International Journal of

Management, Administration,
Leadership & Education

A Bi-Annual Refereed Journal

ii    IJMALE - ISSN : 2394-661X

International Journal of Management, Administration, Leadership & Education

A Refereed, Multidisciplinary, International Journal
Edition: Vol. 3 (No. 1), January - June, 2017
ISSN: 2394-661X
Periodicity: Bi Annual

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Academic Avenue
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International Journal of Management, Administration, Leadership & Education is published
bi-annually by the Harish Narang.

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Editor
Dr. Satish Chandra Gupta
Associate Professor
Department of Commerce, Shyam Lal College,
University of Delhi

Editorial Board
Dr. Amarendra Narayan ‘Amar’ Dr. Renu Aggarwal
Business Organisation, Assistant Professor
Commerce & Management ARSD College, Delhi University

Dr. Nasra Shabnam Dr. Priti Srivastava

Assistant Professor Principal, Department of Education
(K.I.H.E.A.T)
Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi

Dr. Manju Dhingra Dr. Rekha Yadav

Assistant Professor, Assistant Professor,
Department of Education, R.B.S. College of Education, Rewari
Kurukshetra University

Dr. Pradeep Kumar

Assistant Professor,
History Deptt.,

Zakir Husain Delhi College,

Delhi University

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Contents

What ? How? and Why?

Deciphering the Impact of Speculation on Food Prices During the
Global Finance Crisis of 2008
Aarushi Joshi.............................................................................................................................1

Non Performing Assets: Causes and Effects

Mrs. Santoshi Devi.................................................................................................................10

Revisiting the 1857 Folk Perspective

Dr. Upendra kumar................................................................................................................16

Orthogonal Projections and its Application to find Least Square

Solution
Dilip Kumar, Sanjeev Kumar................................................................................................23

Impact of the Basel Norms on the Credit Delivery to Small and

Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Small Scale Industry (SSIs) in India–
A Case of Financial Exclusion?
Preksha Mishra.......................................................................................................................32

Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and lie Score in Alcoholics

and Non-alcoholics
Dr. Rakhi Singh.......................................................................................................................43

Women, Education and Marginalization

Mrs. Rajni.................................................................................................................................51

Demographic Characteristics Associated with Alcoholics

and Non-Alcoholics
Dr. Rakhi Singh.......................................................................................................................58

Cash Flow Statement: A Part of Financial Statements

Santoshi Devi..........................................................................................................................63

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Goods and Service Tax(GST) and its Impact on Indian Tourism Sector
Amandeep Nahar, Ramandeep Singh Nahar....................................................................70

Drug Abuse, Youth and the Recent Trends: A Study of Young Drug
Users in Poor Neihbourhood in Delhi
Rajiv Bhatia..............................................................................................................................80

Rights of Elderly in India

Amita, Richa Srivastava.........................................................................................................86

Turkey and the European Union Accession: Creating an Outsider

Saifudheen Kunju. S...............................................................................................................96

A Study on Application of Operation Researchin The Garment

Distribution Process
Zara, Preet Shah, Rohit Suresh, Saanchi Jain, Saffana Patankar,
Sarthak Gurnani....................................................................................................................104

Political Pragmatism: Al-Nahda of Tunisia

Fauziya Ikram Beg Mirza....................................................................................................116

Understanding Creativity in the Context of Hindustani Music

Vrushali Pathak....................................................................................................................126

Low Carbon Technology: Way to Reduce GHG Emission

Suman Rani, Vinod Kumar Mayala...................................................................................128

An Analysis of the United Arab Emirates’ FDI Investments in India

since 2000
Anuj Prakash Deubey..........................................................................................................133

Global Trends in Promoting Peace and Value Education

Ms. Sonu and Ms. Jyoti Yadav............................................................................................141

Q & A by Vikas Swarup: An Introduction

Vinod Kumar.........................................................................................................................147

Conceptualization of Dynamic Healthcare Model

Sanjay Kumar........................................................................................................................152

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Conceptualization of
Dynamic Healthcare Model

Sanjay Kumar
Research Scholar, Deptt of Management Kalinga University, Naya Raipur, Chhattisgarh-492101
Email: bhardwajsan@gmail.com

Using the literature review and consolidating the information gathered in interviews with
stakeholders, would compile the multiple challenges such as Data privacy, lack of evidence,
regulatory compliance, etc in adoption of mobile health. Based on the interviews and stakeholders’
discussions, team would also identify the most critical and significant challenges in adoption of
mobile health.

Illustrative list of challenges

S.No Category Challenges

 Evidence on reduction in out of
pocket expenses
 Evidence on reduction in patient
Tangible Value for
1 visits to provider
money
 % patients reduced for a
particular disease (for lifestyle
app) in a span of time
 Evidence on network security
 Proof points on data
2 Data Security
confidentiality
 Compliance to security protocols
 Compliance with telecom and IT
3 Regulatory Compliance
policy of the country

Financial Model Framework

A standard costing and revenue framework has been developed which will guide calculation
of the mHealth intervention development, deployment and operations cost and corresponding
investment requirement for the same. mHealth financial framework aims to provide a preliminary
framework of research questions to pursue in evaluating the economic benefits of mHealth.

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Market Access Model

Research Study Focus Outcome

Enablers  Outlook for Mobile Success Indicators

Health – Projections,  Evidence based
Potential subscribers, Situational Analysis Financial model and
Penetration, etc Market access document
Payer willingness and Ease of Country roll
 Stakeholder  Robust country roll out out
participation
Perception – Payor, 1 Financial mechanism
Provider, Patient, etc
Advocacy and Model
 Implementation Communication 5 Framework  Well defined advocacy
2
and communication plan Proof point for
Generation of Landscape of mHealth Mobile financial model
evidence for mHealth solutions Health  Proof points for success
 Evidence on impact of
mHealth 4 3
Accuracy and
Time for country
completeness of Customized Country Market Access
 Value Drivers adoption
projections Model Framework
 Regulatory and Policy
environment
Systematic adoption
mHealth solution Resource optimization
 Leverage existing data of Medical Audit to assess disease burden
 Proven methodologies and processes for new market access

The costing framework will function in three ways

1. Guides the collection of data to assess the cost of investment across the different platforms
at different stages (design, prototype, pilot, deployment and maintenance etc.).
2. Guides the collection of the revenue specific data to assess potential opportunity for the
mHealth technologies for different customer segments.
3. Functions as a forecasting tool that facilitates the calculation of, cost, return and net present
value for the mHeath technologies.

Cost Framework
There is likely to be significant cost required to establish new mHeath technologies
in the target markets. These costs are likely to be generated across a range of technology
providers e.g. handset, software, network providers, data handlers/processors etc.
Major Costing Heads for Financial Model
Design/ Defining program and solution requirements - for number of staff to define
Development requirements for the program design and platform needs
Platform design and deployment – Cost of requirements gathering, development of
the platform, customization needs, connecting with telecommunications companies
Content development, scheduling, and localization - Customization of messages
(adapting content to ensure language is appropriate for the local context and culture,
professional voice recordings for IVR)

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Deployment Training - Training staff on the messaging platform and program itself, outreach
training to health centers. This should be budgeted annually to account for attrition
and program growth
Enrollment of subscribers - Number of staff, salary, incentives to support
registration
Marketing and outreach - Budget for awareness raising and registration of
mothers (posters, radio, partnerships with ministries of health, etc.).
Operations Messaging costs – Transmission costs, per message cost, short code cost, per USSD
messaging cost
Device provisioning and dissemination
Staffing - Day to day operations (manage subscribers, schedule messages, ensure
messages are being sent and enrollments are successful, etc.)
Solution/platform management and hosting - Technical staff to ensure system
availability, troubleshoot technical issues, hosting space
Administration and call center support - Customer support, ability to respond to
inbound messages, flashes, requests for information or assistance
Management Meetings and administrative support
and Overall project management
Governance

Total Cost Ownership (TCO) Model

TCO provides a measurement and evaluation framework in mHealth costing strategies.
By considering and quantifying the full range of financial costs, a method like TCO can
provide useful data for informed decision making on investments in mHealth

Illustrative: TCO Model for Dimagi’s Commcare mHealth application

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Free or Low Cost Model

► Involves multiple elements and creates an opportunity to provide one of the elements free of
charge or at low cost, while generating revenues through the sale of the other elements
► Generates a wealth of patient data, some of which could be commercially valuable to other health-
care companies, presenting opportunities to monetize data within the constraints of privacy and
other legal guidelines
► Earning profits requires monetizing multiple revenue streams, choosing the right operating model,
and effectively conveying the value of the new offering to the consumer or payer

Premium Model
► Offerings that deliver objectively better outcomes or lower costs compared with traditional health-
care offerings can charge a suitable premium
► Warrants a revenue profile at least comparable to that of traditional health-care offerings
► Developers will need to educate patients and payers about these benefits and establish a robust
business case to justify higher payments

Freemium Model
► Variable pricing based on usage and user
► Free for basic usage and extra functionalities are paid by user
► Free for usage in social development projects and for specific set of customers but paid for private
sector/for profit enterprises

Outcome Based Model

► Payments directly to measurable patient outcomes or cost savings
► Reduces the downside financial risk to payers and consumers, and thereby potentially increase the
willingness to pay
► Requires specific capabilities, such as data analytics, to track patient outcomes, as well as clear
alignment with payers regarding reimbursement rates

Illustrative Potential Market Access forecasting Models

Define mHealth Product/Project Strategy

“WHO Framework for RMNCH mHealth and ICT” to define mhealth product strategy:
• When does proposed mHealth application make an impact in RMNCH continuum of care?
E.g. Mother – adolescence, pre-pregnancy, pregnancy etc., Child – postnatal, infancy etc.
• What exact intervention does these mHealth application make/enable/improve in RMNCH?
E.g. family planning, skilled birth attendance, post natal care
• How does this application intervene in making an impact on identified component of
RMNCH continuum of care? BCC, registration, provider training
• What are the activities that are required for implementation of this intervention? E.g. voice
based reminders, digital registration, electronic alerts etc.?
• What are the broader health system challenges (information, availability, cost, quality
etc.) and specific constraints (e.g. mothers unaware of benefits, delayed identification of
newborns etc.) that this mHealth application solves?

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llustrative mHealth Application Strategy

Technological Review
The focus is on spelling out mHealth solution’s specific technology considerations, features
to ensure an objective review of technology along key elements can be done by the assessor/
evaluator. This will guide the technology development process in various countries with some
customizations. Some of the key topics that need to be covered under this review are: Functionality,
Data analytics, storage and availability, security hosting and privacy, delivery platform, monitoring
and maintenance, user considerations (hardware, power, network etc.), enabling environment
(compliance with regulations, interoperability), scalability and sustainability. This review will
be based on “Greentree Consensus”. This represents a concerted effort to capture the most
important lessons learned by the development community in the implementation of information
and communications technology for development projects. These principles seek to serve as a set
of living guidelines that are meant to inform, but not dictate, the design of technology-enabled
development programs.

Clinical Review
It is important that mobile medical apps used in health care settings are accurate and reliable,
especially as health care workers and patients may make critical decisions based on information
from an app. One issue highlighted by a small number of studies is that many app developers have

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Data Analytics,
Mobile Delivery User Enabling
Core Functionality Storage, Security, Scalability Sustainability
Platform Considerations Environment
Hosting and Privacy
 Existing workflow  Can results be measured at  What existing open source  Requirements of  Compliance to  Volume of  Financial plan for
 User journey, from discrete milestones with a tools can be used, if any? phone/hardware mobile industry users expected sustaining
beginning to end. focus on outcomes rather  Identify how the technology  Requirement of regulations, in short and operations of the
Expectations from user and than outputs? will be enabled in the electricity or policies, and long term and mHealth solution
technology  How will data be stored and mobile telecom alternate power upcoming changes ability to scale over time
 Communication Format? accessed? What are environment. Will it work sources to charge  Compliance to  Expected  Technology
(SMS, USSD, MMS - the hosting options? across different mobile phones national policies volume of implications to
Confirm that the format  In what format will the data network operators (MNOs)?  Network regarding message or consider for
aligns with formative be available?  Will the platform be able to availability mHealth information integrating
research and is practical  Who owns the data adapt to changes and requirements  Interoperability transmission features such as
given the context generated by the mobile advances in technology  Training and linking to over time? mobile payment/
 How will the user access application?  Expand on issues around requirements existing systems advertising
the program? Opt-in, pre-  How will the data be interoperability and  Additional
loaded managed? licensing hardware –
 One way or two way  What volume of records will  Use of existing tools, modems, SIM
communication and need to be stored? How will platforms, and frameworks  Maintenance plan
frequency of data be backed up?  Replicable and customizable
communications  Privacy risk mitigation
 Customer support

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Illustrative Framework for Technological Review
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little or no formal medical training and do not involve clinicians in the development process and
may therefore be unaware of patient safety issues raised by inappropriate app content or functioning.
Another issue is the sheer volume and exponential growth of medical apps, meaning it is practically
impossible to assess each and every medical app. Therefore, before any application goes through
reimbursement process, important consideration is to check if it is “clinically fit”?
To inform the safe clinical use of apps and future professional guidance and regulation, it is
important to understand and then quantify the different kinds of risk posed by medical apps.
• All medical information presented in a medical app must be attributed to
Authoritative an author and his/her training in the field must be mentioned
Integrated skill development solution for Bihar
Information

• Information on the app is/not meant to replace the advice of a health

professional has to be provided.
Information • Description of the app’s mission, purpose, and intended audience.
Clarity • Description of the organization behind the app, its mission, and its
purpose is also necessary.

• Privacy policy
• Database hosting (internal, external etc.)
Confidentiality
• Handling of personal information
• Conflicts of interest, external influences and advertising policy

• Medical content has to have a specific date of creation and a last

Documented modification date
Information • Sources of the medical content must be clearly indicated the recognized,
scientific, or official sources of health information quoted

Justification of • Information about the benefits or performance of any treatment ,

claims commercial product, or service to be backed up with scientific evidence

• Quality checks on data entered or retrieved into the application

Data and
• Quality checks on clinical decisions/algorithm
Decision Quality
• Test Results

Illustrative Framework for Clinical Review

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