COURSE:

Renewable Energy
(NEB40303)
(Elective Course)

Dr. Nurul Hanis Azhan

 TOPICS
Introduction to Renewable Energy Tidal and Wave Energy
1. Background 1. Basics of Tidal Phenomena
2. Energy Basics 2. Power Generation from Tidal Energy
1 5 3. Principles of Wave Energy
3. Energy Problems; Past and Present
4. Renewable Energy Sources 4. Types of Wave Energy Converter

Solar Energy
1. Fundamentals of Solar Radiation
Geothermal and Biomass Energy
1. Locations and Technologies of
2. Solar Photovoltaics
2 Geothermal Energy
3. Solar Energy Power Plant
2. Types of Biomass
4. Solar Energy Past and Present
6 3. Physical Processing of Biomass
Wind Energy 4. Extracting Energy
1. Energy and Power in the Wind
3 2. Wind Turbines
3. Power and Energy from Wind Turbines
Integrating Renewable Energy;
Hydroelectric Power Advantageous, Disadvantageous, and
1. Stored Energy and Available Power
2. Types of Hydroelectric Plants 7 Future Prospects
4 1. Environmental Impact
3. Maximizing the Efficiency 2. Economics
4. Propellers and Pumped Storage 3. Future Prospects
 Course learning outcomes
Upon completion of the course, students should be able to:

1. Investigate the conventional energy problems and

potential types of renewable energy. [C3]
2. Explain the fundamental and main characteristics of
various renewable energy sources. [C4]
3. Compare the advantages and disadvantages of
renewable energy technologies in different contexts for
future sustainable energy. [C4]
4. Discuss the different renewable energy technologies and
choose the most appropriate based on local conditions.
[C5]
Topic 1

Introduction to
Renewable Energy
1.1 Background
1.2 Energy Basics
1.3 Energy Problems; Past and Present
1.4 Renewable Energy Sources
 Today’s
Course learning outcomes
Upon completion of the course, students should be able to:

1. Investigate the conventional energy problems and

potential types of renewable energy. [C3]
 1.1 Background
Background
 In 1831, Michael Faraday’s many years of efforts rewarded
when he discovered electromagnetic induction. Later, he
invented the first generator.

 Today, electric energy technologies have a central role in social

and economic development at all scales.

 Energy is closely linked to environmental pollution and

degradation, to economic development and quality of life.

 Today, we are mostly dependent on nonrenewable fossil fuels

that have been and will continue to be a major cause of
pollution and climate change.

 Finding sustainable alternatives is becoming increasingly

urgent.
 1.1 Background

What is Renewable Energy (RE)?

Energy derived from natural processes (e.g. sunlight and
wind) that are replenished at a faster rate than they are
consumed. Solar, wind, geothermal, hydro, and some forms
of biomass are common sources of renewable energy.
International Energy Agency (IEA)

“Renewable energy” means electricity generated or

produced from renewable resources.
“Renewable resources” means the recurring and non-
depleting indigenous resources or technology as set out in
the first column of the Act.
Law of Malaysia, Act 525
Renewable Energy Act 2011

International Energy Agency (IEA)
Founded in 1974, the IEA was
initially designed to help
countries co-ordinate a collective
response to major disruptions in
the supply of oil, such as the
crisis of 1973/4. While this
remains a key aspect of its work,
the IEA has evolved and
expanded significantly.
1.1 Background
Mission
The IEA works to ensure reliable,
affordable and clean energy for its
29 member countries and
beyond. Our mission is guided by
four main areas of focus: energy
security, economic development,
environmental awareness and
engagement worldwide.
 1.1 Background

Sustainable Energy Development

Authority of Malaysia (SEDA Malaysia)
The Sustainable Energy Development
Authority of Malaysia (SEDA Malaysia) is a
statutory body formed under the
Sustainable Energy Development Authority
Act 2011 [Act 726]. The key role of SEDA
is to administer and manage the
implementation of the feed-in tariff
mechanism which is mandated under the
Renewable Energy Act 2011 [Act 725].
1.1 Background
 1.2 Energy Basics

What is ENERGY?
Scientists define energy as the ability to do work.

Modern civilization is possible because people have

learned how to change energy from one form to another
and then use it to do work. We use energy to move cars
along roads and boats through water, to cook food on
stoves, to make ice in freezers, and to light our homes.
 1.2 Energy Basics

Work, Energy, and Power

Energy is defined as the ability to do work. Energy is the product of a
force and the distance over which it acts
𝐖𝐨𝐫𝐤, 𝐖 𝐉 𝐨𝐫 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲, 𝑬 𝐉 = 𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞, 𝑭 𝐍 × 𝐃𝐢𝐬𝐭𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞, 𝒙 (𝐦)

Force is given by Newton's law as

𝐅𝐨𝐫𝐜𝐞, 𝑭 𝐍 = 𝐌𝐚𝐬𝐬, 𝒎 𝐤𝐠 × 𝐀𝐜𝐜𝐞𝐥𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧, 𝒂 (𝐦𝐬 −𝟐 )

Power is the rate at which work is done or energy is the product of

power times the time over which it is utilized.
𝑾𝒐𝒓𝒌, 𝑾 (𝑱)
𝐏𝐨𝐰𝐞𝐫, 𝑷 𝐖 =
𝑻𝒊𝒎𝒆, 𝒕 (𝒔)
 1.2 Energy Basics

Forms of Energy

ENERGY

Potential energy Kinetic energy

Potential energy is stored Kinetic energy is the motion

energy and the energy of of waves, electrons, atoms,
position. molecules, substances, and
objects.
 1.2 Energy Basics

Kinetic Energy

Kinetic energy is associated with the movement of an

object

This may be translational motion with kinetic energy

𝟏
𝑬 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

or rotational motion with kinetic energy

𝟏 𝟐
𝑬 = 𝑰𝝎
𝟐
 1.2 Energy Basics

Potential Energy
This is most commonly associated with the energy of an
object in a gravitational field given by
𝑬 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉

Potential energy may be converted into kinetic energy as

an object falls through a distance h
𝟏
𝑬 = 𝒎𝒈𝒉 = 𝒎𝒗𝟐
𝟐

Potential energy
Chemical energy is energy stored in the
bonds of atoms and molecules.
Ex.) Batteries, biomass, petroleum,
natural gas, and coal.
Mechanical energy is energy stored in
objects by tension.
Ex.) Compressed springs and stretched
rubber bands.
Nuclear energy is energy stored in the
nucleus of an atom—the energy that
holds the nucleus together. Large
amounts of energy can be released when
the nuclei are combined or split apart.
Gravitational energy is energy stored in
an object's height. The higher and
heavier the object, the more gravitational
energy is stored.
1.2 Energy Basics
Kinetic energy
Radiant energy is electromagnetic energy that
travels in transverse waves. Radiant energy
includes visible light, x-rays, gamma rays, and
radio waves.
Thermal energy, or heat, is the energy that
comes from the movement of atoms and
molecules in a substance. Heat increases with
increases in the speed that these particles move.
Motion energy is energy stored in the
movement of objects. The faster they move, the
more energy is stored. It takes energy to get an
object moving, and energy is released when an
object slows down..
Sound is the movement of energy through
substances in longitudinal (compression
/rarefaction) waves. Sound is produced when a
force causes an object or substance to vibrate.
The energy is transferred through the substance
in a wave. Typically, the energy in sound is
smaller than in other forms of energy.
Electrical energy is delivered by tiny charged
particles called electrons, typically moving
through a wire.
 1.3 Energy Problems

Energy Problems; Past and Present

1. Limited Non-renewable Energy Sources

2. Greenhouse Effect – Climate Change

 1.3 Energy Problems

GLOBAL: Energy Consumption

Source :Electricity Information 2017
 1.3 Energy Problems

GLOBAL: Energy Supply

 1.3 Energy Problems

Malaysia: Trends in GDP, Primary

Energy Supply, and Energy Demand
Source : National Energy Balance 2011
 1.3 Energy Problems

Malaysia: Energy Demand by Sectors

Source : National Energy Balance 2011
 1.3 Energy Problems

Malaysia: Primary Energy Supply

Source : National Energy Balance 2011

Dominated by Fossil
Fuel, crude oil, petroleum
products, etc.
Rising demand for coal
(imported )
 1.3 Energy Problems

ENERGY PROBLEM
1.3 Energy Problems
 1.3 Energy Problems

Global CO2 Emission Scenario

Source : IEA World Energy Outlook 2011

Greenhouse
Effect!
 1.3 Energy Problems

Rising Share of Global RE

Source : IEA World Energy Outlook 2011
 1.3 Energy Problems
Global CO2 Emission Reduction Initiatives
Country/
Targets
region
Europe  GHG reduction : 20% to 1990 level by 2020
 20% electricity mix from RE sources by 2020
USA  GHG reduction : 17% to 2005 level by 2020
 No national target- only state level
Australia  GHG reduction : 25% to 2000 level by 2020 (condition all parties
agree to stabilise CO2 concentration below 450ppm)
 20% electricity mix from RE sources by 2020
Japan  GHG reduction : 25% to 1990 level by 2020
Korea  GHG reduction : 30% from BAU by 2020
 21% electricity mix from RE sources by 2050

Indonesia  GHG reduction : 26% to 2005 level by 2020

China  GHG reduction : 40%-45% to 2005 level by 2020
Malaysia  Conditional 40% reduction in Carbon Intensity compared to 2005
levels by 2020
 1.3 Energy Problems

GREEN TECHNOLOGY POLICY (2009)

 Driver of new economic growth
 Main Objective of Green technology Policy
 Energy - Seek to attain energy independence and
promote efficient utilisation;
 Environment - Conserve and minimize the impact
of human activities on the environment;
 Economy - Enhance the national economic
development through the use of technology; and
 Social - Improve the quality of life for all.
 1.3 Energy Problems

NATIONAL POLICY ON CLIMATE

CHANGE 2009
 To ensure climate-resilient development to fulfill
national aspirations for sustainable development
 Objectives:
 Mainstreaming climate change through wise management of resources &
enhanced environmental conservation resulting in strengthened
economic competitiveness & improved quality of life;

 Integration of responses into national policies, plans & programmes to

strengthen the resilience of development from potential impacts of
climate change;and

 Strengthening of institutional & implementation capacity to better

harness opportunities to reduce negative impacts of climate change
 1.3 Energy Problems

MALAYSIAN NATIONAL RE POLICY AND

ACTION PLAN 2010
 To enhance the utilisation of indigenous renewable energy
resources to contribute towards national electricity supply
security and sustainable socio-economic development

Objectives:

 To increase RE contribution in the national power generation

mix;
 To facilitate the growth of the RE industry;
 To ensure reasonable RE generation costs;
 To conserve the environment for future generation;and
 To enhance awareness on the role and importance of RE.
1.3 Energy Problems
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources
Renewable Energy Sources
⑦ Geothermal Energy

① Solar Energy

⑥ Geothermal Energy

④ Wave Energy

RENEWABLE
② Wind Energy
ENERGY

③ Hydroelectric Power
⑤ Tidal Energy
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources

SOLAR ENERGY
- POWER FROM THE SUN -
 Most renewable energy comes either directly or indirectly from
the sun.

 Direct solar energy is used every day, like when the sun shines
on a window and heats the room

 Solar energy can also be used indirectly to generate electricity in

solar cells
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources

WIND ENERGY
 Energy from the sun warms the Earth’s surface unevenly, which
causes air masses to flow in the atmosphere.

 We experience the movement of these air masses as wind.

 Wind power, which converts the movement of wind into electric

energy, is the fastest growing energy source in the world.
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources

HYDROELECTRIC POWER
- POWER OF MOVING WATER -
 Hydroelectric energy is electrical energy produced by falling
water. Hydroelectric energy accounts for 20% of the world’s
electricity.

 Large hydroelectric power plants have a dam that is built across

a river to hold back a reservoir of water.

 The water in the reservoir is released to turn a turbine, which

generates electricity.
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources

TIDAL AND WAVE ENERGY

 Tidal energy is a form of hydropower that
converts the energy of tides into useful
forms of power, mainly electricity.

 Ocean tides are the periodic rise and fall of

ocean water level occurs twice in each
lunar day (12 hours cycle).

 Wave energy is the capacity of the waves

for doing work, influenced by the wind on
the ocean surface.

 As winds move across the surface of open

bodies of water, they transfer some of their
energy to the water and create waves.
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources

BIOMASS ENERGY
-POWER FROM LIVING THINGS-
 Biomass fuel consists of plant material,
manure, or any other organic matter that is
used as an energy source.

 Fossil fuels can be thought of as biomass

energy sources, although they are
nonrenewable.

 Renewable biomass fuels, such as wood

and dung, are major sources of energy in
developing countries.

 More than half of all wood cut in the world is

used as fuel for heating and cooking.
 1.4 Renewable Energy Sources

GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

 Energy that makes use of the heat inside the Earth.

Question Time
 Today’s
Course learning outcomes
 Definition of RE
 Responsible Authorities
 Basic Energy
 Energy problems
 RE resources

 Investigate the conventional energy problems and

potential types of renewable energy. [C3]