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Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 211 – 218

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© 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
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Peer-review under responsibility of the “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
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2212-0173 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of the “Petru Maior” University of Tirgu Mures, Faculty of Engineering
doi:10.1016/j.protcy.2016.01.046
212 Noureddine Bouazza et al. / Procedia Technology 22 (2016) 211 – 218

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