WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

CHAPTER 2 : CARBON COMPOUNDS

A UNDERSTANDING CARBON COMPOUND

Learning Outcomes
You should be able to:
 State what carbon compound is,
 State the carbon compounds can be classified into two groups, i.e. organic and
inorganic,
 State what organic compound is,
 Gives examples of organic and inorganic carbon compounds,
 State what a hydrocarbon is,
 List the sources of hydrocarbon,
 Identify the combustion products of organic carbon compounds

Activity 1

Fill in the blanks with the correct answer.

1 Carbon compounds are compounds that contain …………. as one of their constituent
elements.

2 There are two groups of carbon compounds; ………………….. compounds and

……………….. compounds.

3 Carbon compounds that can be obtained from non-living things are classified as
………………..compounds.

4 Hydrocarbons are the simplest of all organic compounds. Hydrocarbon contains only two
elements, ……………………… and ……………………….

5 Organic compounds that contain carbon, hydrogen together with a few other elements
such as oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus or halogens are called ……………………………

6 Hydrocarbons can be classified into two , ……………………….. and unsaturated

hydrocarbons.

7. Hydrocarbons that contain only carbon-carbon single bond is called …………………….

8 Hydrocarbons that contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond or carbon-carbon

triple bond is called ……………

9. Natural sources of hydrocarbons are ……………………, coal and natural gas.

10 Organic compounds burn in excess of oxygen gas to produce …………………….. and

…………………….

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

B ALKANES

Learning Outcomes:
You should be able to :
 state what alkane is,
 state what structural formula is,
 deduce the molecular formulae of the first ten alkanes
 Draw the structural formulae for the first ten straight-chain alkanes,
 Deduce the general formula of alkanes
 Name the first ten alkanes,
 Relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkanes
molecules
 Explain the effect of the increase in number of carbon atoms in alkanes molecules on the
molecules boiling points,
 Describe complete and incomplete combustion of alkanes,
 Describe the substitution reaction of alkanes,
 Write chemical equations for combustion and substitution reaction of methane,
 Describe how methane affects everyday life.

Activity 2

(a) Complete the table below:

Number Structural formula Molecular Name of Condition at

of formula alkane room
Carbon temperature
1 Methane
CH4 Gas

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

7
C7H16

8
C8H18

10

b. Explain why on going down the alkane series, the melting and boiling point increase?

On going down the alkanes series, the ……………………………….. increases caused

by the increase in molecular size.
When the molecular size increases, the melting and boiling point ……………... This is
because the larger the molecular size, the stronger the ……………………….. forces of
attraction between the molecules. Thus more energy is needed to …………………. the
forces of attraction during melting or boiling.

c. Explain why alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

Alkanes are covalent compounds made up of ………………………….

They don’t have ……… ..moving ions. Hence alkanes are non-conductors of electricity.

d Ethane and propene burn in excess of oxygen gas. Balance the chemical equation of the
combustion of these hydrocarbons.

(i) C2H6 (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + H2O (l)

(ii) C3H8 (g) + O2 (g)  CO2 (g) + 4H2O (l)

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 3

Complete the sentences with the correct word.

1 Carbon is placed in Group ……………..

2 It has ……………. electrons in its outer most shell.
3 An atom of carbon shares……………….. electrons with other atom of elements to
obtain the stability of inert gas elements.
4 Atoms in alkanes are bonded with ……………………… bond.
5 The first member in this group is the simplest compound called ……………….

This smallest alkane can be found in natural gas and crude oil.
6 The general formula for the alkane family is ………………………..
7 Physical properties of alkanes
a ………………………………………………………………………
b ………………………………………………………………………
c ……………………………………………………………………….
d ……………………………………………………………………….

8 Alkanes are ……………… compound, they have no effect on blue or red litmus paper.
9 Alkanes burn readily in air or in excess oxygen to produce ………………and ………..
10 The alkanes burn with a ………………… flame if the combustion is not complete.
11 Alkanes undergo Substitution Reaction – atom of H is replaced with ……………….. or
…………………………… with the presence of light or UV rays.
12 According to he IUPAC, the ending …………… indicates the compound is a member of
the alkane family.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 4

a) Name the compound a, b, c, d, e, and f

Incomplete
Complete combustion combustion
with excess O2 (limited O2 )
(a) Methane (b)

Substitution reaction Excess chlorine

(chlorination) Sunlight or heat

(c) (d) (e) (f)

b) State the uses of methane in everyday life

i ……………………………………………………………………………………..
ii …………………………………………………………………………………….
iii ……………………………………………………………………………………..
iv ……………………………………………………………………………………..

c) Explain how methane can cause fire in landfills and peat swamps
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………….……..

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

C ALKENES

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
 state what alkene is,
 deduce the molecular formulae of the first nine alkenes,
 deduce the general formula of alkenes,
 name the first nine alkenes,
 draw the structural formulae for the first nine straight –chain alkenes,
 relate changes in physical properties with increase in the number of carbon atoms in alkenes
molecules,
 explain the effects on boiling points of alkenes due to increase in the number of carbon atoms in
alkenes molecules,
 describe chemicals properties of alkenes,
 compare and contrast alkanes with alkenes,
 relate the reactivities of alkanes and alkenes to their chemicals bonds.
 Generalise the characteristics of homologous series based on alkanes and alkenes

Activity 5

(a) Complete the table below:

Number Structural formula Molecular Name of Condition at

of formula alkane room
Carbon temperature
2

7
C7H14

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

10

(b) Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the textbox below.

more , immiscible , soluble , sooty , higher , low, bromine, low, polymerization

unsaturated, ene, CnH2n , double, acidified potassium manganate(VII) ,
increases, cannot

i) Alkenes are …………………. hydrocarbons.

ii) The names end with …………………… The general formula for alkenes is
……………………………
iii) Generally alkenes have …………………….. melting and boiling point but
………………..as the number of carbon atoms per molecule increases.
iv) Alkenes have ……………… densities but increase as the number of carbon per atom
increases.
v) Alkenes are ……………… with water but are ………………………. in organic
solvents.
vi) Alkenes …………………. conduct electricity.
vii) Alkenes burn with more ……………… flame compared with alkanes of the same
number of carbon atoms because the percentage of carbon by mass in alkenes is
……………………
viii) Compare to alkane, alkene is ………………… reactive, due to the presence of
carbon-carbon ………….. bond.
ix) Alkane and alkene can be identified with a test by using ……………… water or
……………………………. solution. Alkene decolourises both reagent while alkane
does not.
x) Small alkene molecules undergo addition reaction with one another. Thousands of
alkene molecules link together to form a large molecule .

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 WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

This reaction is called ……………………………………

Activity 6

(a) Give name for each alkene compounds below

Cl

i v

CH3

ii vi

iii vii

=
CH3 H

iv viii

(b) Construct the structural formula for:

(i) C5H10 (iv) 2-methylbut-2-ene

(ii) 2-chlorolpropene (v) 3-methylbutene

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(iii) pent-2-ene (vi) hex-1,3-diene

Activity 7
Write the molecular formula or structural formula of the product for every reaction of propene
below.

a) b)

excess O2,
heat limited O2
heat

h) acidified
KMnO4 (aq) c)

Propene
Addition
polymerization

H2 / Ni .
180o C
H2O(g)
300 C,60 atm,
H3PO4
g)

Cl2(aq) HCl (g) d)

e)
f)

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 8
(a) Table below shows the reactions to compare the chemical properties of alkane and
alkene. Complete the table.

Observation
Reaction Hexane Hexene
Reaction with oxygen Hexane burns with a yellow
sooty flame

Reaction with bromine No visible change

Reaction with acidified No visible change

potassium
manganate(VII) solution

(b) Calculate the percentage of carbon in (i) hexane

(ii) hexene

[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ]

Which compound can be a good fuel ? Explain .

(c) List down 4 similar physical properties of alkane and alkene.

(i) ………………………………………………………………………………….

(ii) ……………………………………………………………………………………

(iii) ……………………………………………………………………………………

(iv) ……………………………………………………………………………………

(d) Compare the chemical properties of alkene with alkane

Alkene Aspect Alkane

Sootiness of flame

Bromine water

Acidified KMnO4

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

D ISOMERS

Learning outcomes
You should be able to:
 Construct various structural formulae of a particular alkane and alkene.
 Explain what isomerism is
 Use IUPAC nomenclature to name isomers

Activity 9

a) Match column A with Column B

Column A Column B

i) Phenomenon whereby two or more molecules Alkyl group

are found to have the same molecular formula
but different structural formula

ii) The molecules that have the same numbers

and types of atoms but differ in the Ethene and Propene
arrangement of the atoms.

iii) It is an alkane by dropping – ane from the Isomers

name and replacing it with –yl

iv) These alkenes do not exhibit isomerism. Isomerism

v) Isomerism in alkanes starts with …….. Butane

b) Draw the structural formula and give name to all isomers of

(i) C4H8

(ii) C4H10

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(iii) C5 H12

E ALCOHOLS

Learning outcomes
You should be able to:
• state the general formula of alcohols,
• identify the functional group of alcohols,
• list the names and molecular formulae for the first four alcohols,
• draw structural formulae for isomers of propanol (C3H7OH) and butanol (C4H9OH),
• name isomers of propanol and butanol using IUPAC nomenclature,
• describe the industrial production of ethanol.
• ` describe the preparation of ethanol in the laboratory,
• state the physical properties of ethanol,
• predict the chemical properties for other members of alcohols,
• explain with examples the uses of alcohol in everyday life,
• explain the effects of the misuse and abuse of alcohols.

Activity 10

(a) Fill in the blanks by choosing the suitable answer from the text box below

Hydroxyl ; non-hydrocarbon , alkene , solvents, higher, cosmetics,

stronger, molecular mass , -OH , CnH2n+1OH

i) Alcohol is one of the Homologue Series that has functional group of ……………..

ii) The general formula for alcohol is ……………………………….

iii) The melting point of alcohol is ……………….. than alkane and alkene due to the

presence of ……………………………….

iv) This is because the functional group forms hydrogen bonding that is …………..

than the bonds between molecules of alcohol.

v) Methanol, ethanol dan propanol dissolve in water. The solubility of other alcohols

decreases as the………………………… increases.

vi) Naming the alcohol compound is likely to ………….. C1 is numbered from the carbon
that nearest to the functional group..

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

vii) Alcohols are used as fuels, ………………., in medicine, in making ………………….

and as a main component in alcoholic drinks.

viii) Alcohol is a ……………………… compound.

(b) Complete the table below.

i) Name : ii) Name: iii) Name

iv) structural formula v) structural formula vi) structural formula

Name : Propan-2-ol Name : Butan-1-ol Name : Pentan-2,3-diol

( c) Draw the structural formula and give names to all isomers of

(i) propanol (C3H7OH)

(ii) butanol (C4H9OH)

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 11

(a) Summarize the physical properties of ethanol in the table below

Physical properties Description

Physical state at room temperature
Smell and colour
Solubility in water
Volatility
Boiling point

(b) Ethanol can be prepared in two ways, Fermentation and Hydration.

In fermentation process,
(i) What is the function of yeast?
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write the chemical equation to show the fermentation process.

……………………………………………………………………………
(iii) State the temperature, catalyst and other condition needed for fermentation
process.
…………………………………………………………………………………….
……………………………………………………………………………………..
(iv) State the disadvantages of this process.
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………..
……………………………………………………………………………………………..

(c) Hydration process involves hydration of ethene. Ethene is obtained from the
cracking of petroleum fractions.

(i) Write the chemical equation for hydration process.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

…………………………………………………………………………………..

(ii) State the temperature, pressure and catalyst needed for hydration process.

……………………………………………………………………………………

……………………………………………………………………………………
Activity 12

a) Complete the table below

1 The Products of Combustion of ethanol

In excess oxygen: In limited oxygen :

2 The products of Oxidation reaction of alcohol with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)

solution or acidified potassium manganate (VII) solution

Oxidation of ethanol Oxidation of propanol

3 Dehydration of alcohol.

Draw and label the set of apparatus to show the dehydration process of propanol.

b) State True or False for every statement below.

1 Ethanol is an alcoholic drinks

2 Ethanol acts as a depressant on central nervous
system.
3 Alcoholic drinks only slow down physical activity, not
affect mental activity.
4 Alcoholism create social problems for the family and
society.
5 Methanol is a very toxic chemical and can cause
permanent blindness when consumed
6 Alcohol is not addictive
7 Long- term excessive consumption of alcohol drinks

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

can cause chronic liver disease and brain damage.

8 Because of alcohol is miscible with water, it cannot
be used as a solvent in toiletries.
9 Alcohol is one of the raw materials in manufacture of
explosive
10 Alcohol is an antiseptic

F CARBOXYLIC ACIDS

Learning outcomes
You should be able to :
 state the general formula of carboxylic acids,
 identify the functional group of carboxylic acids,
 list the names and molecular formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid,
 draw structural formulae of the first four members of carboxylic acid and name them
using the IUPAC nomenclature,
 describe the preparation of ethanoic acid in the laboratory,
 state the physical properties of carboxylic acids,
 state the chemical reactions of ethanoic acids with other chemicals,
 predict the chemical properties for other members of carboxylic acid,
 explain with example the uses of carboxylic acids in everyday life

Activity 13

(a) Complete the diagram below.

Uses :
a ………………………………
Functional group :
b ………………………………

c ………………………………

d ……………………………..
General formula:

CARBOXYLIC
ACIDS

Ethanoic acid normally

prepared by …………………
of an alcohol
Physical properties
a …………………………………………..
b …………………………………………..

names end with c ……………………………………………

‘……………..’ . Eg. ethanoic acid. 16 d …………………………………………..
e …………………………………………..
WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(b) Draw the structural formula of

Methanoic acid Ethanoic acid

Propanoic acid Butanoic acid

2-methylbutanoic acid Methyl propanaoic acid

( c) A carboxylic acid, X has an empirical formula CH2O. Experimental determination

shows that it has a molar mass of about 59 g mol-1

(i) What is the general formula of carboxylic acid?

(ii) Calculate the molecular formula of X

[ Relative atomic mass : H, 1 ; C, 12 ; O, 16 ]

(iii) Draw the structural formula of X and give name.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 14

a) The Figure shows a series of conversion starting from ethene to ethanoic acid.

I
Ethene Ethanol II Ethanoic acid

Based on the figure above, state

Reaction I :………………………………………………………
Reaction II :………………………………………………………
b) Draw the set up of apparatus to prepare ethanoic acid .in laboratory
Write the chemical equation that involve.

c) Write the observation for every test of ethanoic acid below.

Test Observation Inference

1 a. Ethanoic acid + metal
carbonate

b. Gas released + lime water

2 a. Ethanoic acid + magnesium

b. Gas given off + lighted

splinter

3
Ethanoic acid +
copper (II)oxide

4 Glacial ethanoic acid + ethanol

+ concentrated sulphuric acid .

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

+ heat

Then the boiling contents are

poured into a beaker half filled
with water.

G ESTER

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
 state the general formula of esters
 identify the functional group of esters
 List the names and molecular formulae of simple esters.
 Draw structural formulae of simple esters and name them using the IUPAC nomenclature,
 Describe the preparation of ester in the laboratory,
 State the physical properties of ethyl ethanoate.
 Predict the ester produced from the esterification reaction.
 Write equations for the esterification reactions,
 state the natural sources of ester, state the uses of ester in everyday life.

Activity 15

Formula Name Carboxylic acid Alcohol

Example :HCOOC2H5 Ethyl methanoate Methanoic acid Ethanol

a) CH3 COOCH3

b) CH3 COOC3H7

c) C2H5 COOCH3

d) C3 H7COOC3H7

(a) Name the following esters and give the alcohols and carboxylic acids required to synthesise
the esters name.

(b) Name and draw the structural formula of the ester produced from a reaction between

(i) methanol and propanoic acid

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(ii) ethanol + butanoic acid

(iii) propan-1-ol + ethanoic acid

Activity 16

(a) Complete the diagram below

Ester is a …………………..
organic compound
product of an …………. reaction
between a carboxylic acid and
an alcohol. contain ………………,
………………… and
…………………………….

the functional
group is –COO- or The general formula is
……………. group
…………………………
…
ESTERS

The ……………of flowers and

fruits is due to the presence of
uses of ester, esters
a) …………………………..
b) …………………………..
c) ……………………………
d) ……………………………
Physical properties
1………………………………
2……………………………….
the name of an ester consists of two words.
The first word originates from……………., 3……………………………….
the second is from the …………………….. 4……………………….
All of them end with ‘ ………..’
5……………………………….

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

b) Write the fruit flavour for each of the ester below

(i) n-pentyl ethanoate : ………………………….
(ii) Octyl ethanoate : ………………………….
(iii) Ethyl butanoate : ………………………….
Order in homologous series

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to :
 describe the systematic approach in naming members of homologous series.
 describe the order in the physical and chemical properties in homologous series.

Activity 17

Butan-1-ol Porcelain chips

C4H9OH Compound P
II
Hydrogen III
chloride
I
Acidified potassium
dichromate(VI) solution Compound Q

Compound R IV Compound S
ethanol

a) Name the homologous series for

(i) Butan-1-ol : …………………………………..
(ii) Compound P : ………………………………….
(iii) Compound R : …………………………………
(iv) Compound S : ………………………………..

b) Write the molecular formulae of

(i) compound P : …………………………………..

(ii) compound Q : ……………………………………

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(iii) compound R : …………………………………..

(iv) compound S : …………………………………….

H FATS

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to:
 State what oils are
 State what fats are
 State the importance of oils and fats for body processes
 State the sources of oils and fats
 List the uses of oils and fats
 State the differences between oils and fats
 Identify structural formulae for fat molecules of certain fatty acids
 State what saturated fats are
 State what unsaturated fats are
 Compare and contrast between saturated and unsaturated fats
 Describe the effects of eating food high in fats on health
 Describe the industrial extraction of palm oil
 Justify the use of palm oil in the food production

Activity 18

(I) Fill in the blanks by choosing the correct answer from the table below.

ester solid heart hydrogenation harden stroke carbon high margarine

attack blood
pressure
saturated ester lipid trigleycerides Chlorofom liquid glycerol energy fatty acid
, link

a) Fats , oils and waxes are from a large family of organic compound called ………………...
b) They are natural ……………………..
c) They are product of the reaction between …………………. and ……………………
d) Fats are usually found in animal and they are ………………….while oil is fat from plant
and also from animal but they are ………………………… at room condition.
e) Fatty acids are long straight-chain containing between 12 to 18 ……………… atoms per
molecule.
f) A molecule of glycerol may combine with one, two or three fatty acid to form a
monoester, diester or trimester. A Molecule of water is eliminated when a fatty acid joins

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

to the glycerol molecule and the resulting bond formed is called an …………………(-
COO-).
g) Most fats and oils are …………………….
h) As a group, oil and fats tend to dissolve in organic solvents such as ………………….
i) Fats are an important source of ……………………… for our body.
j) ……………… fats may cause cholesterol to deposit on the blood vessels and making
them ……………….. . This can lead to ………………………, ……………………….and
……………………………..
k) Unsaturated fats can be converted to saturated fats by a process called ………………….
l) …………………… is made by hydrogenating some of the carbon-carbon double bond in
vegetable oil.

(II) Compare fats and oils

Comparison Oils Fats

Source
Melting point o C < 20 / lower > 20 / higher
Physical state at room
temperature
Cholesterol content
Examples Peanut oil, soybean oil Butter , lard
Molecular structure

(III) Write the Similarities of fats and oils

In terms of Similarities
Molecular formula

Type of compound

Type of bond
.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

Activity 19

a) Complete the flow chart below to show the Extraction Process of Palm Oil.

Oil palm fruit bunches

The fresh fruit bunches are sterilized ia large

pressure vessels at 140o C for 60-90 min.
The heat from the steam kills fungus and bacteria

Stripping

Breaking down the oil-bearing cells. Crush the

palm oil fruits

Pressing

The mixture is filtered to remove solid or coarse

fibre and allow to settle in an a large clarification
tank. The oil is skimmed off and dried in a vacuum
drier.

b) State 5 benefits of palm oil compared to other vegetable oils

i) ………………………………………………………………….
ii) ……………………………………………………………………
iii) …………………………………………………………………..
iv) ………………………………………………………………….
v) ………………………………………………………………….

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

I NATURAL RUBBER

Learning outcomes:
You should be able to :
 List examples of natural polymers and their monomers,
 Draw the structural formula of natural rubber,
 State the properties of natural rubber,
 State the uses of natural rubber
 Describe the coagulation process of latex
 Describe the method used to prevent latex from coagulating,
 Describe the vulcanization of rubber,
 Describe how the presence of sulphur atoms changes the properties of vulcanised rubber,
 Compare and contrast the properties of vulcanised and unvulcanised natural rubber.

Activity 20

a) Give explanation for every situation below:

i) Latex coagulate slowly when it is exposed to the air.

ii) When 20 cm3 latex is added with 5cm3 methanoic acid, latex coagulate rapidly.

iii) When 5 cm3 ammonia solution is added to latex, latex does not coagulate.

b) Compare the aspects of unvulcanized and vulcanised rubber in the table below.

Aspect Unvulcanised rubber Vulcanised rubber

Structure

Oxidation

Resistance of heat

Strength

Elasticity

ACTIVITY 21

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

1 Base on the diagram above,

(a) Name the product formed in step I.

………………………………………………………………………………………
(b) (i) State the reagents needed for step II.
…………………………………………………………………………
(ii) Write the chemical equation for the reaction in step II.
…………………………………………………………………………
(c) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step III.
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) A catalyst is needed for the reaction in step III. Name the catalyst.
…………………………………………………………………………
(d) (i) Describe briefly how to carry out the reaction in step IV.
………………………………………………………………………….
………………………………………………………………………….
(ii) What do you expect to observe when the reaction in step IV is carried
out?
……………………………………………………………………………………
(e) Draw the possible structural formulae of C3H7OH formed in step V.

(f) (i) Name the type of reaction occurring in step VI.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

………………………………………………………….
(ii) Give one use for ( C3H6)n formed in step VI.
………………………………………………………….
(g) Compare and explain the sootiness of C3H6 and C3H8 when each of these
hydrocarbons is burnt in excess air.
[Relative atomic mass: H = 1; C = 12) [4]

2 Diagram below shows the molecular formulae of 4 carbon compounds.

C4H8 C4H10 C4H9OH

C2H5COO
H

A B C D

(a) Write the general formula of the homologous series of compound B.

……..………………………………………………………………………………………

(b) State the functional group of compound A and compound D

Compound A : …………………………………………………………………………..

Compound D : …………………………………………………………………………..

(c) Compound B shows isomerism. Draw the structural formula of all isomers of
compound B.

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WAJA F5 Chemistry 2009 Chapter 2 : Carbon Compound

(d) Compound D and compound C react in the presence of the concentrated

sulphuric acid.
(i) Name the product formed from the reaction.

……………………………………………………….……………………………
(ii) State one special characteristic of the product formed.

……………………………………………………….……………………………

(e) Compound A burns in excess oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

(i) Write a balanced chemical equation for the reaction.

.........................................................................................................
........

(ii) 11.2 g of compound A burns in excess oxygen, calculate number of

carbon dioxide molecules formed.
[Relative atomic mass C = 12, O = 16 and
Avogadro number = 6.02 x 1023]

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