Q.1 Define Automation.

List out all the types of Automation and Explain them in detail by giving
the industrial applications of each.

Ans.

Automation is a technology concerned with the application of mechanical, electronic, and

computer- based systems to operate and control production. This technology includes
automatic machine tools to process parts, automatic assembly machines, industrial robots,
automatic material handling and storage systems, automatic inspection systems for quality
control, feedback control and computer process control, computer systems for planning, data
collection and decision-making to support manufacturing activities

Types of Automation System with examples

Automated production systems can be classified into three basic types:

1. Fixed automation,
2. Programmable automation, and
3. Flexible automation.

Fixed Automation examples

FIXED AUTOMATION
It is a system in which the sequence of processing (or assembly) operations is fixed by the
equipment configuration. The operations in the sequence are usually simple. It is the
integration and coordination of many such operations into one piece of equipment that makes
the system complex. The typical features of fixed automation are:

a. High initial investment for custom–Engineered equipment;

b. High production rates; and
c. Relatively inflexible in accommodating product changes.

The economic justification for fixed automation is found in products with very high demand
rates and volumes. The high initial cost of the equipment can be spread over a very large
number of units, thus making the unit cost attractive compared to alternative methods of
production. Examples of fixed automation include mechanized assembly and machining
transfer lines.
 PROGRAMMABLE AUTOMATION
In this the production equipment is designed with the capability to change the sequence of
operations to accommodate different product configurations. The operation sequence is
controlled by a program, which is a set of instructions coded so that the system can read and
interpret them. New programs can be prepared and entered into the equipment to produce
new products. Some of the features that characterize programmable automation are:

a. High investment in general-purpose equipment;

b. Low production rates relative to fixed automation;
c. Flexibility to deal with changes in product configuration; and
d. Most suitable for batch production.
Automated production systems that are programmable are used in low and medium volume
production. The parts or products are typically made in batches. To produce each new batch of
a different product, the system must be reprogrammed with the set of machine instructions
that correspond to the new product. The physical setup of the machine must also be changed
over: Tools must be loaded, fixtures must be attached to the machine table also be changed
machine settings must be entered. This changeover procedure takes time. Consequently, the
typical cycle for given product includes a period during which the setup and reprogramming
takes place, followed by a period in which the batch is produced. Examples of programmed
automation include numerically controlled machine tools and industrial robots.

FLEXIBLE AUTOMATION

It is an extension of programmable automation. A flexible automated system is one that is

capable of producing a variety of products (or parts) with virtually no time lost for changeovers
from one product to the next. There is no production time lost while reprogramming the
system and altering the physical setup (tooling, fixtures, and machine setting). Consequently,
the system can produce various combinations and schedules of products instead of requiring
that they be made in separate batches. The features of flexible automation can be summarized
as follows:
1. High investment for a custom-engineered system.
2. Continuous production of variable mixtures of products.
3. Medium production rates.
4. Flexibility to deal with product design variations.
The essential features that distinguish flexible automation from programmable automation are:
1. the capacity to change part programs with no lost production time; and
2. the capability to changeover the physical setup, again with no lost production time.
These features allow the automated production system to continue production without the
downtime between batches that is characteristic of programmable automation. Changing the
part programs is generally accomplished by preparing the programs off-line on a computer
system and electronically transmitting the programs to the automated production system.
Therefore, the time required to do the programming for the next job does not interrupt
production on the current job. Advances in computer systems technology are largely
responsible for this programming capability in flexible automation. Changing the physical setup
between parts is accomplished by making the changeover off-line and then moving it into place
simultaneously as the next part comes into position for processing. The use of pallet fixtures
that hold the parts and transfer into position at the workplace is one way of implementing this
approach. For these approaches to be successful; the variety of parts that can be made on a
flexible automated production system is usually more limited than a system controlled by
programmable automation.

The relative positions of the three types of automation for different production volumes and
product varieties are depicted in the following figure.

Automation in Production system

Types of production automation

Q.2 Differences Between Artificial Intelligence vs Human Intelligence

ANS.

Intelligence can be defined as a general mental ability for reasoning, problem-solving, and

learning. Because of its general nature, intelligence integrates cognitive functions such as

perception, attention, memory, language, or planning. On the basis of this definition,

intelligence can be reliably measured by standardized tests with obtained scores predicting

several broad social outcomes such as educational achievement, job performance, health, and

longevity. So let’s study the differences between Artificial Intelligence and Human Intelligence

in a detail.

Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence is the study and design of Intelligent agent, These

intelligent agents have the ability to analyze the environments and produce

actions which maximize success.

AI research uses tools and insights from many fields, including computer

science, psychology, philosophy, neuroscience, cognitive science, linguistics,

operations research, economics, control theory, probability, optimization and

logic.AI research also overlaps with tasks such as robotics, control systems,

scheduling, data mining, logistics, speech recognition, facial recognition and

many others.

Human Intelligence:
Human Intelligence is defined as the quality of the mind that is made up of

capabilities to learn from past experience, adaptation to new situations,

handling of abstract ideas and the ability to change his/her own environment

using the gained knowledge.

Human Intelligence can provide several kinds of information. It can provide

observations during travel or other events from travelers, refugees, escaped

friendly POWs, etc. It can provide data on things about which the subject has
specific knowledge, which can be another human subject, or, in the case of

defectors and spies, sensitive information to which they had access. Finally, it

can provide information on interpersonal relationships and networks of

interest.

Comparison of Brain with a supercomputer

Advantages of Artificial Intelligence vs

Human Intelligence:
 Speed of execution – While one doctor can make a diagnosis in ~10

minutes, AI system can make a million for the same time.

 Less Biased – They do not involve Biased opinions on decision making

process
 Operational Ability – They do not expect halt in their work due to

saturation

 Accuracy – Preciseness of the output obviously increases

 Artificial Intelligence has significant dominance in many tasks, especially

when it comes to monotonous judgments.

Head to Head Comparison Between Artificial Intelligence vs Human Intelligence
Key Differences Between Artificial Intelligence
vs Human Intelligence
Below are the lists of points, describe the key Differences Between Artificial

Intelligence and Human Intelligence

Nature of Existence

Human intelligence revolves around adapting to the environment using a

combination of several cognitive processes.

The field of Artificial intelligence focuses on designing machines that can

mimic human behavior.

Memory usage

Humans use content memory and thinking whereas, robots are using the

built-in instructions, designed by scientists.

Mode of creation

Human intelligence is bigger because its creation of God and artificial

intelligence as the name suggests is artificial, little and temporary created by

humans. also, Humans intelligence is the real creator of the artificial

intelligence even but they cannot create a human being with superiority.

Learning process

Human intelligence is based on the variants they encounter in life and

responses they get which may result in millions of functions overall in their

lives. However, for Artificial intelligence is defined or developed for specific

tasks only and its applicability on other tasks may not be easily possible.

Dominance

Artificial intelligence can beat human intelligence in some specific areas such

as in Chess a supercomputer has beaten the human player due to being able

to store all the moves played by all humans so far and being able to think

ahead 10 moves as compared to human players who can think 10 steps ahead

but cannot store and retrieve that number of moves in Chess.

Points to Note
  The accelerating rate of technological change makes it likely that people

will have both the computational capacity and scientific knowledge to

create AGI in the next few decades.

 Having AGI will be beneficial to humanity. For example, it may enable

humans to mitigate global problems such as climate change.

 It may also lead to an increase in the rate of economic growth and level

of production.

 Intelligent and super intelligent machines are the future of humanity.

Artificial Intelligence vs Human Intelligence

Comparison Table
Following is the set of points shows the comparison between Artificial

Intelligence vs Human Intelligence

Comparison

Human Intelligence Artificial Intelligence

Factor

Energy efficiency 25 watts human brain 2 watts for modern machine

 learning machine

While consuming kilowatts of

Humans usually learn how to
energy, this machine is
manage hundreds of different
Universal
usually designed for a few
skills during life.
tasks.

The time needed to teach

Human worker work on multiple

system on each and every
Multitasking
responsibilities
response is considerably high
 Even the most advanced

robots can hardly compete in

Humans have the ability to learn mobility with 6 years old

Decision Making decision making from

child. And this results we
experienced scenarios.
have after 60 years of

research and development.

State Brains are Analogue Computers are digital

Summary – Artificial Intelligence vs Human

Intelligence
Human intelligence revolves around adapting to the environment using a

combination of several cognitive processes. The field of Artificial intelligence

focuses on designing machines that can mimic human behavior. However, AI

researchers are able to go as far as implementing Weak AI, but not the Strong

AI. In fact, some believe that Strong AI is never possible due to the various

differences between the human brain and a computer. So, at the moment, the
mere ability to mimic the human behavior is considered as Artificial

Intelligence.

Also, the utilization of artificial intelligence will surely make life even more

convenient for humankind in the years to come and even force humans to

evolve their skill sets, it will perhaps never be possible for such machines to

completely replace the human resource.

3. Artificial Intelligence and its Applications

ANS.

AI or artificial intelligence is the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines,

especially computer systems. These processes include learning, reasoning and self-correction.
Some of the applications of AI include expert systems, speech recognition and machine vision.
Artificial Intelligence is advancing dramatically. It is already transforming our world socially,
economically and politically.
AI was coined by John McCarthy, an American computer scientist, in 1956 at The Dartmouth
Conference where the discipline was born. Today, it is an umbrella term that encompasses
everything from robotic process automation to actual robotics. AI can perform tasks such as
identifying patterns in the data more efficiently than humans, enabling businesses to gain more
insight out of their data. With the help from AI, massive amounts of data can be analyzed to map
poverty and climate change, automate agricultural practices and irrigation,
individualize healthcare and learning, predict consumption patterns, streamline energy-usage and
waste-management.
Types of Artificial Intelligence:
Artificial Intelligence can be classified in several ways. The first classifies the AI as either weak
AI or strong AI. Weak AI also known as narrow AI, is an AI system that is designed and trained
for a specific type of task. Strong AI, also known as artificial general intelligence, is an AI
system with generalized human cognitive abilities so that when presented with an unfamiliar
task, it has enough intelligence to find a solution. The Turing Test, developed by mathematician
Alan Turing in 1950, is a method used to determine if a computer can think like a human,
 although the method is controversial. The second example is from Arend Hintze, an assistant
professor of integrative biology and computer science and engineering at Michigan State
University. He categorized AI into four types, and these were as follow:
 Type 1: Reactive Machines. An example is Deep Blue, an IBM chess program that can identify
pieces on the chess board and can make predictions accordingly. But the major fault with this is
that it has no memory and cannot use past experiences to inform future ones. It also analyzes
possible moves of its own and its opponents. Deep Blue and AlphaGO were designed for narrow
purposes and cannot easily be applied to any other situation.
 Type2: Limited Memory. These AI systems can use past experiences to inform future decisions.
Most of the decision-making functions in the autonomous vehicles have been designed in this
way.
 Type 3: Theory of mind: This is a psychology term, which refers to the understanding that the
other have in their own beliefs and intentions that impact the decisions they make. At present this
kind of artificial intelligence does not exist.
 Type4: Self-awareness. In this category, AI systems have a sense of self, have consciousness.
Machines with self-awareness understand their current state and can use the information to infer
what others are feeling. This type of AI does not yet exist.
Artificial Intelligence Technologies:

The market for artificial intelligence technologies is flourishing. Artificial Intelligence involves a
variety of technologies and tools, some of the recent technologies are as follows:
 Natural Language Generation: it’s a tool that produces text from the computer data. Currently
used in customer service, report generation, and summarizing business intelligence insights.
 Speech Recognition: Transcribes and transforms human speech into a format useful for
computer applications. Presently used in interactive voice response systems and mobile
applications.
 Virtual Agent: A Virtual Agentis a computer generated, animated, artificial intelligence virtual
character (usually with anthropomorphic appearance) that serves as an online customer service
representative. It leads an intelligent conversation with users, responds to their questions and
performs adequate non-verbal behavior. An example of a typical Virtual Agent is Louise, the
Virtual Agent of eBay, created by a French/American developer VirtuOz.
 Machine Learning: Provides algorithms, APIs (Application Program interface) development
and training toolkits, data, as well as computing power to design, train, and deploy models into
applications, processes, and other machines. Currently used in a wide range of enterprise
applications, mostly `involving prediction or classification.
 Deep Learning Platforms: A special type of machine learning consisting of artificial neural
networks with multiple abstraction layers. Currently used in pattern recognition and
classification applications supported by very large data sets.
 Biometrics: Biometrics uses methods for unique recognition of humans based upon one or more
intrinsic physical or behavioral traits. In computer science, particularly, biometrics is used as a
form of identity access management and access control. It is also used to identify individuals in
groups that are under surveillance. Currently used in market research.
 Robotic Process Automation: using scripts and other methods to automate human action to
support efficient business processes. Currently used where it is inefficient for humans to execute
a task.
 Text Analytics and NLP: Natural language processing (NLP) uses and supports text analytics
by facilitating the understanding of sentence structure and meaning, sentiment, and intent
through statistical and machine learning methods. Currently used in fraud detection and security,
a wide range of automated assistants, and applications for mining unstructured data.
Applications of Artificial Intelligence:
1. Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Companies are applying machine learning to make better
and faster diagnoses than humans. One of the best-known technologies is IBM’s Watson. It
understands natural language and can respond to questions asked of it. The system mines patient
data and other available data sources to form a hypothesis, which it then presents with a
confidence scoring schema. AI is a study realized to emulate human intelligence into computer
technology that could assist both, the doctor and the patients in the following ways:
 By providing a laboratory for the examination, representation and cataloguing medical
information
 By devising novel tool to support decision making and research
 By integrating activities in medical, software and cognitive sciences
 By offering a content rich discipline for the future scientific medical communities.
2. Artificial Intelligence in business: Robotic process automation is being applied to highly
repetitive tasks normally performed by humans. Machine learning algorithms are being
integrated into analytics and CRM (Customer relationship management) platforms to uncover
information on how to better serve customers. Chatbots have already been incorporated into
websites and e companies to provide immediate service to customers. Automation of job
positions has also become a talking point among academics and IT consultancies.
3. AI in education: It automates grading, giving educators more time. It can also assess students
and adapt to their needs, helping them work at their own pace.
4. AI in Autonomous vehicles: Just like humans, self-driving cars need to have sensors to
understand the world around them and a brain to collect, processes and choose specific actions
based on information gathered. Autonomous vehicles are with advanced tool to gather
information, including long range radar, cameras, and LIDAR. Each of the technologies are used
in different capacities and each collects different information. This information is useless, unless
it is processed and some form of information is taken based on the gathered information. This is
where artificial intelligence comes into play and can be compared to human brain. AI has several
applications for these vehicles and among them the more immediate ones are as follows:
 Directing the car to gas station or recharge station when it is running low on fuel.
 Adjust the trips directions based on known traffic conditions to find the quickest route.
 Incorporate speech recognition for advanced communication with passengers.
 Natural language interfaces and virtual assistance technologies.
5. AI for robotics will allow us to address the challenges in taking care of an aging population and
allow much longer independence. It will drastically reduce, may be even bring down traffic
accidents and deaths, as well as enable disaster response for dangerous situations for example the
nuclear meltdown at the fukushima power plant.
6. Cyborg Technology: One of the main limitations of being human is simply our own bodies and
brains. Researcher Shimon Whiteson thinksthat in the future, we will be able to augment
ourselves with computers and enhance many of our own natural abilities. Though many of these
possible cyborg enhancements would be added for convenience, others may serve a more
practical purpose. Yoky Matsuka of Nest believes that AI will become useful for people with
amputated limbs, as the brain will be able to communicate with a robotic limb to give the patient
more control. This kind of cyborg technology would significantly reduce the limitations that
amputees deal with daily.
In the future, predictive analytics and artificial intelligence could play an even more fundamental
role in content creation and also in the software fields. Open source information and artificial
intelligence collection will provide opportunities for global technological parity and the
technology of artificial can become the future in all the domains of health, environment, public
safety and security.