Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
6789:;<=>:?@AB
CDEFGHIJKGLMNOPÿR9@S<A<R9@T:SÿAT9<<Sÿ:?Uÿ=>S@;@<VA
W=<89>=9<<UPÿW>S@>X>Uÿ8<ÿ9:X>ÿW>>?ÿY<V?U>UÿW7 #$%&'ÿ)*ÿ+),#',#-
6789:;<=:Aÿ<YÿZ:B<APÿ[9<ÿA>88S>Uÿ@?ÿ\=<8<?ÿ@? .9
/9
A<V89>=?ÿ]8:S7ÿ:W<V8ÿ^_^ÿ̀\ab
0ÿ19/ÿ
1ÿ789
cKLKJGdÿfKGEgJKNÿIfÿCDEFGHIJKGLMNO 23
ÿ
ÿÿ9
h9>ÿT9:=:T8>=ÿ<Yÿ89>ÿ<=@;@?:Sÿ6789:;<=>:?@ABÿ@A 49
8ÿ
1ÿ789
T<?8=<X>=A@:SPÿ:?Uÿ89>ÿT<?;S<B>=:8@<?ÿ<YÿU@AR:=:8> 5/9
Y>:8V=>Aÿ89:8ÿ@8ÿU@ARS:7>Uÿ@Aÿ@?8=@?A@T:SS7ÿT<?YVA@?;b
]8AÿY:B>ÿ=>A8APÿ9<[>X>=Pÿ<?ÿA<B>ÿX>=7ÿ@?iV>?8@:S
@U>:APÿ?<8ÿ:S[:7AÿT<==>T8S7ÿV?U>=A8<<UPÿ89:8ÿ9:X>ÿW>>?ÿ:AT=@W>Uÿ8<ÿ@8ÿA@?T>ÿ:?8@jV@87bÿh9>A>
@U>:Aÿ@?TSVU>ÿ89<A>ÿ<Yÿklmÿ89>ÿB>8:R97A@Tÿ<Yÿ?VBW>=ÿ:?Uÿ89>ÿT<?T>R8@<?ÿ89:8ÿ=>:S@87P
@?TSVU@?;ÿBVA@Tÿ:?Uÿ:A8=<?<B7Pÿ@APÿ:8ÿ@8AÿU>>R>A8ÿS>X>SPÿB:89>B:8@T:Sÿ@?ÿ?:8V=>nÿk_mÿ89>ÿVA>
<YÿR9@S<A<R97ÿ:Aÿ:ÿB>:?Aÿ<YÿAR@=@8V:SÿRV=@oT:8@<?nÿkpmÿ89>ÿ9>:X>?S7ÿU>A8@?7ÿ<Yÿ89>ÿA<VSÿ:?U
89>ÿR<AA@W@S@87ÿ<Yÿ@8Aÿ=@A@?;ÿ8<ÿV?@<?ÿ[@89ÿ89>ÿU@X@?>nÿkqmÿ89>ÿ:RR>:Sÿ8<ÿT>=8:@?ÿA7BW<SAP
A<B>8@B>AÿB7A8@T:SPÿAVT9ÿ:Aÿ89>ÿrsrtuvrwxPÿ89>ÿ;<SU>?ÿA>T8@<?Pÿ:?Uÿ89>ÿ9:=B<?7ÿ<Yÿ89>
AR9>=>Anÿk^mÿ89>ÿ6789:;<=>:?ÿ89><=>Bnÿ:?Uÿkymÿ89>ÿU>B:?Uÿ89:8ÿB>BW>=Aÿ<Yÿ89>ÿ<=U>=
A9:SSÿ<WA>=X>ÿ:ÿA8=@T8ÿS<7:S87ÿ:?UÿA>T=>T7b
`7ÿS:7@?;ÿA8=>AAÿ<?ÿT>=8:@?ÿ@??>=ÿ>zR>=@>?T>Aÿ:?Uÿ@?8V@8@X>ÿ8=V89Aÿ=>X>:S>Uÿ<?S7ÿ8<ÿ89>
@?@8@:8>UPÿ6789:;<=>:?@ABÿA>>BAÿ8<ÿ9:X>ÿ=>R=>A>?8>Uÿ:ÿA<VS{U@=>T8>UÿAVW|>T8@X@ABÿ:S@>?ÿ8<
89>ÿB:@?A8=>:Bÿ<YÿR=>{Z<T=:8@Tÿ}=>>~ÿ89<V;98ÿT>?8=@?;ÿ<?ÿ89>ÿ]<?@:?ÿT<:A8ÿ<YÿA@:ÿ@?<=P
[9@T9ÿ[:AÿR=><TTVR@>Uÿ[@89ÿU>8>=B@?@?;ÿ[9:8ÿ89>ÿW:A@TÿT<AB@TÿAVWA8:?T>ÿ@Ab
]?ÿT<?8=:A8ÿ[@89ÿAVT9ÿ]<?@:?ÿ?:8V=:S@ABPÿ6789:;<=>:?@ABÿ[:Aÿ:~@?ÿ8<ÿ8=>?UAÿA>>?ÿ@?
B7A8>=7ÿ=>S@;@<?Aÿ:?Uÿ>B<8@<?:SÿB<X>B>?8APÿAVT9ÿ:Aÿ=R9@ABPÿ[9@T9ÿ<Y8>?ÿTS:@B>Uÿ8<
:T9@>X>ÿ89=<V;9ÿ@?8<z@T:8@<?ÿ:ÿAR@=@8V:Sÿ@?A@;98ÿ@?8<ÿ89>ÿU@X@?>ÿ<=@;@?ÿ:?Uÿ?:8V=>ÿ<Yÿ89>
A<VSbÿ>8ÿ89>=>ÿ:=>ÿ:SA<ÿ:AR>T8Aÿ<Yÿ@8ÿ89:8ÿ:RR>:=ÿ8<ÿ9:X>ÿ<[>UÿBVT9ÿ8<ÿ89>ÿB<=>ÿA<W>=P
<B>=@T
ÿR9@S<A<R97ÿ<Yÿ89>ÿ]<?@:?Abÿh9>ÿ6789:;<=>:?APÿY<=ÿ>z:BRS>PÿU@ARS:7>Uÿ:?ÿ@?8>=>A8
@?ÿB>8:R97A@TAPÿ:AÿU@Uÿ89>@=ÿ?:8V=:S@A8@TÿR=>U>T>AA<=APÿ89<V;9ÿ89>7ÿTS:@B>Uÿ8<ÿo?Uÿ@8Aÿ~>7
@?ÿB:89>B:8@T:SÿY<=Bÿ=:89>=ÿ89:?ÿ@?ÿ:?7ÿAVWA8:?T>bÿh9>7ÿ:TT>R8>Uÿ89>ÿ>AA>?8@:SS7ÿ]<?@:?
U<T8=@?>Aÿ89:8ÿ89>ÿ[<=SUÿ@AÿT<BR<A>Uÿ<Yÿ<RR<A@8>Aÿk[>8{U=7Pÿ9<8{T<SUPÿ:?UÿA<ÿ<?mÿ:?U
;>?>=:8>UÿY=<BÿA<B>89@?;ÿV?S@B@8>UnÿWV8ÿ89>7ÿ:UU>Uÿ89>ÿ@U>:ÿ<Yÿ89>ÿ@BR<A@8@<?ÿ<YÿS@B@8
VR<?ÿ89>ÿV?S@B@8>Uÿ:?Uÿ89>ÿA>?A>ÿ<Yÿ:ÿBVA@T:Sÿ9:=B<?7ÿ@?ÿ89>ÿV?@X>=A>bÿ;:@?PÿS@~>ÿ89>
]<?@:?APÿ89>7ÿU>X<8>Uÿ89>BA>SX>Aÿ8<ÿ:A8=<?<B@T:Sÿ:?Uÿ;><B>8=@T:SÿAR>TVS:8@<?b
\<BW@?@?;Pÿ:Aÿ@8ÿU<>APÿ:ÿ=:8@<?:S@A8@Tÿ89><=7ÿ<Yÿ?VBW>=ÿ[@89ÿ:ÿB7A8@Tÿ?VB>=<S<;7ÿ:?Uÿ:
AR>TVS:8@X>ÿT<AB<S<;7ÿ[@89ÿ:ÿ89><=7ÿ<Yÿ89>ÿU>>R>=PÿB<=>ÿ>?@;B:8@Tÿ=>:T9>Aÿ<Yÿ89>ÿA<VSP
6789:;<=>:?@ABÿ@?8>=[>:X>Aÿ=:8@<?:S@ABÿ:?Uÿ@==:8@<?:S@ABÿB<=>ÿ@?A>R:=:WS7ÿ89:?ÿU<>A
:?7ÿ<89>=ÿB<X>B>?8ÿ@?ÿ:?T@>?8ÿ}=>>~ÿ89<V;98b