CE – 8301/6302 – STRENGTH OF MATERIALS - I /MECHANICS OF SOLIDS

(Regulations – 2017/2013)
Part – A Questions (Non-Numerical)

K.M.Basanth Babu, M.S., (IT&M), M.E.,(Structural)(Distn.,), P.E.,

Professor/Civil Engineering/KLNCIT

1. Define: Stress

The force of resistance per unit area, offered by a body against deformation is known as
Stress.
P
Mathematically, stress is written as  =
A

2. Define: Strain

When a body is subjected to some external force, there is some change of dimension of
the body. The ratio of change in dimension of the body to the original dimension is
known as Strain. Strain is a dimensionless quantity.

Strain may be Tensile, Compressive, Volumetric & Shear strain.

dL
Mathematically, Strain is written as e =
L

3. State Hooke’s Law

It states that when a material is loaded within its elastic limit, the stress is directly
proportional to the strain.

4. Define: Factor of Safety. (April/May 2015)

It is defined as the ratio of ultimate tensile stress to the permissible stress.

Ultimate Stress
Mathematically, Factor of Safety =
Permissible Stress

5. Distinguish between Compression & Tension (April/2018)

Tension and compression refer to forces that attempt to deform an object.

The main difference between tension and compression is that tension refers to
forces that attempt to elongate a body, whereas compression refers to forces that
attempt to shorten the body

6. Explain Tensile Stress & Tensile Strain.

Tensile Stress: The stress induced in a body, when subjected to 2 equal and opposite
pulls as shown in figure, as a result of which there is an increase in length, is known as
Tensile Stress.

1
 P P

Tensile Strain: If there is some increase in length of a body due to external force, then
the ratio of increase in length to the original length of the body is known as Tensile
dL
Strain. Mathematically, e =
L

7. Explain Compressive Stress & Compressive Strain

Compressive Stress

The stress induced in a body, when subjected to 2 equal and opposite pushes as shown
in figure as a result of which there is a decrease in length, is known as
CompressiveStress.

P P

Compressive Strain

If there is some decrease in length of a body due to external force, then the ratio of
decrease in length to the original length of the body is known as Compressive Strain.
dL
Mathematically, e =
L
8. Define: Shear Stress & Shear Strain

When two and equal and opposite forces acting tangentially on any cross sectional
plane of a body, tending to slide one part of the body over the other part, then the stress
induced is called Shear Stress and the corresponding strain is known as Shear Strain.

9.State Volumetric Strain.

The ratio of change of volume to the original volume of the body is known as Volumetric
Strain.

dV
Mathematically, ev =
V

2
10. Define: Young’s Modulus (or) Modulus of Elasticity.

The ratio of tensile stress to the tensile strain is constant within the elastic limit is a
constant. This constant is known as Young’s Modulus (or) Modulus of Elasticity.

Mathematically, Young' s ModulusE =
e

11. Define Modulus of Rigidity (Or) Define: Shear Modulus (Nov/2014)

The ratio of shearing stress to the shearing strain is constant within the elastic limit.
This constant is known as Modulus of Rigidity or Rigidity Modulus or Shear Modulus. It
ShearingStress
is denoted by the letter C, G or N. Mathematically, Modulusof Rigidity =
ShearingStrain

12. Define: Bulk Modulus.

The ratio of direct stress to the corresponding volumetric strain in constant within its
elastic limit. This ratio is known as Bulk Modulus.

Direct Stress
Mathematically, Bulk Modulus( K ) =
VolumetricStrain

13. Define: Poisson’s Ratio. Which materials have higher value of Poisson’s ratio?
(AU/Nov’2014) (Nov’2015) (April 2018)

When a body is stressed within its elastic limit, the ratio of the lateral strain to the linear
(longitudinal) strain is constant for a given material. This ratio is known as Poisson’s
Ratio.

Lateral Strain
Mathematically, Poisson' s Ratio (  ) =
Linear Strain
Rubber has got higher Poisson’s Ratio. Its value is nearly 0.5

14. The Poisson’s Ratio for a material cannot be more than _________

Ans: 0.5

15. State the Relation between Young’s Modulus & Modulus of Rigidity.

 1 E
E = 2G 1 +  (Or) C (Or ) G (Or ) N =
 m  1
21 + 
 m
Where E = Young’s Modulus in N/mm 2

G = Rigidity Modulus in N/mm2

1/m = Poisson’s Ratio.

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16. State the relation between Bulk Modulus and Young’s Modulus. (Apr’96/97)

 2
E = 3K 1 − 
 m
Where E = Young’s Modulus in N/mm 2

K = Bulk Modulus in N/mm2

1/m = Poisson’s Ratio.

17. What is the Principle of Superposition? Explain its Use.

Sometimes, a body is subjected to a number of forces acting on its outer edges as well as
at some other sections, along the length of the body. In such a case, the forces are split
up and their effects are considered on individual sections. The resulting deformation of
the body is equal to the algebraic sum of the deformations of the individual section.
Such a principle is known as Principle of Superposition.

18. Define: Thermal Stress and Thermal Strain

Thermal stresses are the stresses inducted in a body due to change in temperature.
Thermal stresses are set up in a body, when the temperature of the body is raised or
lowered and the body is not allowed to expand or contract freely. Thermal stress is also
known as Temperature Stress. Thermal stress is given by p = TE . Thermal strain is
the product of coefficient of linear expansion of the material of the body and the
Temperature. i.e. e = T

19. What is a Composite Bar?

A bar made up of two or more bars of equal lengths but of different materials rigidly
fixed with each other and behaving as one unit for extension or compression when
subjected to an axial tensile or compressive loads is called a Composite Bar.

20. What are the important points to be noted in a composite bar?

1. The extension or compression in each bar is equal. Hence deformation per unit
length (i.e. strain) in each bar is equal.
2. The total external load on the composite bar is equal to the sum of the loads
carried by each different material.

21. State the Principle of Complementary Shear Stress.

The principle of Complementary Shear Stress states that “a set of shear stresses across a
plane is always accompanied by a set of balancing shear stresses of the same intensity
across the plane and normal to it”.

22. Define: Thin Cylinder.

If the thickness of the wall of the cylindrical vessel is less than 1/20 of its internal
diameter, the cylindrical vessel is known as Thin Cylinder. Or, if t/d < 1/20, the cylinder
is a thin cylinder.
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23. Name the stresses acting in a thin cylinder.

1. Circumferential Stress Or Hoop Stress.

2. Longitudinal Stress
3. Radial Stress (usually too small and can be neglected)

24. What is the maximum shear stress at any point in a thin cylinder?

pd
Max. shear stress = q max =
8t
where p = internal fluid pressure, d = diameter of the cylinder, t = thickness of the wall
of the cylinder.

25. Write the expression for hoop stress in thin cylinder.

pd
Hoop Stress =
4t

26. Define: Strain Energy and explain how it is stored in a body.

Whenever a body is strained, the energy is absorbed in the body. The energy, which is
absorbed in the body due to straining effect, is known as Strain Energy. The strain
energy will be stored in the body when the load is applied gradually or suddenly or with
an impact. The strain energy stored in the body is equal to the work done by the applied
load in stretching the body.

27. Give the expression for strain energy stored in a body, when the load is
applied gradually, suddenly and due to impact. (Nov’2015)

𝜎2𝑉
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠, 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝐸𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦 𝑖𝑠, 𝑈 =
2𝐸

28. Define: Impact Loading

When a body falls from a particular distance suddenly due to breakage of chains by
which the body hangs (e.g. in a crane etc), the resulting load is known as Impact
Loading.

29. Define: Resilience (AU/Nov’2017)

The total strain energy stored in a body is commonly known as Resilience.

Whenever the straining force is removed from the strained body, the body is
capable of doing work. Hence the resilience is also defined as the capacity of a
strained body for doing work on the removal of the straining force.

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30. Define: Proof Resilience (AU/Several Times)

The maximum strain energy stored in a body is known as Proof Resilience. The
strain energy stored in the body will be maximum, when the body is stressed upto
elastic limit. Hence the proof resilience is the quantity of strain energy stored in a
body when strained upto elastic limit.

31. Define: Modulus of Resilience

It is defined as the Proof Resilience of a material per unit volume. It is an important

property of a material. Mathematically,

Proof Resilience
Modulus of Resilience =
Volume ofthe body