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This document describes the requirements of medium-voltage transformers that are connected to
KACO central inverter.
KACO new energy only accepts the warranty for medium-voltage transformers that have been installed
following guideline provided in this application note.
12-NPD-01-3dm-170f
1. LIST OF THE CENTRAL INVERTERS OF KACO
2/14
Model Rated Power Rated AC Voltage Protection Class Type
Table 1 & Table 2 show the list of central inverter models of KACO, which can be connected to medium
voltage transformer.
KACO’s solar inverters are classified into 2 types : transformer type and transformerless type.
Unlike transformer inverters, the transformerless inverters don’t have transformers inside, so their
medium voltage transformers must be designed according to the guide when they need to be connected
with external medium voltage transformers.
3/14
2. TECHNICAL PROPERTIES
Medium voltage transformer that is connected with transformerless solar inverter must comply with
following technical specifications:
1. The transformer must be suitable for PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) Inverter. The transformer
should be designed such that its magnetic flux is not saturated even if 1% of DC current flow on its
low voltage winding. Also the transformer should be designed and tested in accordance with
ANSI/IEEE, NEMA, IEC and Department of Energy standards.
2. The transformer must be designed considering the voltages that arise during pulsed operation of
the inverter. The voltages can reach a magnitude of maximum ±1400 V reference to ground. The
rms‑value of the voltages reference to ground is maximum 700V. (See Fig.2)
Central Inverter
MV Transformer
V0
Conductor voltage
regarding ground
4/14
3. The transformer must be designed for voltages on its low‑voltage windings that can exhibit a
voltage gradient dV/dt of up to 500V/µs reference to the ground. The line‑to‑line voltages must be
sinusoidal.
4. A shield winding that is grounded to the tank is necessary between the low‑voltage windings and
the high voltage windings. This shield plate must be designed to protect against the heat due to
eddy current by the flux of both the low voltage winding and the high voltage winding. This serves
as an additional dV/dt filter.
5. In ambient temperatures off up to 50 °C the transformer must have a current load capability of
110 %.
6. During thermal rating, the load curve and the ambient conditions at the respective installation site
should be taken into account.
7. KACO new energy recommends to use a transformer with a tap changer on the high‑voltage side
that enables an alignment to the voltage level of the medium‑voltage grid. Our recommendation
is 5 taps with 2.5% resolution.
8. The country-specific grid frequency should be taken into consideration.
9. The country specific standards valid should be taken into consideration.
5/14
3. REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDIUM-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS, THAT ARE CONNECTED
TO 1 CENTRAL INVERTER
The transformer shown in Fig.3 is a double-winding transformer. Its low-voltage side is connected to KACO
central inverter of which rated output voltage is 370V, and its high voltage side is for connection to the
medium-voltage grid in Europe which is 20kV typically. However, other high voltages are also available: 10
kV, 15 kV, 22 kV, 25 kV, 27 kV, 30 kV, 34.5kV or 35 kV etc.
Central Inverter
MV Transformer
1. Equivalent series impedance between low voltage and high voltage winding:
The equivalent series impedance Z(%) of the transformer must be 6 %. Impedance voltage
tolerance limits of 5.4 % ~ 6.6 % must be maintained. This value can be determined when the high-
voltage winding is short-circuited and the voltage on the other low‑voltage winding is increased
until the nominal current flows. (see Fig.4).
6/14
2. Equivalent series impedance Z(%) of the double-winding transformer:
To summarize of the contents in Article 2, the equivalent series impedance Z(%) of the double-
winding transformer can be shown as followed.
ZL is the equivalent series impedance of low voltage winding, and ZH is the equivalent series
impedance of high voltage winding.
ZH(1%) ZLa(5%)
3. No neutral point is required on the low voltage side. Nevertheless, if a neutral point shows up on
the low‑voltage side, this neutral point must not be either connected or grounded.
4. Double-winding transformers with varying windings each on the high‑voltage side and the
low‑voltage side can be used. For example YNd11, YNd5, YNd1 or Dy11, Dy5, Dy1 with an
ungrounded neutral point on the low‑voltage side (see Fig.6)
7/14
4. REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDIUM-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS, THAT ARE CONNECTED
TO 2 CENTRAL INVERTERS
The transformer shown in Fig.7, is a dual stacked (four-winding) transformer. Its low-voltage side is
connected to KACO central inverter of which rated output voltage is 370V, and its high voltage side is for
connection to the medium-voltage grid in Europe which is 20kV typically. However, other high voltages
are also available: 10 kV, 15 kV, 22 kV, 25 kV, 27 kV, 30 kV, 34.5kV or 35 kV etc.
Central Inverter
Central Inverter
MV Transformer
1. Equivalent series impedance between low voltage and high voltage winding:
The equivalent series impedance Z(%) of the transformer must, in relation to every inverter, be 6 %
in each case. Impedance voltage tolerance limits of 5.4 % ~ 6.6 % must be maintained. This value
can be determined when the high-voltage winding is short-circuited and the voltage on the other
low‑voltage winding is increased until the nominal current flows. At the same time another low
voltage windings are idle (see Fig.8).
8/14
Fig.8 Equivalent circuit with short circuited high voltage winding
Isc
Vsc Y ∆
Y ∆
9/14
ZLa(5%)
ZH(1%)
ZLb(5%)
4. No neutral point is required on the low voltage side. Nevertheless, if a neutral point shows up on
the low‑voltage side, this neutral point must not be either connected or grounded.
5. dual stacked (four-winding) transformers with varying windings each on the high‑voltage side and
the low‑voltage side can be used. For example YNd11d11, YNd5d5, YNd1d1 or Dy11y11, Dy5y5,
Dy1y1 with an ungrounded neutral point on the low‑voltage side (see Fig.11).
10/14
5. REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDIUM-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS, THAT ARE CONNECTED
TO 3 CENTRAL INVERTERS
The transformer shown in Fig.12 is a section-winding transformer.(Refer to the appendix) Its low-voltage
side is connected to KACO central inverter of which rated output voltage is 370V, and its high voltage side
is for connection to the medium-voltage grid in Europe which is 20kV typically. However, other high
voltages are also available: 10 kV, 15 kV, 22 kV, 25 kV, 27 kV, 30 kV, 34.5kV or 35 kV etc.
Central Inverter
Central Inverter
MV Transformer
Central Inverter
1. Equivalent series impedance between low voltage and high voltage winding:
The equivalent series impedance Z(%) of the transformer must, in relation to every inverter, be 6 %
in each case. Impedance voltage tolerance limits of 5.4 % ~ 6.6 % must be maintained. This value
can be determined when the high-voltage winding is short-circuited and the voltage on the other
low‑voltage winding is increased until the nominal current flows. At the same time another low
voltage windings are idle (see Fig.13).
11/14
Fig.13 Equivalent circuit with short circuited high voltage winding
Isc
Vsc Y ∆
Y ∆
Y ∆
12/14
ZLa(5%)
ZH(1%) ZLb(5%)
ZLc(5%)
4. No neutral point is required on the low voltage side. Nevertheless, if a neutral point shows up on
the low‑voltage side, this neutral point must not be either connected or grounded.
5. Section-winding transformers with varying windings each on the high‑voltage side and the
low‑voltage side can be used. For example YNd11d11d11, YNd5d5d5, YNd1d1d1 or Dy11y11y11,
Dy5y5y5, Dy1y1y1 with an ungrounded neutral point on the low‑voltage side (see Fig.16).
13/14
6. REQUIREMENTS FOR MEDIUM-VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS, THAT ARE CONNECTED
TO 4 CENTRAL INVERTERS
The transformer shown in Fig.12 is a section-winding transformer.(Refer to the appendix) Its low-voltage
side is connected to KACO central inverter of which rated output voltage is 370V, and its high voltage side
is for connection to the medium-voltage grid in Europe which is 20kV typically. However, other high
voltages are also available: 10 kV, 15 kV, 22 kV, 25 kV, 27 kV, 30 kV, 34.5kV or 35 kV etc.
Central Inverter
Central Inverter
Central Inverter
MV Transformer
Central Inverter
1. Equivalent series impedance between low voltage and high voltage winding:
The equivalent series impedance Z(%) of the transformer must, in relation to every inverter, be 6 %
in each case. Impedance voltage tolerance limits of 5.4 % ~ 6.6 % must be maintained. This value
can be determined when the high-voltage winding is short-circuited and the voltage on the other
low‑voltage winding is increased until the nominal current flows. At the same time another low
voltage windings are idle (see Fig.18).
14/14
Fig.18 Equivalent circuit with short circuited high voltage winding
Isc
Vsc Y ∆
Y ∆
Y ∆
Y ∆
15/14
ZLa(5%)
ZLb(5%)
ZH(1%)
ZLc(5%)
ZLd(5%)
4. No neutral point is required on the low voltage side. Nevertheless, if a neutral point shows up on
the low‑voltage side, this neutral point must not be either connected or grounded.
5. Section-winding transformers with varying windings each on the high‑voltage side and the
low‑voltage side can be used. For example YNd11d11d11d11, YNd5d5d5d5, YNd1d1d1d1 or
Dy11y11y11y11, Dy5y5y5y5, Dy1y1y1y1 with an ungrounded neutral point on the low‑voltage side
(see Fig.21).
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6
4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1V 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5
1U 1W
1W 1V 1U
4W 4V 4U 3W 3V 3U 2W 2V 2U 1W 1V 1U
4U 3U 2U 1U
4W 3W 2W 1W
4V 3V 2V 1V
16/14
APPENDIX
Winding technology
Medium voltage transformer that is connected with transformerless solar inverter must be
designed with section winding transformer.
HVW1
LVW1
HVW1
LVW1
HVW2
LVW2
Core
Core
HVW2
LVW2
HVW3
LVW3
Core
17/14
18/14
High Voltage winding
Low Voltage winding3
Low Voltage winding2
Case3. LLLH
Low Voltage winding1
Core
B-1701~1716, 2ND Woolim Lions Valley, 146-8, Sangdaewon-dong, Jungwon-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-
do, South Korea
12-NPD-01-3dm-170f