- it is a substance which use for the increase the rate of reaction with lower activation
energy. It’s provide an alternative pathway for the faster reaction.
Heterogeneous catalyst means phase of the catalyst is differ from the phase of the reactant.
Heterogeneous catalysis is very important because it enable faster, recyclable, largescale
production and the selective product formation.
Transition metal
The IUPAC definition defines a transition metal as “an element whose atom has a partially
filled d sub-sell, or which can give rise to cations with an incomplete d sub-shell”

1.2 OBJECTIVE
 To making a suitable and cheaper heterogeneous catalyst with use of transition metal
and support.
 To take an oxidation reaction using that catalyst and produce the more yields of desire
products.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 7

 Chapter 2 – Process

2.1 Selection of metal that use as catalyst

There are many transition metals are available which use as a catalyst like Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe,
Co, Ni, Cu, Au, Ag, Zn, etc. The most important reason transition metals are good catalyst is
that they can lend electrons or withdraw electrons from the reagent, depending on the nature of
the reaction. The ability of transition metal to be in a variety of oxidation states, the ability to
interchange between the oxidation states and the ability to form complexes with the reagents
and be a good source for electrons make transition metals good catalysts. In these project we
use Fe+3 as catalyst because of the easily available and cheaper from other transition metals and
also have a more free electrons in d orbitals.

2.2 Impregnation method

Impregnation or dry impregnation, is a commonly used technique for the synthesis of
heterogeneous catalyst. Typically, the active metal precursor is dissolved in an aqueous or
organic solution. The metal-containing solution is added to a catalyst support containing the
same pore volume as the volume of the solution that was added. Capillary draws the solution
into the pores. Solution added in excess of the support pore volume causes the solution
transport to change from a capillary action process to a diffusion process, which is much
slower.
The catalyst can then be dried and calcined to drive off the volatile components within the
solution, depositing the metals on the solubility of the precursor in the solution. The
concentration profile of the impregnated compound depends on the mass transfer condition
within the pores during impregnation and drying.

Fig. 2.1

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 8

2.3 Drying
For the making of heterogeneous catalyst drying in important for the removing the moisture
from the substance.

2.4 Calcination
Calcination, the heating of solids to a high temperature for the purpose of removing volatile
substance, oxidizing a portion of mass, or rendering them friable. Calcination, therefore, is
sometimes considered a process of purification.
One of the most important reasons to calcine a catalyst preparation is to decompose the
impregnated metal salts. This includes decomposition of nitrates, chlorides, carbonates and
organic chelates, leaving a metal or metal oxide on the support surface.

2.5 X-ray diffraction

X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) is a rapid analytical technique primarily used for phase
identification of a crystalline material and can provide information on unit cell dimension. The
analyzed material is finely ground, homogenized, and average bulk composition is determined.
X-rat powder diffraction is most widely used for the identification of unknown crystalline
materials (e.g. minerals, inorganic compound)

2.6 Process for oxidation of cyclohexane

Oxidation of cyclohexane is important reaction in petroleum refinery, dye industries,
pharmaceutical industries, polymer industries, researchers etc.
•Adipic acid, Cyclohexanol, Cyclohexanone product derived from the oxidation of
cyclohexane.
•There are many pathways have been investigated for the oxidation of the cyclohexane using
different transition metal over bentonite as a heterogeneous catalyst.
•Iron, Copper, Aluminium, Silver, Gold, Titanium, Cobalt, Zirconium, Magnesium are metals
use as catalyst that are transits over support like bentonite by impregnation, ion exchange
method.

2.7 Gas Chromatography

Gas chromatography (GC) is a common type of chromatography used in analytical chemistry
for separating and analyzing compound that can be vaporize without decomposition. Typical
uses of GC include testing the purity of a particular substance, or separating the different
components of a mixture (the relative amount of such components can also be determined). In
some situation, GC may help in identifying a compound. Gas chromatography (VPC), or gas-
liquid partition chromatography (GLPC).

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 9

 Fig. 2.2

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 10

 Chapter 3 – Practical Work and Result

3.1 Making of Catalyst

3.1.1 Introduction (reference 1)
For making catalyst, we refer the research paper from I&EC research. As support compound,
dried powdered bentonite is use because of highly stable and provide wide surface area.
Bentonite is also cheap and easily available. For the impregnation method, Fe@bentonite was
prepared by impregnating dried bentonite powder with an aqueous solution FeCl3.3H2O, 0.2 N
NaBH4 and 50ml distilled water at 398 K under stirring at 5 h. The solution is then filtered and
dried at 388 K by 6 h. This catalyst denoted as Fe@bentonite-imp. A further calcination is in
air at 773 K for 5 h was conducted for Fe@bentonite catalyst.
3.1.2 Practical Calculation
Loading 1% Fe+3 over bentonite support as below.
 For 5 gm Bentonite 1% metal load mean 0.05 gm Fe+3 ion.
 For that amount of FeCl3 required:

Amount of Fe load (gm) × Molecular Weight of FeCl3

Mole =
Atomic weight of Fe
0.05 × 162.2
=
56.85
= 0.145 gm

 Formation of 0.2 N NaBH4 in 100 ml distilled water.

Molecular weight of NaBH4 = 37.83 gm/mol
 For prepare 0.2 N NaBH4 solution
No. of mol. Required = 0.2 × 0.1
= 0.02 mol.
weight of compound
Mole =
Molecular weight of compound
x
0.02 =
37.83

X = 0.7586 gm NaBH4

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 11

 Fig. 3.1

3.2 Catalytic test

For the checking of made catalyst, we gave a sample for the test of X-RAY diffraction powder
in SIAF (Panjab University).
From the result, we analyze the data what they send we analysis that the metal was load over
the bentonite surface. That concludes over the graph which was made from the data what we
have.
The graph was shown below which is made from the data.

intensity of Fe@bentonite
1200

1000

800
intensity

600

400

200

0
85.3524
12.4224
14.8534
17.2844
19.7154
22.1464
24.5774
27.0084
29.4394
31.8704
34.3014
36.7324
39.1634
41.5944
44.0254
46.4564
48.8874
51.3184
53.7494
56.1804
58.6114
61.0424
63.4734
65.9044
68.3354
70.7664
73.1974
75.6284
78.0594
80.4904
82.9214

87.7834
Pos. [°2θ]

angle

Graph-1 Fig. 3.2

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 12

 comperision of intensity
2500

2000
intensity

1500

1000

500

0
1

1717

3576
144
287
430
573
716
859
1002
1145
1288
1431
1574

1860
2003
2146
2289
2432
2575
2718
2861
3004
3147
3290
3433

3719
3862
4005
4148
4291
4434
4577
angle

Pos. [°2θ] intensity of raw bentonite intensity of Fe@bentonite

Graph-2 Fig. 3.3

Both Graphs shows that intensity vs angle. The first graph is Fe@bentonite's graph.
Comparison of both graph, we show that the intensity of raw bentonite and Fe@bentonit is
change. Intensity pick is shown from a different angle. Which means our metal was load over
the raw bentonite surface.

3.3 Oxidation of cyclohexane

In a typical reaction 90 mg catalyst, 07469 gm cyclohexane, 30 ml solvent acetonitrile and 3
gm hydrogen peroxide were introduce into a round bottom flask equipped with a reflux
condenser, after the desired temperature 800C reached, the reaction system was kept vigorous
stirring for 12 h. After the reaction, the product was analyzed by GC and chlorobenzene was
as the internal standard for quantitative determination.

Fig. 3.4

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 13

In this the reaction we done another 3 reaction with different quantity of catalyst with same
amount of cyclohexane and oxidant hydrogen peroxide.
Material Reaction-1 Reaction-2 Reaction-3 Reaction-4
Catalyst (mg) 90 100 150 200

Cyclohexane(gm) 0.7469 0.7469 0.7469 0.7469

Hydrogen 3 3 3 3
peroxide(gm)
Table 3.1

3.4 Product Testing

After the all reaction completed, for the checking of selectivity of product we send the all four
samples are into the KAKV University.
From the Gas chromatography result we analyze the data shown as below.
Sample 1: 90 gm catalyst
Product Area % Height %
Cyclohexane 1.00 2.28
Cyclohexanole 8.06 14.61
Cyclohexanone 9.78 17.77
Table 3.2

Sample 2: 100 gm catalyst

Product Area % Height %
Cyclohexane 0.00 0.00
Cyclohexanole 3.97 12.57
Cyclohexanone 3.06 9.29
Table 3.3

Sample 3: 150 gm catalyst

Product Area % Height %
Cyclohexane 0.00 0.00
Cyclohexanole 7.64 20.13
Cyclohexanone 10.03 23.40
Table 3.4

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 14

Sample 4: 200 gm catalyst
Product Area % Height %
Cyclohexane 3.71 9.11
Cyclohexanole 11.95 23.61
Cyclohexanone 15.64 28.48
Table 3.5

From table 3 and 4 we conclude that the area % of product cyclohexanone is more than
Cyclohexanole. Which means that the selectivity of product cyclohexanone is more than
Cyclohexanole.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 15

 Conclusion
For the result of gas chromatography, we conclude that the amount of product Cyclohexanol
and cyclohexanone is changes with the amount of catalyst is used.
We show from the above tables, in first reaction we use 90 gm catalyst, the area % of product
cyclohexanone is 9.78.
In second reaction we use 100 gm catalyst, the area % of product cyclohexanone is 3.06.
In third reaction we use 150 gm catalyst, the area % of product cyclohexanone is 10.03.
In forth reaction we use 200 gm catalyst, the area % of product cyclohexanone is 15.64.
From the all four reaction we show that the area % of product cyclohexanone is increase by
change of amount of catalyst.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 16

 Future Work
As we show below table, the change in the conversion are change as the catalyst change with
the selectivity.

Selectivity of different catalyst

NO. Catalyst Conversion (%) Selectivity (%)

Cyclohexanol Cyclohaxenone Adipic CHHP

acid

1 0.2% 12.6 52.6 32.1 - 3.8

Au/Al2o3

2 Co-napthanate 9 45 37 2 0

3 Fe(C5H7O2)3 7.7 35 48 0 0

4 1 Wt% Au- 12 58 37 5 0
Pd/MgO

Table 4
In future, we placed Fe+3 on other support like zeolite. Also we loaded Copper metal load on
bentonite and zeolite.

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 17

 Reference
1. Review of a Cyclohexane Oxidation Reaction Using Heterogeneous Catalyst:- Priyank
Khirsariya, Raju Bhai Mewada, Chemical Engineering Department, Institute of
Technology, Nirma University, Ahmedabad,2014

2. Cyclohexane oxidation continues to be a challenge:- lf Schuchardt, Dilson Cardoso,

Ricardo Sercheli, Ricardo Pereira, Rosenira S. da Cruz, Mario C. Guerreiro, Dalmo
Mandelli, Estevam V. Spinacé, Emerson L. Pires, 2000

3. Oxidation of Cyclohexane by Transition Metal Oxides on Zeolites:- Christopher R. Riley,

Nancy E. Montgomery, Nada N. Megally, Jessica A. Gunn and L. Shannon Davis-2012

4. Highly selective and direct oxidation of cyclohexane to cyclohexanone over vanadium

exchanged NaY at room temperature under solvent-free conditions:-Nabanita Pala, Malay
Pramanik, Asim Bhaumik, Mahammad Ali-2014

5. Preparation of Ru/ZrO2 catalysts by NaBH4 reduction and their catalytic activity for NH3
decomposition to produce H2 by Takeshi Furusawa, Masayuki Shirasu, Keita Sugiyama,
Takafumi Sato, Naotsugu Itoh, and Noboru Suzuki publication on Date (Web): 28 Nov
2016

Chemical Engineering Department, Government Engineering college, Bhuj – 2018-19 18