Problem Set of Differential Equation PDF

PROBLEM SET & SOLUTIONS
DIFFERENTIAL EQUATION
By: Ibnu Rafi
e-mail: ibnu257fmipa@student.uny.ac.id
Table of Contents
Table of Contents ...................................................................................................................................................2
Solution of Exercise 1 (Linear and Nonlinear D.E)................................................................................3
Solution of Exercise 2 (Ordinary and Partial D.E) .................................................................................4
Solution of Exercise 3 (Solution of D.E) ......................................................................................................6
Solution of Exercise 4 (Initial Value Problem) ..................................................................................... 11
Solution of Exercise 5 (Separable D.E) ..................................................................................................... 13
Solution of Exercise 6 (General Solution of Separable D.E) ........................................................... 15
Solution of Quiz.................................................................................................................................................... 21
Solution of Exercise 7 (Homogeneous D.E) ........................................................................................... 22
Solution of Exercise 8 (Solution of Homogeneous D.E) ................................................................... 23
Solution of Exercise 9 (Non Homogeneous D.E) ................................................................................. 28
Solution of Exercise 10 (Solution of Non Homogeneous D.E) ...................................................... 29
Solution of Exercise 11 (Exact and Non Exact D.E) ............................................................................ 35
Solution of Exercise 12 (Integrating Factor) ......................................................................................... 42
Solution of Exercise 13 (Grouping Method) .......................................................................................... 44
Solution of Quiz.................................................................................................................................................... 45
Solution of Exercise 14 (Linear D.E) ......................................................................................................... 48
Solution of Exercise 15 (Solution of Linear D.E) ................................................................................. 50
Solution of Exercise 16 (Properties of Linear D.E) ............................................................................ 51
Solution of Exercise 17 (Integrating Factor of Linear D.E) ............................................................ 53
Solution of Exercise 18 (Orthogonal and Oblique Trajectories).................................................. 57
Solution of Exercise 19 (Problem in Mechanics (Frictional Forces)) ....................................... 64
Solution of Exercise 20 (Rate Problems (Rate of Growth and Decay and Population)
Growth) ................................................................................................................................................................... 66
Solution of Exercise 21 (Mixture Problem) ........................................................................................... 68
Solution of Exercise 22 (Reduction of Order) ....................................................................................... 70
Page 2 of 72
Solution of Exercise 1 (Linear and Nonlinear D.E)
We will determine whether the equations under consideration is linear or nonlinear. To
determine whether the equations under consideration is linear or nonlinear we should
know that differential equation are said to be nonlinear if any product exist between the
dependent variable and its derivatives, between the derivatives themselves, or the
dependent variable is trancedental function.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1. + 5 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0 (Linear differential equation)
𝑑𝑥
Since we see that the dependent variable of the differential equation above is 𝑦
and its various derivatives occur to the first degree only.
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑3𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. + 𝑥 2 𝑑 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 ( Linear differential equation)
𝑑𝑥4
and its various derivatives occur to the first degree only.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
3. + 5 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 2 = 0(Nonlinear differential equation)
𝑑𝑥2
and its various derivatives occur to the first degree only, but then, the differential
equation above contains the product between the dependent variable
themselves, that is in the term 6𝑦 2 . Therefore, the differential equation
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 5 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 2 = 0 is nonlinear differential equation.
𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
4. 2 +5 + 6𝑦 = 0 (Nonlinear differential equation)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Since we see that the dependent variable of the differential equation above is 𝑦,
𝑑𝑦 3
but in the term 5 involves the third degree of the first derivative or in the
𝑑𝑥
othere word there is product between three derivatives. Therefore, the
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
differential equation 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 5 𝑑𝑥
+ 6𝑦 = 0 is nonlinear differential equation.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
5. + 5𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 6𝑦 = 0 (Nonlinear differential equation)
𝑑𝑥2
Since we see that the dependent variable of the differential equation above is 𝑦,
but there is product between the dependent variable and its derivative in the
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 3
term 5𝑦 𝑑𝑥 . Therefore, the differential equation +5 + 6𝑦 = 0 is
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
nonlinear differential equation.
Page 3 of 72
Solution of Exercise 2 (Ordinary and Partial D.E)
We will classify of the following differential equations as ordinary or partial differential
equations, state the order of each equation, and determine whether the equation under
consideration is linear or nonlinear.
Ordinary differential equation is the differential equation involving ordinary

derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to a single
independent variable.
Partial differential equation is the differential equation involving ordinary

derivatives of one or more dependent variables with respect to more than one
independent variable.
The order of a differential equation is equal to the order of the highest

differential coefficient that it contains.
The degree of a differential equation is the highest power of the highest order
differential coefficient that the equation contains after it has been rationalized.
𝑑𝑦
1. + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
The differential equation + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑒 𝑥 is ordinary differential equation (since
𝑑𝑥
it has only one independent variable, that is 𝑥), first order ordinary differential
𝑑𝑦
equation, , first degree ordinary differential equation, and linear differential
𝑑𝑥
equation (since no product between dependent variable (𝑦) themselves, no
product between 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives, and its various derivatives
occur to the first degree only).
𝑑3 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2. + 4 𝑑 𝑥 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥.
𝑑𝑥3
𝑑3𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
The differential equation + 4 𝑑 𝑥 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is ordinary differential
𝑑𝑥3
equation (since it has only one independent variable, that is 𝑥), third order
𝑑3𝑦
ordinary differential equation, , first degree ordinary differential equation,
𝑑𝑥3
and linear differential equation (since no product between dependent variable
(𝑦) themselves, no product between 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives, its various
derivatives occur to the first degree only, and no trancendental function of 𝑦
and/ or its derivatives occur).
𝜕2𝑢 𝜕2𝑢
3. + 𝜕 𝑦 2 = 0.
𝜕𝑥2
𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
The differential equation + 𝜕𝑦 2 = 0 is partial differential equation (since it
𝜕𝑥2
has more that one independent variable involved, that is 𝑥 and 𝑦), second order
Page 4 of 72
partial differential equation, first degree partial differential equation, linear
differential equation (since no product between dependent variable (𝑢)
themselves, no product between 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives, and no
trancendental function of 𝑢 and/ or its derivatives occur).
4. 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦 𝑦2
The differential equation is 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑥 2 ordinary differential
equation (since it has only one independent variable involved, that is either 𝑥 or
𝑦), first order ordinary differential equation, first degree ordinary differential
equation, nonlinear differential equation (since there is a product either between
dependent variable 𝑦 themselves ( if 𝑦 is dependent variable) or between
dependent variable 𝑥 themselves ( if 𝑥 is dependent variable) ).
5
𝑑4 𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
5. 4 +3 + 5𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥2
5
𝑑4𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
The differential equation +3 + 5𝑦 = 0 is ordinary differential
𝑑𝑥4 𝑑𝑥2
equation (since it has only one independent variable involved, that is 𝑥), fourth
order ordinary differential equation, first degree ordinary differential equation,
5
𝑑2𝑦
nonlinear differential equation (since in term 3 involves the fifth power of
𝑑𝑥2
the second derivatives ).
𝜕4𝑢 𝜕2𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢
6. + 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝜕 𝑦 2 + 𝑢 = 0.
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦2
𝜕 4𝑢 𝜕 2𝑢 𝜕𝑢
The differential equation + 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 𝜕 𝑦 2 + 𝑢 = 0 is partial differential
𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑦 2
equation (since it has more than one independent variable involved, that is 𝑥 and
𝜕4
𝑦), fourth order partial differential equation (𝜕 𝑥 2 𝜕 𝑦 2 is the fourth derivatives of
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 ), first degree partial differential equation, linear differential equation
(since since no product between dependent variable (𝑢) themselves, no product
between 𝑢 and/or any of its derivatives, and no trancendental function of 𝑦 and/
or its derivatives occur).
𝑑2 𝑦
7. + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2𝑦
The differential equation + 𝑦 sin 𝑥 = 0 is ordinary differential equation
𝑑𝑥2
(since it has only one independent variable, that is 𝑥), second order ordinary
𝑑2𝑦
differential equation, , first degree ordinary differential equation, and linear
𝑑𝑥2
differential equation (since no product between dependent variable (𝑦)
themselves, no product between 𝑦 and/or any of its derivatives, and no
trancendental function of 𝑦 and/ or its derivatives occur).
Page 5 of 72
𝑑2 𝑦
8. + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2𝑦
The differential equation + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 0 is ordinary differential equation
𝑑𝑥2
(since it has only one independent variable, that is 𝑥), second order ordinary
𝑑2𝑦
differential equation, , first degree ordinary differential equation, and
𝑑𝑥2
nonlinear differential equation (since its dependent variable is 𝑦, but then, there
is trancendental function of 𝑦 occur in term 𝑥 sin 𝑦).
𝑑6 𝑥 𝑑4𝑥 𝑑3𝑥
9. + + 𝑥 = 𝑡.
𝑑𝑡6 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 3
𝑑6𝑥 𝑑4𝑥 𝑑3𝑥

The differential equation + + 𝑥 = 𝑡 is ordinary differential
𝑑𝑡6 𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡 3
equation (since it has only one independent variable, that is 𝑡), sixth order
𝑑6𝑥
ordinary differential equation, , first degree ordinary differential equation,
𝑑𝑡6
and nonlinear differential equation (since there is a product between the various
𝑑4𝑥 𝑑3 𝑥
derivatives of 𝑥 with respect to 𝑡 in the term ).
𝑑𝑡 4 𝑑𝑡3
𝑑𝑟 3 𝑑2𝑟
10. = +1
𝑑𝑠 𝑑 𝑠2
𝑑𝑟 3 𝑑2𝑟
The differential equation = + 1 is ordinary differential equation
𝑑𝑠 𝑑 𝑠2
(since it has only one independent variable, that is 𝑠), second order ordinary
differential equation, , first degree ordinary differential equation, and nonlinear
𝑑𝑟 3
differential equation (since in term involves the third power of the first
𝑑𝑠
derivatives).
Solution of Exercise 3 (Solution of D.E)

1. a) We will show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation that be
𝑑𝑦
defined as 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis. To show this, we
𝑑𝑦
must show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 satisfies the differential equation +𝑦=𝑥+1
𝑑𝑥
( ordinary linear nonhomogen differential equation). By differentiating 𝑓 𝑥 , we
𝑑𝑦
obtain 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 . Afterwards, subtituting 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑦, 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 for 𝑑𝑥
in the mentioned differential equation. We obtain
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 1 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 = 𝑥 + 1,
𝑑𝑥
that is, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1. Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by

𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 . In the other word, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 + 3𝑒 −𝑥 is a solution of the differential
𝑑𝑦
equation that be defined as 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 + 1 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis■
Page 6 of 72
b) We will show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑒 4𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
that be defined as − 7 𝑑𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 0 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis. To
𝑑𝑥2
show this, we must show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑒 4𝑥 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏 satisfies the
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
differential equation − 7 𝑑𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 0. By differentiating 𝑓(𝑥), we obtain
𝑑𝑥2
𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 6𝑒 3𝑥 − 20𝑒 4𝑥 and 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 18𝑒 3𝑥 − 80𝑒 4𝑥 . Afterwards, subtituting 𝑓(𝑥) for
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝑦, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) for , and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) for in the mentioned differential equation. We obtain
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥2
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
− 7 + 12𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 18𝑒 3𝑥 − 80𝑒 4𝑥 − 7 6𝑒 3𝑥 − 20𝑒 4𝑥 + 12 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑒 4𝑥 = 0
⇔ 18𝑒 3𝑥 − 80𝑒 4𝑥 − 42𝑒 3𝑥 + 140𝑒 4 + 24𝑒 3𝑥 − 60𝑒 4𝑥 = 0
⇔ 18 − 42 + 24 𝑒 3𝑥 + −80 + 140 − 60 𝑒 4𝑥 = 0
⇔ 0. 𝑒 3𝑥 + 0. 𝑒 4𝑥 = 0
⇔ 0 𝑒 3𝑥 + 𝑒 4𝑥 = 0
⇔ 0 = 0.
Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑒 4𝑥 . In the

other word, 𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑒 4𝑥 is a solution of the differential equation that be
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
defined as 𝑑 𝑥 2 − 7 𝑑𝑥 + 12𝑦 = 0 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis■
c) We will show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 is a solution of the differential

𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
equation that be defined as − 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the
𝑑𝑥2
𝑥 axis. To show this, we must show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7, ∀𝑥 ∈ 𝑎, 𝑏
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
satisfies the differential equation − 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 . By differentiating 𝑓(𝑥), we
𝑑𝑥2
obtain 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6 and 𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 4. Afterwards, subtituting 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑦,
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2𝑦
𝑓 ′ (𝑥) for 𝑑𝑥 , and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) for 𝑑 𝑥 2 in the mentioned differential equation. We obtain
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
2
−3 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑒 𝑥 + 4 − 3 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 = 4𝑥 2
⇔ 𝑒 𝑥 + 4 − 3𝑒 𝑥 − 12𝑥 − 18 + 2𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 14 = 4𝑥 2
⇔ 1 − 3 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + −12 + 12 𝑥 + 4 − 18 + 14 = 4𝑥 2
⇔ 0. 𝑒 𝑥 + 4𝑥 2 + 0. 𝑥 + 0 = 4𝑥 2
⇔ 0 + 4𝑥 2 + 0 + 0 = 4𝑥 2
Page 7 of 72
⇔ 4𝑥 2 = 4𝑥 2 .
Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7. In

the other word, 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 is a solution of the differential equation
𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
that be defined as 𝑑 𝑥 2 − 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis■
1
d) We will show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 is a solution of the differential equation that be
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
defined as 1 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis. To
𝑑𝑥2
1
show this, we must show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 satisfies the differential equation
2𝑥
(1 + 𝑥 2 )𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑥𝑦′ + 2𝑦 = 0. By differentiating 𝑓(𝑥), we obtain 𝑓 ′ 𝑥 = − and
1+𝑥 2 2
2
2 1+𝑥 2 −2𝑥 2 1+𝑥 2 2𝑥 1+𝑥 2 8𝑥 2 −2 1+𝑥 2 6𝑥 2 −2
𝑓 ′′ 𝑥 = − = = . Afterwards subtitut-
1+𝑥 2 4 1+𝑥 2 4 1+𝑥 2 3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
ing 𝑓(𝑥) for 𝑦, 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) for 𝑑𝑥 , and 𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) for 𝑑 𝑥 2 in the mentioned differential equation.
We obtain
1 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 ′′ + 4𝑥𝑦 ′ + 2𝑦 = 0
6𝑥 2 − 2 2𝑥 1
⇔ 1 + 𝑥2 2 3
+ 4𝑥 − +2 =0
1+𝑥 1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2
6𝑥 2 − 2 8𝑥 2 2 + 2𝑥 2
⇔ − + =0
1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2 2 1 + 𝑥2 2
6 − 8 + 2 𝑥 2 + −2 + 2
⇔ =0
1 + 𝑥2 2
0. 𝑥 2 + 0
⇔ =0
1 + 𝑥2 2
0
⇔ =0
1 + 𝑥2 2
⇔ 0 = 0.
1
Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by 𝑓 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 . In the other
1
word, 𝑓 𝑥 = 1+𝑥 2 is a solution of the differential equation that be defined as
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1 + 𝑥2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 on every interval 𝑎 < 𝑥 < 𝑏 of the 𝑥 axis■
𝑑𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1−𝑥 3 1−𝑥 3
2. a) We will show that 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 1 ⇔ 𝑦 = ⇔ 𝑦2 = is an implicit solution
3𝑥 3𝑥
𝑑𝑦
of the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 on the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 1. To
𝑑𝑥
show this, firstly, we differentiating 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 1 implicitly with respect to 𝑥. We
obtain
Page 8 of 72
𝑑 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥3 𝑑 3𝑥𝑦 2 𝑑 1
⇔ + =
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 2
⇔ 3𝑥 2 + 3 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ 3𝑥 2 + 3 1. 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 6𝑥𝑦 =0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
⇔ =− ∀𝑥 ∈ (0,1) … ∗ .
𝑑𝑥 6𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑦
By subtituting (*) to 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 we obtain
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 0
𝑑𝑥
3(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 )
⇔ 2𝑥𝑦 − + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 0
6𝑥𝑦
⇔ − 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 + 𝑥2 + 𝑦2 = 0
1 − 𝑥3 1 − 𝑥3
⇔ − 𝑥2 + + 𝑥2 + = 0, ∀𝑥 ∈ (0,1)
3𝑥 3𝑥
⇔ 0 = 0.
Thus, we can conclude that 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 1 is an implicit solution of the differential

𝑑𝑦
equation 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 0 on the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 1 ■
𝑑𝑥
b) We will show that 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1 is an implicit solution of the differential

𝑑𝑦 5
equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 on the interval 0 < 𝑥 < 2. To show this, firstly, we
𝑑𝑥
differentiating 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1 implicitly with respect to 𝑥. We obtain
𝑑 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑 1
=
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
⇔ 10𝑥 2 𝑦 + 10𝑥𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ 10𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
Page 9 of 72
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 2 5
⇔ = , ∀𝑥 ∈ 0, … ∗
𝑑𝑥 10𝑥 2 𝑦 − 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2
and
5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1
⇔ 5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1
1 1 5
⇔𝑦= = , ∀𝑥 ∈ 0, … ∗∗
5𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
By subtituting (*) and (**) to 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 0 we obtain
𝑑𝑥
6𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 10𝑥𝑦 2 1
𝑥 2 3
+ = 𝑥 3𝑦3
10𝑥 𝑦 − 4𝑥 𝑦 2
5𝑥 − 2𝑥 3
𝑥𝑦 2 3𝑥 − 5 1
⇔𝑥 2
+ = 𝑥 3𝑦3
𝑥 𝑦 5 − 2𝑥 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
3𝑥 − 5 1
⇔𝑦 + = 𝑥 3𝑦3
5 − 2𝑥 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
3𝑥 − 5 1
⇔ + = 𝑥3𝑦3
𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
3𝑥 − 5 + 5 − 2𝑥
⇔ = 𝑥3𝑦3
𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
𝑥
⇔ = 𝑥3𝑦3
𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
1
⇔ = 𝑥 3𝑦3
5 − 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
1
⇔ 𝑥3 = 𝑥 3𝑦3
𝑥 3 5 − 2𝑥 5 − 2𝑥
3
3
1 5
⇔𝑥 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 0,
𝑥 5 − 2𝑥 2
5
⇔ 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 , ∀𝑥 ∈ 0, 2 .
Thus, we can conclude that 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1 is an implicit solution of the

𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
differential equation 𝑥 + 𝑦 = 𝑥3𝑦3 ⇔ 𝑥 + 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 𝑦 3 = 0 on the interval
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
5
0<𝑥<2■
Page 10 of 72
Solution of Exercise 4 (Initial Value Problem)
1. Show that 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −3𝑥 is a solution of initial- value problem
𝑑 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ − 6𝑦 = 0,
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 0 = 6,
𝑦 ′ 0 = 2.
Is 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 −3𝑥 also a solution of this problem? Explain why and why not.
Proof
Assume that 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −3𝑥 is a solution of given initial- value problem. Since
𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −3𝑥 , we obtain 𝑦 ′ = 8𝑒 2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑦 ′′ = 16𝑒 2𝑥 + 18𝑒 −3𝑥 , and
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦 − 6 = 16𝑒 2𝑥 + 18𝑒 −3𝑥 + 8𝑒 2𝑥 − 6𝑒 −3𝑥 − 24𝑒 2𝑥 − 12𝑒 −3𝑥 = 0 (satisfied).
Moreover, by subtituting 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −3𝑥 and 𝑦′ = 8𝑒 2𝑥 − 6𝑒 3𝑥 we
obtain 𝑦(0) = 4𝑒 0 + 2𝑒 0 = 𝑒 0 4 + 2 = 1.6 = 6 (the initial condition is satisfied)
and 𝑦 ′ 0 = 8𝑒 0 − 6𝑒 0 = 𝑒 0 8 − 6 = 1.2 = 2 (the second condition is satisfied).
From this result we can say that our assumption is accepted. Therefore, we can
conclude that 𝑦 = 4𝑒 2𝑥 + 2𝑒 −3𝑥 is the solution of given initial- value problem. ■
Afterward, we will observe whether 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 −3𝑥 is also a solution of the

given problem or not. We know that 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 2𝑥 − 12𝑒 −3𝑥 , 𝑦 ′′ = 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 36𝑒 −3𝑥
and
𝑦 ′′ + 𝑦′ − 6𝑦 = 8𝑒 2𝑥 + 36𝑒 −3𝑥 + 4𝑒 2𝑥 − 12𝑒 −3𝑥 + 12𝑒 2𝑥 + 24𝑒 −3𝑥 = 0
(satisfied). Moreover, by subtituting 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 −3𝑥 and 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 2𝑥 −
12𝑒 −3𝑥 , we obtain
𝑦 0 = 2𝑒 0 + 4𝑒 0 = 𝑒 0 2 + 4 = 1.6 = 6 (satisfied)
and
𝑦 ′ 0 = 4𝑒 0 − 12𝑒 0 = 𝑒 0 4 − 12 = 1 −8 = 8 ≠ 2 (unsatisfied).
From this result, we can conclude that 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 −3𝑥 is not the solution of
given problem since one of the initial conditions in initial- value problem, that is
𝑦 ′ 0 = 2 not be satisfied when we subtituting 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑦 ′ = 4𝑒 2𝑥 − 12𝑒 −3𝑥 .
𝑑2 𝑦
2. Every solution of the differential equation + 𝑦 = 0 may be written in the
𝑑𝑥2
form 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥, for some choice of the arbitrary constants 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 .
Using this information, show that boundary problem (a) and (b) possess
solution but that (c) does not.
𝑑2 𝑦 𝜋
𝑎 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦 = 1.
𝑑𝑥 2 2
Page 11 of 72
𝑑2 𝑦 ′
𝜋
𝑏 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 1, 𝑦 = −1.
𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑑2 𝑦
𝑐 + 𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦 𝜋 = 1.
𝑑𝑥 2
Solution
𝑑2 𝑦
(a) Since every solution of differential equation 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 may be written in
𝜋
form 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥, by subtituting 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 2 to 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 +
𝑐2 cos 𝑥, we obtain
𝑦 0 = 𝑐1 sin 0 + 𝑐2 cos 0 = 𝑐2 = 0
and
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin + 𝑐2 cos = 𝑐1 . 1 + 𝑐2 . 0 = 𝑐1 = 1.
2 2 2
Therefore, the given boundary problem possess solution and it particular
solution is 𝑦 = sin 𝑥.
𝑑2 𝑦
(b) Since every solution of differential equation 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 may be written in
form 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥, by subtituting 𝑥 = 0 to 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥 we
obtain that
𝑦 0 = 𝑐1 sin 0 + 𝑐2 cos 0 = 𝑐1 . 0 + 𝑐2 . 1 = 𝑐2 = 1.
Since 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥, we obtain that 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 − 𝑐2 sin 𝑥. By

𝜋
subtituting 𝑥 = to 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 − 𝑐2 sin 𝑥, we obtain
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
𝑦′ = 𝑐1 cos − 𝑐2 sin = 𝑐1 . 0 − 𝑐2 . 1 = −𝑐2 = −1 ⇔ 𝑐2 = 1.
2 2 2
Since, the value of 𝑐2 consistent, that is 𝑐2 = 1, we can conclude that the given
boundary problem possess solution. Moreover, the general solution for such
boundary problem is 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin(𝑥) + cos(𝑥).
𝑑2 𝑦
(c) Since every solution of differential equation 𝑑 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 = 0 may be written in
form 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥, by subtituting 𝑥 = 0 and 𝑥 = 𝜋 to 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 +
𝑐2 cos 𝑥, we obtain
𝑦 0 = 𝑐1 sin(0) + 𝑐2 cos(0) = 𝑐1 . 0 + 𝑐2 . 1 = 𝑐2 = 0
and
𝑦 𝜋 = 𝑐1 sin 𝜋 + 𝑐2 cos 𝜋 = 𝑐1 . 0 + 𝑐2 . −1 = −𝑐2 = 1 ⇔ 𝑐2 = 1.
Since the value of 𝑐2 inconsistent, we can say that the given boundary
problem has no solution.
Page 12 of 72
***
Solution of Exercise 5 (Separable D.E)

Determine whether each of the following differential equations is or is not separable.
Note: An equation of the form 𝐹 𝑥 𝐺 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑓 𝑥 𝑔 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 … (∗) is called an
equation with variables searable or simply a separable equation. Equation (*) can be
𝐹 𝑥 𝑔 𝑦
restated 𝑓 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐺 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦
1. = 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 𝑝
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = 𝑦 2 3 − sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ 2 𝑑𝑦 = 3 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦
1
⇔ 3 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
we can conclude that the differential equation = 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 is separable.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
2. = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑥 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑦 sin 𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
𝑑𝑦
we can conclude that the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 sin(𝑥) is not
separable.
𝑑𝑦 2
3. 𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
⇔ 2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥
1 1
⇔ 2
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑥−𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2
we can say that the differential equation 𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦 is not separable.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
4. = 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
Page 13 of 72
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
= 1 + 𝑥2
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑑𝑦
we can conclude that the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 2 is separable.
𝑑𝑦
5. + 4𝑦 = 8
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
+ 4𝑦 = 8
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = 8 − 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 = (8 − 4𝑦)𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
8 − 4𝑦
𝑑𝑦
we can conclude that the differential equation + 4𝑦 = 8 is separable.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
6. + 𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = 4𝑥 − 𝑥𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = 𝑥 4−𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
4−𝑦
1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0,
4−𝑦
𝑑𝑦
we can conclude that the differential equation + 𝑥𝑦 = 4𝑥 is separable.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
7. + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
+ 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑑𝑦
we can say that the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 is not separable.
𝑑𝑦
8. = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6
𝑑𝑥
Page 14 of 72
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ = 𝑥−2 𝑦−3
𝑑𝑥
1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑦−3
𝑑𝑦
we can say that the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 is separable.
𝑑𝑦
9. = sin 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦
= sin 𝑥 + 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − sin 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑑𝑦
we can say that the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = sin(𝑥 + 𝑦) is not separable.
𝑑𝑦 2
10. 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑦
Solution:
Since
𝑑𝑦 2
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑦
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑒𝑥
⇔𝑦 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 3𝑦 2
2
⇔ 𝑦𝑒 3𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
𝑑𝑦 2
we can conclude that the differential equation 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥−3𝑦 is separable.
𝑑𝑥
***
Solution of Exercise 6 (General Solution of Separable D.E)

Find the general solution for each of the following. Where possible, write your answer
as an explicit solution.
𝑑𝑦
1. = 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 𝑦 − 4 ⇔ 𝑦−4 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0, assume 𝑦 ≠ 4, we
obtain that
1
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑦−4
1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − 4 − 𝑥 2 = 𝐶1
2
1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑥 2 + 𝐶1
2
Page 15 of 72
1 2
⇔ 𝑦 − 4 = 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝐶 1
, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
1 2
⇔ 𝑦 − 4 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for the differential equation = 𝑥𝑦 − 4𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Note:
1 2
Since 𝑦 − 4 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 ,
1 2 1 2
𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 ≥ 4 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 + 4
𝑦−4 = 1 2 1 2 ⇔ 𝑦 = 1 2
−𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒 2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 < 4 𝐾𝑒 2𝑥 + 4
𝑑𝑦
2. = 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 2 3 − sin 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain that
1
𝑑𝑦 − 3 − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑦2
1
⇔ − − 3𝑥 + cos 𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑦
1
⇔ − = 3𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶1
𝑦
1
⇔𝑦=− , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = −𝐶1
3𝑥 + cos 𝑥 + 𝐶1
1
⇔𝑦=
𝐶 − 3𝑥 − cos 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 − 𝑦 2 sin 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦
3. = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 2 𝑦 − 3 ⇔ 𝑦−3 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0,
we obtain
1
𝑑𝑦 − (𝑥 − 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑦−3
1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − 3 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 = 𝐶1
2
1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − 3 = 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝐶1
2
1 2
⇔ 𝑦 − 3 = 𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥+𝐶1
, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
1 2
⇔ 𝑦 − 3 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for differential equation = 𝑥𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 2𝑦 + 6.
𝑑𝑥
Note:
1 2
Since 𝑦 − 3 = 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥
,
Page 16 of 72
1 2 1 2
𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥
𝑖𝑓 𝑦 ≥ 3 𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥 + 3
𝑦−3 = 1 2 1 2 ⇔ 𝑦 = 1 2
−𝐶𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥
= 𝐾𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥 𝑖𝑓 𝑦 < 3 𝐾𝑒 2𝑥 −2𝑥 + 3
𝑑𝑦
4. = tan 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑦) ⇔ tan 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0, assume tan(𝑦) ≠ 0, we obtain
𝑦
1
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
tan 𝑦
cos 𝑦
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
sin 𝑦
1
⇔ 𝑑 sin(𝑦) − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
sin(𝑦)
⇔ ln | sin 𝑦 | − 𝑥 = 𝐶1
⇔ ln | sin 𝑦 | = 𝑥 + 𝐶1
⇔ sin 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶1 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
⇔ sin 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for 𝑑𝑥 = tan(𝑦).
Note:
Since sin 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑥 ,
𝐶𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑓0 ≤ sin(𝑦) ≤ 1 arcsin(𝐶𝑒 𝑥 )
sin(𝑦) = ⇔ 𝑦 =
−𝐶𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐾𝑒 𝑥 𝑖𝑓 −1 ≤ sin(𝑦) < 0 arcsin(𝐾𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
5. =𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 ⇔ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain
1 1
𝑦 𝑥
⇔ ln 𝑦 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
⇔ ln 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑒 𝐶1
⇔ ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑒 𝐶1 |𝑥|) , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
⇔ 𝑦 = 𝐶|𝑥|
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
as the general solution for the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 +4
6. = 3𝑦 2 −4𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 +4
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 −4𝑦 ⇔ 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = 0, assume 3𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 ≠ 0 we
obtain
3𝑦 2 − 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 6𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 3 − 2𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 𝐶
Page 17 of 72
2𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 + 𝐶
⇔𝑦=
𝑦 2 − 2𝑦
𝑑𝑦 6𝑥 2 +4
as the general solution for the diffeential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 2 −4𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦
7. 𝑥2 + 1 = 𝑦2 + 1
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1 1
Since 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑦 2 + 1 ⇔ 1+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain
𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
1 + 𝑦2 1 + 𝑥2
⇔ 𝑎𝑟𝑐 tan 𝑦 − arctan 𝑥 = 𝐶
⇔ arctan 𝑦 = arctan 𝑥 + 𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 = tan(arctan 𝑥 + 𝐶)
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for differential equation 𝑥 2 + 1 = 𝑦 2 + 1.
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
8. 𝑦2 − 1 = 4𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 −1
Since 𝑦 2 − 1 = 4𝑥𝑦 2 ⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0, assume 𝑦 ≠ 0, we obtain
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2
𝑦2 − 1
𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦2
1
⇔ 1 − 2 𝑑𝑦 − 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦
1
⇔ 𝑦 + − 2𝑥 2 = 𝐶
𝑦
2
𝑦 +1
⇔ = 2𝑥 2 + 𝐶
𝑦
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for the differential equation 𝑦 2 − 1 = 4𝑥𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
9. = 𝑒 −𝑦
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 ⇔ 𝑒 −𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 ⇔ 𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain
𝑒 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
⇔ 𝑒𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝐶
⇔ 𝑒𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 = ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 .
𝑑𝑦
10. 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 + 1
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 + 1 ⇔ 𝑒 −𝑦 +1 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain
1
𝑒 −𝑦+1
Page 18 of 72
𝑒𝑦
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑒𝑦 + 1
1
⇔ 𝑦
𝑑 𝑒 𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑒 +1
⇔ ln 𝑒 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 = 𝐶1
⇔ ln 𝑒 𝑦 + 1 = 𝑥 + 𝐶1
⇔ 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥+𝐶1 − 1 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
⇔ 𝑦 = ln |𝐶𝑒 𝑥 − 1|
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 −𝑦 + 1.
𝑑𝑦
11. 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑦 3
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥𝑦 3 ⇔ 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 0, assume 𝑦 ≠ 0, we obtain
1
𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑦3
1 3
⇔ 2
− 𝑥 2 = 𝐶1
−2𝑦 2
1
⇔ 2 = −3𝑥 2 − 2𝐶1 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = −2𝐶1
𝑦
1
⇔ 𝑦2 =
𝐶 − 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦
As the general solution for differential equation = 3𝑥𝑦 3 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2+ 𝑥
12. 𝑑𝑥 = 2+ 𝑦
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 2+ 𝑥
Since = ⇔ 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain
𝑑𝑥 2+ 𝑦
2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶2
2 2
⇔ 2𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝐶2
3 3
1 1
⇔ 2𝑦 1 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 1 + 𝑥 + 𝐶2
3 3
3+ 𝑦 3+ 𝑥 𝐶2 𝐶2
⇔𝑦 =𝑥 + , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶1 =
3 3 2 2
3+ 𝑥
𝑥 + 𝐶1
3
⇔𝑦= , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 3𝐶1
3+ 𝑦
3
𝑥 3+ 𝑥 +𝐶
⇔𝑦=
3+ 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2+ 𝑥
as the general solution for the differential equation 𝑑𝑥 = 2+ 𝑦 .
Page 19 of 72
𝑑𝑦
13. 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = −3𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = −3𝑥 2 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1 = 0 ⇔ 𝑦 2 −1 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we
obtain
1
2
𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 −1
1 1
⇔ 2 − 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑦−1 𝑦+1
1 1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − 1 − ln 𝑦 + 1 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐶1
2 2
𝑦−1
⇔ ln = 2(𝑥 3 + 𝐶1 )
𝑦+1
𝑦−1 3
⇔ = 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝐶 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 2𝐶1
𝑦+1
3 +𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 − 1 = 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 2𝑥
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution from the differential equation − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = −3𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
14. 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 1 + 𝑦 2 ⇔ 1+𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0, we obtain
1
𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
1 + 𝑦2
⇔ arctan 𝑦 − 𝑥 3 = 𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 = tan(𝑥 3 + 𝐶)
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution of differential equation 𝑑𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 = 3𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑦
15. 𝑑𝑥 = 200𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 1 1
Since 𝑑𝑥 = 200𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 ⇔ 200𝑦 −2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 ⇔ 200 𝑦 −2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0, assume
𝑦 ≠ 100, we obtain
1
200𝑦 − 2𝑦 2
1
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶2
2𝑦 100 − 𝑦
1 1
⇔ 100 + 200 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶2
2𝑦 100 − 𝑦
1 1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − ln 100 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 = 𝐶2
200 200
1 𝑦
⇔ ln = 𝑥 + 𝐶2
200 100 − 𝑦
Page 20 of 72
𝑦
⇔ ln = 200 𝑥 + 𝐶2 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶1 = 200𝐶2
100 − 𝑦
𝑦
⇔ = 𝑒 200𝑥+𝐶1 , 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
100 − 𝑦
⇔ 𝑦 = 100 − 𝑦 𝐶𝑒 200𝑥
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution for the differential equation = 200𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution of Quiz
1. Solve
𝑒 𝑣 + 1 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑒 𝑣 sin 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑣 = 0.
Solution:
From the differential equation
𝑒 𝑣 + 1 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑒 𝑣 sin 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑣 = 0,
dividing both side by 𝑒 𝑣 + 1 (sin 𝑢 + 1), with the assumption that
sin(𝑢) ≠ −1 and we obviously 𝑒 𝑣 ≠ −1, we obtain
cos 𝑢 𝑒𝑣
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0.
sin 𝑢 + 1 𝑒 +1
cos 𝑢 𝑒𝑣
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑣 = 𝐶1
sin 𝑢 + 1 𝑒𝑣 + 1
1 1
⇔ 𝑑 sin 𝑢 + 𝑣
𝑑 𝑒 𝑣 = 𝐶1
sin 𝑢 + 1 𝑒 +1
⇔ ln sin 𝑢 + 1 + ln 𝑒 𝑣 + 1 = 𝐶1 … (∗)
⇔ ln sin 𝑢 + 1 = − ln 𝑒 𝑣 + 1 + 𝐶1
𝑣
⇔ sin 𝑢 = 𝑒 − ln 𝑒 +1 +𝐶1 − 1, 𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶1
𝑣 −1
⇔ 𝑢 = arcsin 𝐶𝑒 ln 𝑒 +1 − 1
⇔ 𝑢 = arcsin(𝐶 𝑒 𝑣 + 1 −1 − 1)
as the general solution of the separable differential equation 𝑒 𝑣 + 1 cos 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 +
𝑒 𝑣 sin 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑣 = 0. It is enough for us if we say that (*) is the general solution
of given separable differential equation.
2. Solve
𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0, 𝑦 −3 = −1.
Solution:
From 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥 + 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0, dividing both side by 𝑦 + 2 (𝑥 + 4), with the
assumption that 𝑦 ≠ −2 and 𝑥 ≠ −4, we obtain
1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥+4 𝑦+2
1 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥+4 𝑦+2
1 𝑦+2 −2
⇔ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥+4 𝑦+2
1 2
⇔ 𝑑𝑥 + 1− 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑥+4 𝑦+2
Page 21 of 72
⇔ ln 𝑥 + 4 + 𝑦 − 2 ln 𝑦 + 2 = 𝐶
⇔ 𝑦 − 2 ln 𝑦 + 2 = − ln 𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶
⇔ ln(𝑒 𝑦 ) − ln 𝑦 + 2 2 = − ln 𝑥 + 4 + 𝐶
𝑒𝑦
⇔ ln = − ln 𝑥 + 4 + ln 𝑒 𝐶
𝑦+2 2
𝑒𝑦 𝑒𝐶
⇔ ln = ln
𝑦+2 2 𝑥+4
𝑦 𝐶
𝑒 𝑒
⇔ = … (∗)
𝑦+2 2 𝑥+4
Afterwards, we apply the initial condition to (*) and we obtain
𝑒 −1 𝑒𝐶
= ⇔ 𝐶 = −1.
−1 + 2 2 −3 + 4
Therefore, we can conclude that the solution of the initial- value problem under
consideration is
𝑒𝑦 𝑒 −1
=
𝑦+2 2 𝑥+4
or it can be written as
𝑥+4 𝑦
𝑒 = 𝑒 −1 .
𝑦+2 2
Solution of Exercise 7 (Homogeneous D.E)

Definition
An equation in differential form 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is said to be homogeneous,
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
if when written in derivative form 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑔 there exist a function 𝑔 such that
𝑥
𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑔 .
𝑥
Identify whether the following differential equations is homogeneous or not.

1. 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Since 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be written as
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
=− = −1 + = − 𝑥 +
𝑦 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥
𝑦
we obtain that there exist a function 𝑔 such that 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑔 𝑥 . Therefore, we
can conclude that the differential equation 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
homogeneous.
2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Page 22 of 72
Solution:
Since 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be written as
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑥 2 𝑥 1 1
= = + = + ,
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 𝑦 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦
we obtain that there exist a function 𝑔 such that 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑔 . Thus, we can
𝑥
conclude that the differential equation 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous.
3. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
𝑦
Since 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 can not be written as a function 𝑔 ,
𝑥
that is
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦 𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥 𝑦+1+𝑥
= = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦2 + 𝑥 𝑦 1 𝑦 1
𝑥𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
𝑦
can not be written as a function 𝑔 , we say that the differential equation
𝑥
𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not homogeneous.
4. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Since 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 can not be written as a function
𝑦
𝑔 , that is,
𝑥
1 𝑦
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 +1+𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑥𝑦(𝑦 + 1 + 𝑥 ) 1 𝑥
= = =
𝑑𝑥 𝑦3 + 𝑥 2𝑦 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑥 2𝑦 2 + 1
𝑥 𝑥 +1
𝑦
can not be written as a function 𝑔 , we can conclude that the differential
𝑥
equation 𝑥 + 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not homogeneous.
2 2 3
***
Solution of Exercise 8 (Solution of Homogeneous D.E)

Theorem
If 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is a homogeneous differential equation, then the change of
variables 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 transform 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 into a separable equation in the
variables 𝑣 and 𝑥.
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𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
1. Find the general solution of = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
Solution:
The given differential equation in derivative form is homogeneous since
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑦
= = + = 𝑔 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Now, let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥. We obtain 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and
𝑑𝑣
⇔𝑣+𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣
⇔𝑥 = 𝑣2
𝑑𝑥
1 1
⇔ 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑣 𝑥
integrating
1 1
2
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑣 𝑥
1
⇔ − − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑣
𝑦
substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 , we obtain
𝑥 𝑥
− − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶 ⇔ 𝑦 = − ,
𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦 +𝑦 2
as the general solution of of = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
2. Solve 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 given that 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 1.
Solution:
The given equation in derivative form is
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 𝑦 1 1 𝑦
= = + = +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2𝑦 2𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑥
𝑥
and from this form we obtain that the given differential equation is
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
homogeneous. Now, let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥. We obtain 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and
𝑑𝑣 1 1
𝑣+𝑥 = + 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣 1 1
⇔𝑥 = − 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣 2
⇔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
2𝑣 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
1 − 𝑣2 𝑥
integrating
2𝑣 1
2
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
1−𝑣 𝑥
1 2
1
⇔− 𝑑 −𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
1 − 𝑣2 𝑥
⇔ − ln 1 − 𝑣 2 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
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⇔ − ln 1 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 = 𝐶1
⇔ ln 1 − 𝑣 2 𝑥 = 𝐶 (let 𝐶 = −𝐶1 )
⇔ 1 − 𝑣2 𝑥 = 𝑒𝐶 .
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 we obtain
𝑦2 𝑦2
1 − 𝑣2 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐶 ⇔ 1−
𝑥 = 𝑒 𝐶
⇔ 𝑥 − = 𝑒𝐶.
𝑥2 𝑥
Using the initial condition 𝑦 = 0 at 𝑥 = 1, we obtain
1 − 0 = 𝑒 𝐶 ⇔ 1 = 𝑒 𝐶 . It means that
𝑦2
𝑥− = 1. From this result, we obtain
𝑥
2
𝑦 𝑦2
𝑥− = −1 ⇔ 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 or 𝑥 − = 1 ⇔ 𝑦 2 = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥.
𝑥 𝑥
as the solution for the given initial value problem.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦
3. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = and find the particular solution when 𝑦 1 = 1.
𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Since 𝑑𝑥 = =1+ =𝑔 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Moreover, let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and we will obtain that 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1
𝑣+𝑥 =1+𝑣 ⇔𝑥 = 1 ⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (∗).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Integrating (*), we obtain
1
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ⇔ 𝑣 − ln |𝑥| = 𝐶 … ∗∗
𝑥
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 to (**) we obtain 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥.
Using initial condition, we obtain 1 = 1 ln 1 + 𝐶 ⇔ 𝐶 = 1.
Therefore, we can conclude that 𝑦 = 𝑥 ln |𝑥| + 𝑥 is the particular solution for the
given initial value problem.
𝑑𝑦 1
4. Solve 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 − 𝑦 and find the particular solution when 𝑦 2 = 2.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Since 𝑑𝑥 = =1−𝑥 =𝑔 , 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous.
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
and
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 1
𝑣+𝑥 =1−𝑣 ⇔𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (∗).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 2𝑣 𝑥
1 1
1 − 2𝑣 𝑥
1
⇔ − ln 1 − 2𝑣 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
2
⇔ ln 1 − 2𝑣 + ln 𝑥 2 = 𝐶 (let 𝐶 = −2𝐶1 )
⇔ ln 1 − 2𝑣 𝑥 2 = 𝐶
⇔ 1 − 2𝑣 𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝐶
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⇔ 𝑥 2 − 2𝑣𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝐶 … ∗∗
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 to (**) we obtain 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 𝑒 𝐶 .
Using initial condition, we obtain 4 − 2 = 2 = 𝑒 𝐶 .
Therefore, we can conclude that 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 = 2 is the particular solution for the
given initial value problem.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−2𝑦
5. Solve 𝑑𝑥 = and find the particular solution when 𝑦 1 = −1.
𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥−2𝑦 𝑦 𝑦
Since 𝑑𝑥 = = 1−2 =𝑔 , 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥𝑑𝑦 = 0 is homogeneous.
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
and
𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑣 1 1
𝑣+𝑥 = 1 − 2𝑣 ⇔ 𝑥 = 1 − 3𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (∗).
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 − 3𝑣 𝑥
1 1
1 − 3𝑣 𝑥
1
⇔ − ln 1 − 3𝑣 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
3
⇔ ln 1 − 3𝑣 + ln(𝑥 2 𝑥 ) = 𝐶 (let 𝐶 = −3𝐶1 )
2
⇔ ln 1 − 3𝑣 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝐶
⇔ 1 − 3𝑣 |𝑥|𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝐶
⇔ 𝑥 3 − 3𝑣𝑥 3 = 𝑒 𝐶 … ∗∗
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 to (**) we obtain
3 2 2
𝑒𝐶 𝐶
𝑥 − 3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑒 ⇔ 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 2 .
𝑥
𝑒𝐶
Using initial condition, we obtain 1 + 3 = ⇔ 𝑒 𝐶 = 4.
1
4 2 2
Therefore, we can conclude that 𝑥 − 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2 = is the particular solution
𝑥
for the given initial value problem.
𝑑𝑦 𝑥+𝑦 𝑦 1
6. Given that 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥−𝑦 , prove that arctan = 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝐴 where 𝐴 is an
𝑥
arbitrary constant.
Proof:
Since
1
𝑥 𝑦 +1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑦 + 1 𝑥 𝑦
= = = =𝑔 , 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑥 − 1 1
− 1 𝑥
𝑦 𝑦
𝑥
is homogeneous. Moreover, let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and we will obtain that
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and
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1
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 + 1 𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 − 𝑣 + 𝑣 2 1−𝑣 1
𝑣+𝑥 = ⇔𝑥 = ⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (∗).
𝑑𝑥 1 − 1 𝑑𝑥 1−𝑣 1 + 𝑣2 𝑥
𝑣
1−𝑣 1
2
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴
1+𝑣 𝑥
1 1 2𝑣 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐴
1 + 𝑣2 2 1 + 𝑣2 𝑥
1 1
⇔ arctan 𝑣 − ln 1 + 𝑣 2 − ln(𝑥 2 ) = 𝐴
2 2
1
⇔ arctan 𝑣 = ln 1 + 𝑣 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴 … (∗)
2
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 to (*), we obtain
1 𝑦2 1
arctan(𝑣) = 2 ln 1 + 𝑥 2 𝑥 2 + 𝐴 = 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 ) + 𝐴.■
𝑑𝑦
7. Find the general solution of 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 +𝑦 2 1 1 𝑦 2 𝑦
Since 𝑑𝑥 = =2+2 =𝑔 , 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
2𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥
homogeneous. Moreover, let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and we will obtain that
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇔ =𝑣+𝑥 and
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2 𝑑𝑣 𝑣−1 2 2 1
𝑣+𝑥 = ⇔𝑥 = ⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (∗).
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑣−1 2 𝑥
2 1 2 2
2
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶 ⇔ − − ln |𝑥| = 𝐶 ⇔ = ln |𝑥| + 𝐶 … ∗∗
𝑣−1 𝑥 𝑣−1 1−𝑣
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 to (**) we obtain
2𝑥 2𝑥
= ln 𝑥 + 𝐶 ⇔ 𝑦 = 𝑥 −
𝑥−𝑦 ln 𝑥 + 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution of 2𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑦
8. Find the general solution of 2𝑥 − 𝑦 = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Since
1
2− 𝑦
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑦 − 𝑥 2−𝑦
= = 𝑥 = 𝑥 = 𝑔 𝑦 , (2𝑦 − 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 − (2𝑥 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 2 𝑥
𝑦 −1 𝑦 −1
𝑥
is homogeneous. Moreover, let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 and we will obtain that
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑣𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥𝑑𝑣 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and
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1
𝑑𝑣 2 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 2𝑣 − 1 − 𝑣(2 − 𝑣) 𝑣−2 1
𝑣+𝑥 = ⇔𝑥 = ⇔− 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … (∗).
𝑑𝑥 2 − 1 𝑑𝑥 2−𝑣 𝑣 −1 𝑥
𝑣
𝑣−2 1
− 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑣 −1 𝑥
1 2𝑣 2 1
⇔− 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
2 𝑣2 − 1 𝑣2 − 1 𝑥
1 1 1 1 1
⇔− 2
𝑑 𝑣2 + − 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
2 𝑣 −1 𝑣−1 𝑣+1 𝑥
1
⇔ − ln 𝑣 2 − 1 + ln 𝑣 − 1 − ln 𝑣 + 1 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
2
⇔ ln 𝑣 2 − 1 − ln 𝑣 − 1 2 + ln 𝑣 + 1 2 + ln(𝑥 2 ) = 𝐶2 (let 𝐶2 = −2𝐶1 )
2 2 2
𝑣 −1 𝑣+1 𝑥
⇔ ln = 𝐶2
𝑣−1 2
𝑣2 − 1 𝑣 + 1 2 𝑥 2
⇔ = 𝑒 𝐶2 = 𝐶 … (∗∗) let 𝐶 = 𝑒 𝐶2 .
𝑣−1 2
𝑦
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑥 to (**), we obtain
𝑦2 𝑦 2
2 2 𝑦
2
− 1 + 1 𝑥 𝑦 2
− 𝑥 + 1 𝑦+𝑥
𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2
2 = 2 = 𝑦+𝑥 =𝐶
𝑦 𝑦−𝑥 𝑦−𝑥
− 1
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution of 2𝑥 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 − 𝑥 .
***
Solution of Exercise 9 (Non Homogeneous D.E)

𝑝 𝑞 𝑟 𝑝 𝑞
Note: If = 𝑏 ≠ 𝑐 , suppose = 𝑏 = 𝑚, then the differential equation
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑝𝑥 + 𝑞𝑦 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑦 = 0 can be written as
𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑐 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑚 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦 + 𝑟 𝑑𝑦 = 0. To solve this, let 𝑢 = 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏𝑦.
Find the solution of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

Solution:
Since 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇔ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
let 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦. We obtain 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑦 and
𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 + −𝑢 − 1 + 2𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Dividing both sides of 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑦 = 0 by 𝑢, we obtain
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𝑢+1
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑢
Furthermore, we obtain
𝑢+1
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑢
1
⇔ 1 + 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑢
⇔ 𝑢 + ln 𝑢 + 𝑦 = 𝐶 … (∗)
Substituting 𝑢 = 𝑥 + 𝑦 to (*), we obtain
⇔ 𝑥 + 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 𝑦 = 𝐶
⇔ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + ln |𝑥 + 𝑦| = 𝐶
as the general solution of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
***
Solution of Exercise 10 (Solution of Non Homogeneous D.E)

1. Solve 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Since
3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇔ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
1 1
let 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 𝑦. We obtain 𝑑𝑢 = 3𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 and
3 3
𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑢 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 1
⇔ 𝑢+1 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑢 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 3
1 1
⇔ 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑢 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
3 3
1 1 5 10
⇔ 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑢 + − 𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
3 3 3 3
1 1 5 10 5 10
Dividing both sides of 3 𝑢 + 3 𝑑𝑢 + − 3 𝑢 + 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 by − 3 𝑢 + 3 , we obtain
𝑢+1
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
−5𝑢 + 10
𝑢+1
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶2
−5𝑢 + 10
−5 𝑢 + 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶2
−5 −5𝑢 + 10
1 −5𝑢 + 10 −15
⇔ − + 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶2
5 −5𝑢 + 10 −5𝑢 + 10
1 3 −5
⇔− 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶2
5 5 −5𝑢 + 10
1 3 1
⇔− 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑 −5𝑢 + 10 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶2
5 5 −5𝑢 + 10
1 3
⇔ − 𝑢 − ln −5𝑢 + 10 + 𝑦 = 𝐶2 … (∗)
5 5
Page 29 of 72
Substituting 𝑢 = 3𝑥 − 𝑦 to (*), we obtain
1 3
− 3𝑥 − 𝑦 − ln −5 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 10 + 𝑦 = 𝐶2
5 5
⇔ 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 3 ln −15𝑥 + 5𝑦 + 10 − 5𝑦 = −5𝐶2
⇔ 3𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 3 ln 5 −3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = 𝐶1
𝐶1
⇔ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + ln 5 + ln −3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 =
3
𝐶1
⇔ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + ln −3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2 = − ln 5
3
⇔ 𝑥 − 2𝑦 + ln | − 3𝑥 + 𝑦 + 2| = 𝐶
as the general solution of 3𝑥 − 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 − 6𝑥 − 2𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
2. Solve the initial value problem of 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0;
𝑦 −2 = 2.
Solution:
Since
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 6𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0,
1 3
let 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦. We obtain 𝑑𝑢 = 2𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑑𝑦 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 𝑑𝑢 − 2 𝑑𝑦 and
𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
1 3
⇔ 𝑢+1 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑢 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2
𝑢+1 3𝑢 3
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 − 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑢𝑑𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2 2
𝑢+1 𝑢−1
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
2 2
𝑢+1 𝑢 −1 𝑢−1
Dividing both sides of 2 𝑑𝑢 + 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0 by , we obtain
2
𝑢+1
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢−1
𝑢−1 +2
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑢−1
2
⇔ 1+ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑢−1
2
1+ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑦 = 𝐶1
𝑢−1
⇔ 𝑢 + 2 ln |𝑢 − 1| + 𝑦 = 𝐶1 … (∗)
Substituting 𝑢 = 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 to (*), we obtain
2𝑥 + 3𝑦 + 2 ln 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 + 𝑦 = 𝐶1
⇔ 2𝑥 + 4𝑦 + 2 ln 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 = 𝐶1
𝐶1
⇔ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + ln 2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1 =
2
⇔ 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + ln |2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1| = 𝐶 … (∗∗)
Afterwards, we substituting 𝑥 = −2 and 𝑦 = 2 (initial condition) to (**), we obtain
−2 + 4 + ln | − 4 + 6 − 1| = 𝐶 ⇔ 2 + ln(1) = 𝐶 ⇔ 2 = 𝐶.
Page 30 of 72
Therefore, 𝑥 + 2𝑦 + ln |2𝑥 + 3𝑦 − 1| = 2 is the solution for the given initial value
problem.
***
Part 3
Solve the following differential equations.
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 −7𝑦
1. = 3𝑦 −8𝑥
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑦 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 − 7𝑦 𝑥 2−7 1 2−7
𝑥 𝑥
= = = 𝑦
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦 − 8𝑥 8
1 𝑥 3− 𝑦
𝑦 3−8 𝑦
𝑥
𝑥
𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑣
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇔ 𝑣 = 𝑥 . We obtain, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥 ⇔ = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and as a
𝑑𝑥
consequence, we obtain
𝑑𝑣 1 2 − 7𝑣
⇔ 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 3 − 8
𝑣
𝑑𝑣 2 − 7𝑣
⇔ 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑣 − 8
𝑑𝑣 −3𝑣 2 + 𝑣 + 2
⇔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 3𝑣 − 8
3𝑣 − 8 1
⇔− 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
3𝑣 − 𝑣 − 2 𝑥
6 1 1
⇔− − 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
3𝑣 + 2 𝑣 − 1 𝑥
2.3 1 1
⇔ − 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
3𝑣 + 2 𝑣 − 1 𝑥
2.3 1 1
− 𝑑𝑣 + 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
3𝑣 + 2 𝑣 − 1 𝑥
⇔ 2 ln 3𝑣 + 2 − ln 𝑣 − 1 + ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
3𝑦 𝑦
⇔ 2 ln + 2 − ln − 1 + ln |𝑥| = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥−7𝑦
as the general solusion of 𝑑𝑥 = 3𝑦 −8𝑥 .
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 3 + 1 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥3 + 1 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ 𝑥3 + 1 = 6𝑥 2 1 − 𝑦
𝑑𝑥
1 6𝑥 2
⇔ 𝑑𝑦 − 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
1−𝑦 𝑥 +1
Page 31 of 72
Afterwards, we obtain
1 3𝑥 2
𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
1−𝑦 𝑥3 + 1
1 1
⇔− 𝑑𝑦 − 2 𝑑 𝑥 3 = 𝐶1
𝑦−1 𝑥3 + 1
⇔ − ln 𝑦 − 1 − 2 ln 𝑥 3 + 1 = 𝐶1
⇔ ln 𝑦 − 1 + ln 𝑥 3 + 1 2 = −𝐶1 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
as the general solution of 𝑥 3 + 1 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = 6𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
3. = 2𝑥𝑦 −𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
2 𝑦 2 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 𝑦 2 𝑥 2 2 + 1 2 +
𝑥 𝑥
= = 2 = 𝑦 2 .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑥 2 1
𝑦2 2 𝑦 − 𝑦 𝑦 −
𝑥 𝑦 2
𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 ⇔ 𝑣 = 𝑥 . We obtain, 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣𝑑𝑥 ⇔ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑣 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and as a
𝑑𝑣 1 2 + 𝑣2
𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 2 2 − 1
𝑣 𝑣2
𝑑𝑣 2 + 𝑣 2
⇔ 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 − 1
𝑑𝑣 −(𝑣 2 − 𝑣 − 2)
⇔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 − 1
1 − 2𝑣 1
⇔ 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑣 −𝑣−2 𝑥
−1 1 1
⇔ − 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑣−2 𝑣+1 𝑥
Moreover,
−1 1 1
− 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
𝑣−2 𝑣+1 𝑥
⇔ − ln |𝑣 − 2| − ln |𝑣 + 1| − ln |𝑥| = 𝐶1
⇔ ln |𝑣 − 2| + ln |𝑣 + 1| + ln |𝑥| = −𝐶1
⇔ ln 𝑣 − 2 𝑣 + 1 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦
⇔ ln −2 +1 𝑥 =𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
𝑦2 𝑦
⇔ ln − −2 𝑥 =𝐶
𝑥2 𝑥
𝑦2
⇔ ln − 𝑦 − 2𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑥
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 2 +𝑦 2
as the general solution of 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑥𝑦 −𝑥 2 .
4. 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Page 32 of 72
Solution:
3𝑥 − 5𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑦 − 3𝑥 − 5𝑦
⇔ =
𝑑𝑥 𝑥+𝑦
1
3 𝑦 −5
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑥
⇔ =− 𝑦 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 1+𝑥
3
𝑑𝑣 −5
𝑣+𝑥 = −𝑣 𝑣
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑣 −3 + 5𝑣
⇔ 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣
𝑑𝑣 −𝑣 2 + 4𝑣 − 3
⇔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 1+𝑣
1+𝑣 1
⇔− 2 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑣 − 4𝑣 + 3 𝑥
2 1 1
⇔− − 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑣−3 𝑣−1 𝑥
1 2 1
⇔ − 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑣−1 𝑣−3 𝑥
1 2 1
− 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑣−1 𝑣−3 𝑥
⇔ ln 𝑣 − 1 − 2 ln 𝑣 − 3 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦 𝑦
⇔ ln − 1 − 2 ln − 3 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
as the general solution of 3𝑥 − 5𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
5. 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0; 𝑦 1 = 0
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 1 1 1 𝑦
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 ⇔ = = .𝑦 + . .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥𝑦 2 2 𝑥
𝑥
𝑑𝑣 1 𝑣
𝑣+𝑥 = +
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣 2
𝑑𝑣 1 + 𝑣 2
⇔ 𝑣+𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
2
𝑑𝑣 1 − 𝑣
⇔𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑣
Page 33 of 72
2𝑣 1
⇔ 2
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
1−𝑣 𝑥
−2𝑣 1
− 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
1 − 𝑣2 𝑥
1 1
⇔− 2
𝑑 −𝑣 2 − 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶1
1−𝑣 𝑥
⇔ − ln 1 − 𝑣 2 − ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
⇔ ln 1 − 𝑣 2 + ln 𝑥 = 𝐶
𝑦2
⇔ ln 1 − 2 + ln |𝑥| = 𝐶 … (∗)
𝑥
Substituting 𝑥 = 1 and 𝑦 = 0 (initial condition), we obtain
ln 1 − 0 + ln 1 = 𝐶 ⇔ 0 = 𝐶.
𝑦2
Therefore, ln 1 − 𝑥 2 + ln |𝑥| = 0 is the solution of the given inital value problem.
6. 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
Solution:
Let 𝑢 = 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 and 𝑣 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1. We obtain 𝑑𝑢 = 5𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑦 and
𝑑𝑣 = 2𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦. Using elimination, we obtain 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑑𝑣 and 𝑑𝑦 = 5𝑑𝑣 − 2𝑑𝑢.
Afterwards, we obtain
𝑢𝑑𝑥 + 𝑣𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑑𝑣 + 𝑣 5𝑑𝑣 − 2𝑑𝑢 = 0
⇔ 𝑢𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑢𝑑𝑣 + 5𝑣𝑑𝑣 − 2𝑣𝑑𝑢 = 0
⇔ 𝑢 − 2𝑣 𝑑𝑢 + −2𝑢 + 5𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = 0
𝑣 𝑣
⇔ 1 − 2 𝑑𝑢 + −2 + 5 𝑑𝑣 = 0.
𝑢 𝑢
𝑣
Let 𝑤 = ⇔ 𝑣 = 𝑢𝑤. As a consequence, we obtain 𝑑𝑣 = 𝑤𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑤 and
𝑢
1 − 2𝑤 𝑑𝑢 + −2 + 5𝑤 𝑤𝑑𝑢 + 𝑢𝑑𝑤 = 0
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑤𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑤𝑑𝑢 − 2𝑢𝑑𝑤 + 5𝑤 2 𝑑𝑢 + 5𝑤𝑢𝑑𝑤 = 0
⇔ 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2 𝑑𝑢 + −2 + 5𝑤 𝑢𝑑𝑤 = 0
1 −2 + 5𝑤
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤 = 0.
𝑢 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2
Moreover, we obtain
1 −2 + 5𝑤
𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤 = 𝐶
𝑢 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2
1 1 −4 + 10𝑤
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝑤 = 𝐶
𝑢 2 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2
1 1 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2 = 𝐶
𝑢 2 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2
1
⇔ ln 𝑢 + ln 1 − 4𝑤 + 5𝑤 2 = 𝐶
2
1 4 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 2
⇔ ln |5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1| + ln 1 − +5 =𝐶
2 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1
as the general solution of 5𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Page 34 of 72
Solution of Exercise 11 (Exact and Non Exact D.E)
( In exercises 1-10 determine whether or not each of the given equation is exact; solve
those that are exact).
1. 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Our first duty is to determine whether or not the equation is exact or not. Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦,
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
= 2, = 2.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= =2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
exact differential equation. Furthermore, we must find 𝐹 such that
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
From the first of these,
3
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
2
Then
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑑𝑕 𝑦
= 2𝑥 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + 𝑦.
𝜕𝑦
Thus
𝑑𝑕 𝑦 𝑑𝑕 𝑦
2𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + ⇔𝑦= .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = 2 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
3 1
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 .
2 2
Hence a one- parameter family of solution is 𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐶1 , or
3 2 1
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
2 2
Combining the constsnts 𝐶0 and 𝐶1 we may write this solution as
3 2 1
𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2 2
where 𝐶 = 𝐶1 − 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant.
So, we conclude that the general solution of the exact differential equation
3 1
3𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 2 𝑦 2 = 𝐶.
2. (𝑦 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 3, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 4,
Page 35 of 72
= 2𝑦, = 2𝑦.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation (𝑦 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
exact differential equation. Afterwards, we must find 𝐹 such that
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 3 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 4.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 3 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
Then
= 2𝑥𝑦 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 − 4.
𝜕𝑦
Thus
2𝑥𝑦 − 4 = 2𝑥𝑦 + ⇔ −4 = .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = −4𝑦 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + −4𝑦 + 𝐶0 .
𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + −4𝑦 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + −4𝑦 = 𝐶
(𝑦 2 + 3)𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 − 4 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 𝑥𝑦 2 + 3𝑥 + −4𝑦 = 𝐶.
3. 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦,
= 2𝑥, = 2𝑥.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
exact differential equation. Afterwards, we must find 𝐹 such that
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
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𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
Then
= 𝑥2 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦.
𝜕𝑦
Thus
𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + ⇔ 4𝑦 = .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = 2𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 .
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶
2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶.
4. 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 − 𝑦,
= 3𝑥 2 , = −3𝑥 2 .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= 3𝑥 2 ≠ = −3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
not exact (non- exact) differential equation.
5. 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6,
= 6𝑥 + 4𝑦, = 6𝑥 + 4𝑦.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = 6𝑥 + 4𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation
6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation.
Moreover, we must find 𝐹 such that
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
Page 37 of 72
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦
= 6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦
= 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦
Then
= 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6.
𝜕𝑦
Thus
3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6 = 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 + ⇔ −6 = .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = −6𝑦 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 𝐶0 .
3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 𝐶
6𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 − 5 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 + 4𝑥𝑦 − 6 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 3𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 6𝑦 = 𝐶.
6. 𝜃 2 + 1 cos 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 2𝜃 sin 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 0.
Solution:
𝑀 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝜃 2 + 1 cos 𝑟 , 𝑁 𝑟, 𝜃 = 2𝜃 sin 𝑟,
𝜕𝑀 𝑟, 𝜃 𝜕𝑁 𝑟, 𝜃
= 2𝜃 cos 𝑟 , = 2𝜃 cos 𝑟.
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑟, 𝜃 𝜕𝑁 𝑟, 𝜃
= = 2𝜃 cos 𝑟
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
we can conclude that the differential equation 𝜃 2 + 1 cos 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 2𝜃 sin 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 0
is exact differential equation. Moreover, we must find 𝐹 such that
𝜕𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃 𝜕𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃
= 𝑀 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝜃 2 + 1 cos 𝑟 and = 𝑁 𝑟, 𝜃 = 2𝜃 sin 𝑟
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝑀 𝑟, 𝜃 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑕 𝜃
= 𝜃 2 + 1 cos 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 + 𝑕 𝜃
= 𝜃 2 + 1 sin 𝑟 + 𝑕 𝜃
Then
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𝜕𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃 𝑑𝑕 𝜃
= 2𝜃 sin 𝑟 +
𝜕𝜃 𝑑𝜃
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃
= 𝑁 𝑟, 𝜃 = 2𝜃 sin 𝑟.
𝜕𝜃
Thus
𝑑𝑕 𝜃 𝑑𝑕 𝜃
2𝜃 sin 𝑟 = 2𝜃 sin 𝑟 + ⇔0= .
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝜃
Thus 𝑕 𝜃 = 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝜃 2 + 1 sin 𝑟 + 𝐶0 .
Hence a one- parameter family of solution is 𝐹 𝑟, 𝜃 = 𝐶1 , or
𝜃 2 + 1 sin 𝑟 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝜃 2 + 1 sin 𝑟 = 𝐶
𝜃 2 + 1 cos 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 + 2𝜃 sin 𝑟 𝑑𝜃 = 0 is 𝜃 2 + 1 sin 𝑟 = 𝐶.
7. 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦,
= sec 2 𝑥 , = sec 2 𝑥.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = sec 2 𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the equation 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 =
0 is exact differential equation. Furthermore, we must find 𝐹 such that
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦
= 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦

= 𝑦 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
Then
= tan 𝑥 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦.
𝜕𝑦
Thus
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tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦 = tan 𝑥 + ⇔ 2𝑦 = .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 .
𝑦 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝑦 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶
𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + tan 𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 𝑦 tan 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶.
𝑥 𝑥2
8. + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑦2 𝑦3
Solution:
𝑥 𝑥2
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 + 𝑥, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3 + 𝑦,
𝑦 𝑦
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥
=− 3, = 3.
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥
=− 3≠ = 3
𝑥 𝑥2
we can conclude that the differential equation + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
𝑦2 𝑦3
not exact (non- exact) differential equation.
2𝑠−1 𝑠−𝑠 2
9. 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑𝑡 = 0.
𝑡 𝑡2
Solution:
2𝑠 − 1 𝑠 − 𝑠2
𝑀 𝑠, 𝑡 = , 𝑁 𝑠, 𝑡 = ,
𝑡 𝑡2
𝜕𝑀 𝑠, 𝑡 1 − 2𝑠 𝜕𝑁 𝑠, 𝑡 1 − 2𝑠
= 2
, = .
𝜕𝑡 𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑡2
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑠, 𝑡 𝜕𝑁 𝑠, 𝑡 1 − 2𝑠
= =
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑠 𝑡2
2𝑠−1 𝑠−𝑠 2
we can conclude that the differential equation 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 + 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = 0 is exact
differential equation. Furthermore, we must find 𝐹 such that
𝜕𝐹 𝑠, 𝑡 2𝑠 − 1 𝜕𝐹 𝑠, 𝑡 𝑠 − 𝑠2
= 𝑀 𝑠, 𝑡 = and = 𝑁 𝑠, 𝑡 = .
𝜕𝑠 𝑡 𝜕𝑡 𝑡2
𝐹 𝑠, 𝑡 = 𝑀 𝑠, 𝑡 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑡
2𝑠 − 1
= 𝜕𝑠 + 𝑕 𝑡
𝑡
Page 40 of 72
𝑠2 − 𝑠
= +𝑕 𝑡 .
𝑡
Then
𝜕𝐹 𝑠, 𝑡 𝑠 2 𝑠 𝑑𝑕 𝑡 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑕 𝑡
=− 2+ 2+ = +
𝜕𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑡2 𝑑𝑡
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑠, 𝑡 𝑠 − 𝑠2
= 𝑁 𝑠, 𝑡 = .
𝜕𝑡 𝑡2
Thus
𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑑𝑕 𝑡 𝑑𝑕 𝑡
2
= 2
+ ⇔0= .
𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
Thus 𝑕 𝑡 = 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝑠2 − 𝑠
𝐹 𝑠, 𝑡 = + 𝐶0 .
𝑡
𝑠2 − 𝑠
+ 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝑡
𝑠2 − 𝑠
=𝐶
𝑡
or we can write this as 𝑠 2 − 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑡, where 𝐶 = 𝐶1 − 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant.
2𝑠−1 𝑠−𝑠 2
𝑑𝑠 + 𝑑𝑡 = 0 is 𝑠 2 − 𝑠 = 𝐶𝑡.
𝑡 𝑡2
3
1 1
2𝑦 2 +1
10. 1 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑥2
Solution:
3
2𝑦 2 + 1 1 1
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 1 , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1,
𝑥2
1 1
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 3 −1 1 3 𝑦 2
=3 1, = 𝑥 2𝑦2 = .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 2 12
𝑥 2 𝑥
Since
1 1
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 3 𝑦2
=3 1≠ =
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 2 12
𝑥2 3
𝑥
1 1
2𝑦 2 +1
we can conclude that the differential equation 1 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑥2
is not exact (non- exact) differential equation.
Page 41 of 72
Solution of Exercise 12 (Integrating Factor)
( In each of the following equations determine the constant 𝐴 such that the equation is
exact, and solve the resulting exact equation).
a. 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Suppose
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝑦.
Then, we obtain
= 3𝑥 and = 2𝐴𝑥.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
In order to make the differential equation become exact differential equation, it
must be
= = 3𝑥.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Thus
3
2𝐴𝑥 = 3𝑥 ⇔ 𝐴 = .
2
Therefore, we obtain that the differential equation
3
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation. Furthermore,
we must find 𝐹 such that
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 3
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2
1 3
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
3 2
Then
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑕 𝑦
= 𝑥2 + .
𝜕𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 3
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦.
𝜕𝑦 2
Thus
3 2 3 𝑑𝑕 𝑦 𝑑𝑕 𝑦
𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + ⇔ 4𝑦 = .
2 2 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = 2𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
1 3
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝐶0 .
3 2
1 3 3 2
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
3 2
1 3 3 2
𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶
3 2
Page 42 of 72
3 1 3
𝑥 2 + 3𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 𝑥 3 + 2 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶.
2 3
1 1 𝐴𝑥 +1
b. + 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑥2 𝑦3
Solution:
Suppose
1 1 𝐴𝑥 + 1
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2
+ 2 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = .
𝑥 𝑦 𝑦3
Then, we obtain
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝐴
= − 3 and = 3.
In order to make the differential equation become exact differential equation, it
must be
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 2
= = − 3.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝑦
Thus
𝐴 2
3
= − 3 ⇔ 𝐴 = −2.
𝑦 𝑦
Therefore, we obtain that the differential equation
1 1 −2𝑥+1
+ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation. Furthermore, we
𝑥2 𝑦3
must find 𝐹 such that
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 1 1 𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 −2𝑥 + 1
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2 + 2 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = .
𝜕𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝑦3
1 1 1 𝑥
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = 2
+ 2 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦 = − + 2 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
𝑥 𝑦 𝑥 𝑦
Then
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥 𝑑𝑕 𝑦
=− 3+ .
𝜕𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 −2𝑥 + 1
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = .
𝜕𝑦 𝑦3
Thus
−2𝑥 + 1 2𝑥 𝑑𝑕 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑕 𝑦
3
=− 3+ ⇔ 3= .
𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
1
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = − 2𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
1 𝑥 1
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = − + 2 − 2 + 𝐶0 .
𝑥 𝑦 2𝑦
1 𝑥 1
− + 2 − 2 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝑥 𝑦 2𝑦
Page 43 of 72
1 𝑥 1
− + 2− 2=𝐶
𝑥 𝑦 2𝑦
1 1 −2𝑥+1 1 𝑥 1
+ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is − 𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶.
𝑥2 𝑦3
Solution of Exercise 13 (Grouping Method)

( Solve using grouping method)
1 𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑥
Solution:
1 𝑦
From 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0 we obtain
𝑦
𝑑 =𝑑 𝐶 .
𝑥
So
𝑦
=𝐶
𝑥
1 𝑦
is the general solution of the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑦
2. 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦
2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
⇔ 2𝑥𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
From 2𝑥 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0, we group the term as follows
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 − (𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦) = 0.
Thus
𝑑 𝑥 2 − 𝑑 𝑥𝑦 2 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
So,
𝑥 2 − 𝑥𝑦 = 𝐶
𝑑𝑦
is the general solution of the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0.
3. 2 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
From 2 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we group the term as follows
2𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Thus
𝑑 2𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑑 2𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑑 2𝑦 2 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
Page 44 of 72
Therefore,
2𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 2 = 𝐶
is the general solution of the differential equation
2 𝑦 + 1 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑒 𝑥 − 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
4. 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
From 2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we group the term as follows
2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Thus
𝑑 𝑥 2 𝑦 + 𝑑 3𝑥 2 + 𝑑 𝑦 4 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
So,
𝑥 2 𝑦 + 3𝑥 2 + 𝑦 4 = 𝐶
is the general solution of the differential equation
2𝑥𝑦 + 6𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution of Quiz
1. Which of the following differential equations can be made exact by multiplying
by 𝑥 2 ?
𝑑𝑦 2
(a) 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑦 = 4.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 2 2
+ 𝑦=4⇔ = 4 − 𝑦 ⇔ 4 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
By multiplying both sides by 𝑥 2 , we obtain
4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 2 − 2𝑥𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 2 ,
= −2𝑥, = −2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = −2𝑥
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation 3𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is exact differential equation. In the other word, the differential equation
𝑑𝑦 2
+ 𝑦 = 4 can be made exact by multiplying by 𝑥 2 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
(b) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2 .
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2 ⇔ 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 ⇔ 𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Page 45 of 72
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥 3 ,
= −3𝑥 2 , = −3𝑥 2 .
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = −3𝑥 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥 4 − 3𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation. In the other
𝑑𝑦
word, the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3𝑦 = 𝑥 2 can be made exact by
multiplying by 𝑥 2 .
1 𝑑𝑦 1
(c) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥.
Solution:
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
− 2𝑦 =𝑥 ⇔ = 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 ⇔ 𝑥 + 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + − 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
2
By multiplying both sides by 𝑥 , we obtain
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥,
= 1, = −1.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
=1≠ = −1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑥 3 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not exact differential equation. In the other
1 𝑑𝑦 1
word, the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 𝑥 can not be made exact by
multiplying by 𝑥 2 .
1 𝑑𝑦 1
(d) 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 3.
Solution:
1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 𝑑𝑦 1 1 1
+ 2𝑦 =3⇔ = 3 − 2 𝑦 ⇔ 3 − 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + − 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 − 𝑦, 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥,
= −1, = −1.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= = −1
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Page 46 of 72
3𝑥 2 − 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + −𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation. In the other word,
1 𝑑𝑦 1
the differential equation 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑦 = 3 can be made exact by multiplying by
𝑥 2.
2. Consider the differential equation
4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0.
(a) Show that this equation is not exact.
Proof. Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 , 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦,
= 6𝑦, = 2𝑦.
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since
= 6𝑦 ≠ = 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
we can conclude that the differential equation 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
is not exact differential equation. ■
(b) Find an integrating factor of the form 𝑥 𝑛 , where n is a positive integer.
Solution:
From (a) we know that the differential equation 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0
is not exact. But then, we can find an integrating factor 𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑛
is a positive integer such that the differential equation 𝑥 𝑛 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact.
Assume that 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation.
Here
𝑥 𝑛 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
⇔ 4𝑥 𝑛+1 + 3𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Let
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 𝑛+1 + 3𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 2 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑛+1 𝑦.
Then, we obtain
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
= 6𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 and = 2𝑛 + 2 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
Since 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation, we must
obtain
𝜕𝑀(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦
6𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 = = = 2𝑛 + 2 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
that is
6𝑥 𝑛 𝑦 = 2𝑛 + 2 𝑥 𝑛 𝑦.
Hence 𝑛 = 2.
Thus, the integrating factor of the form 𝑥 𝑛 , where 𝑛 is a positive integer such
that the differential equation 𝑥 𝑛 4𝑥 + 3𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑛 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact is 𝑥 2 .
(c) Multiplying the given equation through by the integrating factor found in (b)
and solve the resulting exact equation.
Solution:
Page 47 of 72
From (b) we know that the differential equation 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 +
2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact. Now, we will find the solution of this exact differential
equation or in the other word we must find 𝐹 such that
= 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 and = 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦.
𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦
= 4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦
= 𝑥4 + 𝑥3𝑦2 + 𝑕 𝑦 .
Then
= 2𝑥 3 𝑦 +
𝜕𝑦 𝑑𝑦
But we must have
𝜕𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦
= 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦.
𝜕𝑦
Thus
2𝑥 3 𝑦 = 2𝑥 3 𝑦 + ⇔0= .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
Thus 𝑕 𝑦 = 𝐶0 , where 𝐶0 is an arbitrary constant, and so
𝐹 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 .
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝐶0 = 𝐶1
𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3𝑦2 = 𝐶
4𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is 𝑥 4 + 𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 𝐶.
Solution of Exercise 14 (Linear D.E)

Solve the given differential equations.
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
1. 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2 .
Solution:
Here
3
𝑃 𝑥 = , 𝑄 𝑥 = 6𝑥 2
𝑥
and hence
3 3
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 =𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 3 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 .
Therefore, we obtain
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑦= 𝑒 𝑄 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Page 48 of 72
⇔ 𝑥 3𝑦 = 𝑥 3 6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑥 3𝑦 = 𝑥 6 + 𝐶
1
⇔ 𝑦 = 𝑥3 + 3 𝐶
𝑥
as the genaral solution of the given differential equation, where 𝐶 is an arbitrary
constant.
𝑑𝑦
2. 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 = 1.
Solution:
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 3 1 𝑑𝑦 2 1
𝑥4 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 = 1 ⇔ + 4 𝑦= 4⇔ + 𝑦 = 4.
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Here
2 1
𝑃 𝑥 = ,𝑄 𝑥 = 4
𝑥 𝑥
and hence
2 2
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 =𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑒 2 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 .
1
⇔ 𝑥 2𝑦 = 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥4
1
⇔ 𝑥 2𝑦 = − + 𝐶
𝑥
1 1
⇔𝑦 =− 3+ 2𝐶
𝑥 𝑥
constant.
𝑑𝑦
3. + 3𝑦 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Here
𝑃 𝑥 = 3, 𝑄 𝑥 = 3𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥
and hence
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3𝑑𝑥
𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 3𝑥 .
⇔ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (3𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

⇔ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 𝐶
𝑥3 1
⇔ 𝑦 = 3𝑥 + 3𝑥 𝐶
𝑒 𝑒
constant.
𝑑𝑦
4. + 4𝑥𝑦 = 8𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Page 49 of 72
Here
𝑃 𝑥 = 4𝑥, 𝑄 𝑥 = 8𝑥
and hence
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
𝑒 =𝑒 = 𝑒 2𝑥 .
2 2
⇔ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (8𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
⇔ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 (4𝑥)𝑑𝑥
2 2
⇔ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 2 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑 2𝑥 2
2 2
⇔ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝐶
1
⇔ 𝑦 = 2 + 2𝑥 2 𝐶
𝑒
constant.
Solution of Exercise 15 (Solution of Linear D.E)

Consider the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
(a) Show that if 𝑓 and 𝑔 are two solutions of this equation and 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary
constants, then 𝑐1 𝑓 + 𝑐2 𝑔 is also a solution of this equation.
Proof:
Here
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+𝑃 𝑥 𝑦=0⇔ = −𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 ⇔ + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0 … ∗ .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑦
By integrating both sides of (*), we obtain
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝐶0
𝑦
⇔ ln 𝑦 = − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶0
⇔ |𝑦| = 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝐶0
⇔ 𝑦 = 𝐶𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
where 𝐶0 and 𝐶 are constants, as the general solution of the differential equati on
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 0. Now, let 𝑓 and 𝑔 are two solutions of that equation, 𝑓 and 𝑔 are
𝑑𝑥
given as follow
𝑓 = 𝐶𝑓 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 and 𝑔 = 𝐶𝑔 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ,
where 𝐶𝑓 and 𝐶𝑔 are constants.
For 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are arbitrary constants, we have
𝑐1 𝑓 + 𝑐2 𝑔 = 𝑐1 𝐶𝑓 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝐶𝑔 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑐1 𝐶𝑓 + 𝑐2 𝐶𝑔 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
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= 𝐶𝑕 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … (∗),
where 𝐶𝑕 is constant. From (*) we can conclude that 𝑐1 𝑓 + 𝑐2 𝑔 also a solution of the
𝑑𝑦
differential equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 0 ■.
(b) Extending the result of (a), show that if 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , … , 𝑓𝑛 are 𝑛 solutions of this equation
and 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑛 are 𝑛 arbitrary constants, then
𝑛
𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑘
𝑘=1
is also a solution of this equation.
Proof:
By extending the result of (a), let 𝑓1 , 𝑓2 , … , 𝑓𝑛 are 𝑛 solutions of the differential
𝑑𝑦
equation 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 0. Then
𝑓1 = 𝐶𝑓1 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , 𝑓2 = 𝐶𝑓2 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 , … , 𝑓𝑛 = 𝐶𝑓𝑛 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
,
where 𝐶𝑓1 , 𝐶𝑓2 , … , and 𝐶𝑓𝑛 are constants.
For 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , … , 𝑐𝑛 are 𝑛 arbitrary constants, we obtain
𝑛
𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑘 = 𝑐1 𝐶𝑓1 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ 𝑐2 𝐶𝑓2 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+ ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝐶𝑓𝑛 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑘=1
= 𝑐1 𝐶𝑓1 + 𝑐2 𝐶𝑓2 + ⋯ + 𝑐𝑛 𝐶𝑓𝑛 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝐶𝑝 𝑒 − 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 … (∗),
𝑛
where 𝐶𝑝 is constant. From (*) we can conclude that 𝑘 =1 𝑐𝑘 𝑓𝑘 is also a solution of
the differential equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 0 ■.
𝑑𝑥
Solution of Exercise 16 (Properties of Linear D.E)

(a) Let 𝑓1 be a solution of
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
and 𝑓2 be a solution of
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄2 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
Where 𝑃, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄2 are all defined on the same real interval 𝐼. Prove that 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 is
a solution of
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄1 𝑥 + 𝑄2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
On 𝐼.
Proof:
Since 𝑓1 is a solution of
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
and 𝑓2 is a solution of
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄2 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
we have
Page 51 of 72
𝑒 𝑄1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑄2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓1 = 𝑦1 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and 𝑓2 = 𝑦2 = 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
.
𝑒 𝑒
Since 𝑃, 𝑄1 , and 𝑄2 are all defined on the same real interval 𝐼, we know that the
solution of
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑃 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑄1 𝑥 + 𝑄2 𝑥 ,
𝑑𝑥
is
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄1 𝑥 + 𝑄2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦=
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 𝑄1 (𝑥) + 𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= +
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓1 + 𝑓2 . ■
(b) Use the result of (a) to solve the equation
𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 + 5 sin 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Solution:
Let 𝑃 𝑥 = 1, 𝑄1 𝑥 = 2 sin 𝑥, and 𝑄2 𝑥 = 5 sin 2𝑥.
Since
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦1 =
𝑥
2𝑒 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒𝑥
𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶1
=
𝑒𝑥
𝐶1
= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑒
𝑑𝑦
is the solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥,
and
𝑒 𝑃 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑄2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 =
𝑥
5𝑒 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
=
𝑒𝑥
𝑒 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2
𝑥
=
𝑒𝑥
𝐶2
= sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑒
𝑑𝑦
is the solution of 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥,
using the result (a), we obtain
𝑦 = 𝑦1 + 𝑦2
𝐶 𝐶
= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + 𝑒 1𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐶1 + 𝐶2
= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 +
𝑒𝑥
= sin 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 + sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶𝑒 −𝑥 ; 𝐶 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2
as the solution of
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𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑦 = 2 sin 𝑥 + 5 sin 2𝑥.
𝑑𝑥
Notes:
2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶0
=
2
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝐶1 .
5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 5𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 10𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 10𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶0
=
5
= 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 𝐶2 .
Solution of Exercise 17 (Integrating Factor of Linear D.E)

Solve each differential equation by first finding an integrating factor.
1. 5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 1 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 1 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦
= = 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 ≠ = = 2𝑥 + 2𝑦,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
we can say that the differential equation 5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is not exact (non- exact) differential equation. Furthermore, we will find an
integrating factor 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) such that the differential equation
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 5𝑥𝑦 + 4𝑦 2 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential
equation. Let 𝑢(𝑥) is the integrating factor depends only upon 𝑥. Then we have
𝜕𝑀 𝑥,𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥,𝑦
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 =𝑒 𝑁 𝑥,𝑦 .
Since
− 𝜕𝑥 5𝑥 + 8𝑦 − 2𝑥 − 2𝑦 3(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 3
𝜕𝑦
= = = ,
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑥(𝑥 + 2𝑦) 𝑥
we obtain
3 3
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑥 3 .
Multiplying the differential equation by this integrating factor, we obtain exact
differential equation
5𝑥 4 𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Page 53 of 72
Moreover, we will find a solution of this exact differential equation by using
grouping method. From 5𝑥 4 𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we group
the terms as follows
5𝑥 4 𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 4 𝑦𝑑𝑦 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
Thus
1
𝑑 𝑥 5𝑦 + 𝑑 𝑥 4𝑦2 + 𝑑 𝑥 4 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
4
So,
1
𝑥 5𝑦 + 𝑥 4𝑦2 + 𝑥 4 = 𝐶
4
is the general solution of exact differential equation 5𝑥 4 𝑦 + 4𝑥 3 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥 5 + 2𝑥 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
2. 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦.
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦
= = sec 2 𝑦 ≠ = = 1 − 2𝑥 tan 𝑦,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
we can say that the differential equation 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is not exact (non- exact) differential equation. Furthermore, we will find an
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑥 − 𝑥 2 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential
equation. Let 𝑢(𝑦) is the integrating factor depends only upon 𝑦. Then we have
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑑𝑦
𝑢 𝑦 =𝑒 𝑀 𝑥,𝑦 .
Since
− 𝜕𝑥 sec 2 𝑦 − 1 + 2𝑥 tan 𝑦 tan 𝑦 tan 𝑦 + 2𝑥
𝜕𝑦
= = = tan 𝑦,
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦 2𝑥 + tan 𝑦
we obtain
−sin 𝑦 1
− tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑 cos 𝑦
𝑢 𝑦 =𝑒 =𝑒 cos 𝑦 =𝑒 cos 𝑦 = 𝑒 ln |cos 𝑦| = cos 𝑦.
2𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
grouping method. From 2𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we
group the terms as follows
2𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Thus
𝑑 𝑥 2 cos 𝑦 + 𝑑 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
So,
𝑥 2 cos 𝑦 + 𝑥 sin 𝑦 = 𝐶
is the general solution of the exact differential equation 2𝑥 cos 𝑦 + sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 +
𝑥 cos 𝑦 − 𝑥 2 sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
3. 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Here
Page 54 of 72
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 = 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 + 1.
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕(𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 2 + 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕(2𝑥𝑦 + 1)
= = 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 1 ≠ = = 2𝑦,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
we can say that the differential equation 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is
not exact (non- exact) differential equation. Furthermore, we will find an
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 𝑦 2 𝑥 + 1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential
equation. Let 𝑢(𝑥) is the integrating factor depends only upon 𝑥. Then we have
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑢 𝑥 =𝑒 𝑁 𝑥,𝑦 .
Since
− 2𝑥𝑦 + 2𝑦 + 1 − 2𝑦
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= = 1,
𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 1
we obtain
𝑢 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 .
[𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
grouping method. From [𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we
[𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 𝑥 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦] + (𝑦𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦) = 0.
Thus
𝑑 𝑥𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑑 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
So,
𝑥𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 = 𝐶
is the general solution of exact differential equation [𝑦 2 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑥 + 1) + 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 ]𝑑𝑥 +
2𝑥𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
4. 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 dan 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 2𝑦 3 − 𝑥.
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕(2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦) 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕(2𝑦 3 − 𝑥)
= = 4𝑥𝑦 + 1 ≠ = = −1,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
we can say that the differential equation 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not
exact (non- exact) differential equation. Furthermore, we will find an integrating
factor 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) such that the differential equation
𝑢 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑢(𝑥, 𝑦) 2𝑦 3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is exact differential equation. Let
𝑢(𝑦) is the integrating factor depends only upon 𝑦. Then we have
−
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
− 𝑑𝑦
𝑢 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑀 𝑥,𝑦 .
Since
− 4𝑥𝑦 + 2 2 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 2
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
= = = ,
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑦 𝑦 2𝑥𝑦 + 1 𝑦
Page 55 of 72
we obtain
2 1 1
− 𝑑𝑦 ln
𝑢 𝑦 =𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 −2 ln |𝑦| = 𝑒 .𝑦2 =
𝑦2
1 𝑥
2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 𝑦
1 𝑥
grouping method. From 2𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we group the terms as
follows
1 𝑥
2𝑥𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑦 + 2𝑦𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 𝑦
Thus
𝑥
𝑑 𝑥2 + 𝑑 + 𝑑 𝑦2 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
𝑦
So,
𝑥
𝑥2 + + 𝑦2 = 𝐶
𝑦
is the general solution of the exact differential equation
1 𝑥
2𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 2 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
𝑦 𝑦
Find an integrating factor of the form 𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 and solve.

4𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution:
Here
𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 = 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 and 𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 = 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥.
Since
𝜕𝑀 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕(4𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑦) 𝜕𝑁 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜕 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥
= = 8𝑥𝑦 + 6 ≠ = = 10𝑥𝑦 + 8,
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥
we can say that the differential equation 4𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 2 𝑦 + 8𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 is not
exact (non- exact) differential equation. Furthermore, we will find an integrating factor
of the form 𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 such that the differential equation
4𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞+2 + 6𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞+1 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑝+2 𝑦 𝑞+1 + 8𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is exact differential equation.
Since
4𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞+2 + 6𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞+1 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 𝑝+2 𝑦 𝑞+1 + 8𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞 𝑑𝑦 = 0
is exact differential equation,
𝜕 4𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞+2 + 6𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞+1 𝜕 5𝑥 𝑝+2 𝑦 𝑞+1 + 8𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞
=
𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
𝑝+1 𝑞+1
⇔ 4 𝑞+2 𝑥 𝑦 + 6 𝑞 + 1 𝑥 𝑦 = 5 𝑝 + 2 𝑥 𝑝+1 𝑦 𝑞+1 + 8 𝑝 + 1 𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 … ∗ .
𝑝 𝑞
From (*) we have

4 𝑞 + 2 = 5 𝑝 + 2 ⇔ 5𝑝 − 4𝑞 = −2 … ∗∗
and
6 𝑞 + 1 = 8 𝑝 + 1 ⇔ 8𝑝 − 6𝑞 = −2 ⇔ 4𝑝 − 3𝑞 = −1 … ∗∗∗ .
Page 56 of 72
From (**) and (***) we obtain 𝑝 = 2 and 𝑞 = 3. Hence, 𝑥 2 𝑦 3 is the integrating factor as
desired. Moreover, we will find the solution of the exact differential equation
4𝑥 3 𝑦 5 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 4 + 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0
by using grouping method. From 4𝑥 3 𝑦 5 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 4 + 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0, we
4𝑥 3 𝑦 5 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑦 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Thus
𝑑 𝑥 4 𝑦 5 + 𝑑 2𝑥 3 𝑦 4 = 𝑑 𝐶 .
So,
𝑥 4 𝑦 5 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦 4 = 𝐶
is the general solution of the exact differential equation
4𝑥 3 𝑦 5 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 4 𝑑𝑥 + 5𝑥 4 𝑦 4 + 8𝑥 3 𝑦 3 𝑑𝑦 = 0.
Solution of Exercise 18 (Orthogonal and Oblique Trajectories)

In exercises 1 − 4 find the orthogonal trajectories of each give family of curves. In each
case sketch several numbers of the family and several of the orthogonal trajectories on
the same set of axes.
1. 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 3 .
Solution:
Step 1. We first find the differential equation of the given family
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 3 … i .
Differentiating, we obtain
𝑑𝑦
= 3𝑐𝑥 2 … ii .
𝑑𝑥
Eliminating the parameter 𝑐 between Equations (i) and (ii), we obtain the
differential equation of the family (i) in the form
𝑑𝑦 3𝑦
= … iii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥
Step 2. We now find the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories by
replacing 3𝑦/𝑥 in iii by its negative reciprocal, obtaining
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
= − … iv .
𝑑𝑥 3𝑦
Step 3. We now solve the differential equation iv . Separating variables, we have
3𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥.
Integrating, we obtain the one- parameter family of solutions of i in the form
3 2 1 2
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝐶12 or 𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 = 𝐶 2 ,
2 2
where 𝐶 is an arbitrary constant.
Page 57 of 72
2. 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥.
Solution:
𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 … i .
𝑑𝑦
2𝑦 = 𝑐 … ii .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= … iii .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
replacing 𝑦/2𝑥 in iii by its negative reciprocal, obtaining
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
= − … iv .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥𝑑𝑥.
1 2
𝑦 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐶12 or 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝐶 2 ,
2
Page 58 of 72
3. 𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1.
𝑐𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 1 … i .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑐𝑥
2𝑐𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 or =− … ii .
𝑑𝑦 1 − 𝑦2
=− … iii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥𝑦
replacing −(1 − 𝑦 2 )/𝑥𝑦 in iii by its negative reciprocal, obtaining
𝑑𝑦 𝑥𝑦
= … iv .
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑦 2
1
− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥.
𝑦
1 1
ln |𝑦| − 𝑦 2 − 𝑥 2 = 𝐶1 or 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − ln(𝑦 2 ) = 𝐶
2 2
Page 59 of 72
4. 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 .
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑥 … i .
𝑑𝑦
= 𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑥 … ii .
𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 ln 𝑦 ln 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 ln 𝑦
= 𝑒 or = … iii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
replacing 𝑦 ln |𝑦| /𝑥 in iii by its negative reciprocal, obtaining
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
=− … iv .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 ln 𝑦
𝑦 ln |𝑦| 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥𝑑𝑥.
1 2 1 1
𝑦 ln |𝑦| − 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 = 𝐶1 or 2𝑦 2 ln |𝑦| − 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 2 = 𝐶,
2 4 2
Page 60 of 72
***
12.
Find the value of 𝐾 such that the parabolas 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝐾 are the orthogonal trajectories
of the family of ellipses 𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑐2 .
Solution:
𝑥 2 + 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦 = 𝑐2 … i .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥
2𝑥 + 4𝑦 − = 0 or =− … ii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑦 − 1
Step 2. We now find the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories by replacing
−2𝑥/(4𝑦 − 1) in ii by its negative reciprocal, obtaining
𝑑𝑦 4𝑦 − 1
= … iv .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥.
4𝑦 − 1 2𝑥
1 1 1
ln |4𝑦 − 1| − ln |𝑥| = 𝑐2 or 𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + ,
4 2 4
where 𝑐2 and 𝑐1 are arbitrary constants.
Hence, the value of 𝐾 that we want is 1/4, 𝐾 = 1/4.
***
13.
Find the value of 𝑛 such that the curves 𝑥 𝑛 + 𝑦 𝑛 = 𝑐1 are orthogonal trajectories of the
family
𝑥
𝑦= .
1 − 𝑐2 𝑥
Solution:
Page 61 of 72
𝑥
𝑦= … i .
1 − 𝑐2 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 1
= … ii .
𝑑𝑥 1 − 𝑐2 𝑥 2
Eliminating the parameter 𝑐2 between Equations (i) and (ii), we obtain the differential
equation of the family (i) in the form
𝑑𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2
= or = … iii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
1− 1−𝑦
Step 2. We now find the differential equation of the orthogonal trajectories by replacing
𝑦 2 /𝑥 2 in iii by its negative reciprocal, obtaining
𝑑𝑦 𝑥2
= − 2 … iv .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦
𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥.
1 3 1 3
𝑦 + 𝑥 = 𝑐2 or 𝑥 3 + 𝑦 3 = 𝑐1 ,
3 3
where 𝑐2 and 𝑐1 are arbitrary constant.
Therefore, the value of 𝑛 that we want is 3, 𝑛 = 3.
***
15.
Find a family of oblique trajectories that intersect the family of circles 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑐 2 at
angle 45o .
Solution:
𝑥 2 + 𝑦2 = 𝑐2.
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥
2𝑥 + 2𝑦 = 0 or =− … i .
Step 2. We replace 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = −𝑥/𝑦 in Equation (i) by
𝑥
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + tan 𝛼 −𝑦 +1 𝑦 − 𝑥
= 𝑥 = 𝑦 + 𝑥.
1 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 tan 𝛼 1+𝑦
Thus the differential equation of the desired oblique trajectories is
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 − 𝑥
= … ii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 + 𝑥
Step 3. We now solve the differential equation (ii). Observing that it is a homogeneous
differential equation, we let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 to obtain
𝑑𝑣 𝑣 − 1
𝑣+𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑥 𝑣 + 1
Page 62 of 72
After simplifications this becomes
𝑣+1 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑑𝑣 = − .
𝑣 +1 𝑥
Integrating we obtain
1
ln 𝑣 2 + 1 + arctan(𝑣) = − ln 𝑥 + 𝐶1
2
or
ln 𝑥 2 𝑣 2 + 1 + 2 arctan 𝑣 = 𝐶.
Replacing 𝑣 by 𝑦/𝑥, we obtain the family of oblique trajectories in the form
𝑦
ln 𝑦 2 + 𝑥 2 + 2 arctan = 𝐶,
𝑥
***
16.
Find a family of oblique trajectories that intersect the family of parabolas 𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 at
angle 60o .
Solution:
𝑦 2 = 𝑐𝑥 … i .
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 1
2𝑦 = 𝑐 or = 𝑐 … ii .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦
Eliminating the parameter 𝑐 between Equation (i) and (ii), we obtain the differential
equation
𝑑𝑦 𝑦
= … iii .
𝑑𝑥 2𝑥
of the given family of parabolas.
Step 2. We replace 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 = 𝑦/2𝑥 in Equation (iii) by
𝑦
𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 + tan 𝛼 + 3
= 2𝑥 .
1 − 𝑓 𝑥, 𝑦 tan 𝛼 𝑦 3
1 − 2𝑥
Thus the differential equation of the desired oblique trajectories is
𝑦
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥 + 3
= … iv .
𝑑𝑥 𝑦 3
1 − 2𝑥
Step 3. We now solve the differential equation (iv). Observing that it is a homogeneous
differential equation, we let 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑥 to obtain
1
𝑑𝑣 𝑣+ 3 𝑣+2 3
𝑣+𝑥 = 2 = .
𝑑𝑥 1 − 1 𝑣 3 2 − 𝑣 3
2
After simplifications this becomes
Page 63 of 72
1 3
2 2𝑣 3 − 1 − 2 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥 .
𝑣2 3 − 𝑣 + 2 3 𝑥
Integrating
1
1 2𝑣 3 − 1 3 3 1
𝑑𝑣 − 𝑣 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣2 3−𝑣+2 3 2 𝑣2 − 3 3 + 2 𝑥
1 2𝑣 3 − 1 3 1 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣2 3 − 𝑣 + 2 3 2 3 3 69 𝑥
𝑣 2 − 2 6 𝑣 + 36 + 36
1 2𝑣 3 − 1 3 1 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 2 2 𝑑𝑣 =− 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣2 3 − 𝑣 + 2 3 2 3 69 𝑥
𝑣− 6 + 6
6
1 2𝑣 3 − 1 3 36 69 69 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑣 − 2 𝑑𝑣 = − 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑣2 3 − 𝑣 + 2 3 2 69 6 6𝑣 − 3 𝑥
+1
69
1 3 6𝑣 − 3
⇔ ln 𝑣 2 − 𝑣 + 2 3 − 3 arctan + ln 𝑥 = 𝐶1
2 23 69
6 6𝑣 − 3
⇔ ln |𝑣 2 − 𝑣 + 2 3| − 3 arctan + ln 𝑥 2 = 𝐶.
23 69
Substituting 𝑣 = 𝑦/𝑥, we obtain
𝑦
6 6𝑥 − 3
2 2
ln 𝑦 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 3 − 3 arctan = 𝐶.
23 69
Therefore, the family of oblique trajectories in the form
𝑦
6 6𝑥 − 3
ln 𝑦 2 − 𝑥𝑦 − 2𝑥 2 3 − 3 arctan = 𝐶.
23 69
***
Solution of Exercise 19 (Problem in Mechanics (Frictional Forces))

A man is pushing a loaded sled across a level field of ice at the constant speed of 10
ft/sec. When the man in halfway across the ice field, he stops pushing and lets the
loaded sled continue on. The combined weight of the sheld and its load is 80 lb
3
(𝑤 = 80 lb); the air resistence (in pounds) is numerically equal to 4 𝑣, where 𝑣 is the
velocity of the sheld (in feet per second); and the coefficient of fraction of the runners
on the ice is 0.04 (𝜇 = 0.04). How far will the sheld continue to move after the man
stops pushing?
Solution:
Page 64 of 72
3 5 𝑑𝑣
0.04 80 − 𝑣 =
4 2 𝑑𝑡
16 3 5 𝑑𝑣
⇔ − 𝑣=
5 4 2 𝑑𝑡
1 1
⇔ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑣
5 32 3
− 𝑣
5 2
1 1
⇔ − 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑣
5 3 32
2𝑣 − 5
Integrating
1 1
− 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑣
5 3 32
2𝑣 − 5
1 2 1 3
⇔− 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑 𝑑𝑣
5 3 3 𝑣 − 32 2
2 5
1 2 3 32
⇔ − 𝑡 = ln 𝑣 − + 𝐶1
5 3 2 5
3 3 32
⇔ − 𝑡 + 𝐶2 = ln 𝑣 −
10 2 5
3 64
⇔ 𝐶𝑒 −10 𝑡 + = 𝑣(𝑡)
15
We know that 𝑣 0 = 10 feet/sec. Thus
64 150 86
𝐶+ = ⇔𝐶= .
15 15 15
Therefore
86 − 3 𝑡 64
𝑒 10 + =𝑣 𝑡 .
15 15
The shled will stop when 𝑣 𝑡 = 0.
3 32 10 32
𝑒 −10 𝑡 = − ⇔ − ln − =𝑡
43 3 43
Integrating this we obtain
172 − 3 𝑡 64
𝑥 𝑡 =− 𝑒 10 + 𝑡 + 𝐶4
9 15
We know that 𝑥 0 = 0. Thus
172
= 𝐶4 .
9
Therefore
172 − 3 𝑡 64 172
𝑥 𝑡 =− 𝑒 10 + 𝑡 +
9 15 9
and
10 32
𝑥 𝑡 = − ln − ≈ 9.09 feet.
3 43
Therefore, in 9.09 feet the sheld will continue to move after the man stops pushing.
***
Page 65 of 72
Solution of Exercise 20 (Rate Problems (Rate of Growth and Decay and
Population) Growth)
5. Assume that the population of a certain city increases at a rate proportional to
the number of its inhabitants at any time. If the population doubles in 40 years,
in how many years will it triple?
Solution:
Let 𝑥 be the number of individuals in at time 𝑡. We know that the population of a
certain city increases at a rate proportional to the number of its inhabitants at
any time. Hence, we are led to the differential equation
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥 … i ,
𝑑𝑡
where 𝑘 is a constant of proportionality. The population 𝑥 is positive and is
increasing and hence 𝑑𝑥/𝑑𝑡 > 0. Therefore, from (i), we must have 𝑘 > 0. Now,
suppose that at time𝑡0 = 0 the population is 𝑥0 . Then, in addition to the
differential equation (i), we have the initial condition
𝑥 𝑡0 = 𝑥(0) = 𝑥0 … ii .
The differential equation (i) is separable. Separating variables, integrating, and
simplifying, we obtain
𝑥 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡 .
Applying the initial condition, 𝑥 = 𝑥0 at 𝑡 = 𝑡0 = 0, to this, we have
𝑥0 = 𝐶𝑒 𝑘𝑡0 = 𝐶
From this we at once find 𝐶 = 𝑥0 𝑒 −𝑘𝑡0 and hence we obtain the unique solution
𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘 𝑡−𝑡0
of the differential equation (i), which satisfies the initial condition (ii). Now,
when 𝑡 = 40, we have 𝑥 = 2𝑥0 . Hence, we obtain
ln 2
2𝑥0 = 𝑥0 𝑒 40𝑘 ⇔ 2 = 𝑒 40𝑘 ⇔ = 𝑘.
40
If we let 𝑥 = 3𝑥0 , then we obtain
ln 2 ln 2 ln 2 ln 3
3𝑥0 = 𝑥0 𝑒 40 𝑡 ⇔ 3 = 𝑒 40 𝑡 ⇔ ln 3 = 𝑡 ⇔ 𝑡 = 40 ≈ 63.40
40 ln 2
Therefore, the population will triple in about 63.40 years.
6. The population of the city of Bingville increases at a rate proportional to the
numbers of its inhabitants present ant any time 𝑡. If the population of Bingville
was 30,000 in 1970 and 35,000 in 1980, what will be the population of Bingville
in 1990?
Solution:
According to the formula in the exercise 5, we have
𝑥 = 𝑥0 𝑒 𝑘 𝑡−𝑡0 .
Hence we obtain
35,000 1 7
𝑥 1980 = 30,000𝑒 𝑘 1980 −1970 ⇔ = 𝑒 10𝑘 ⇔ ln = 𝑘.
30,000 10 6
Therefore, the population of Bingville in 1990 is
Page 66 of 72
7
𝑥 1990 = 30,000𝑒 2 ln 6 ≈ 40,833.
***
9.
The human population 𝑥 of a certain island satisfies the logistic law
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑘𝑥 − 𝜆𝑥 2 … (i)
𝑑𝑡
with 𝑘 = 0.03 = 3 10 −2 , 𝜆 = 3 10 −8 , and time 𝑡 measured in years.
(a) If the population in 1980 is 200,000, find a formula for the population in future
years.
Solution:
We must solve the separable differential equation (i) subject to the initial
solution
𝑥 1980 = 200,000 … ii .
Separating variable in (ii), we obtain
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 0.03𝑥 − 3 10 −8 𝑥 2 ⇔ = 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑡 3 10 𝑥 − 3 10 −8 𝑥 2
−2
and hence
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑑𝑡.
3 10 −2 𝑥 1 − (10 −6 𝑥]
Using partial fractions, this becomes
100 1 10 −6
+ = 𝑑𝑡.
3 𝑥 1 − 10 −6 𝑥
Integrating, assuming 0 < 𝑥 < 106 , we obtain
100
ln 𝑥 − ln 1 − 10 −6 = 𝑡 + 𝐶1
3
and hence
𝑥 3
ln = 𝑡 + 𝐶2 .
1 − 10 −6 100
Thus we find
𝑥 3𝑡
−6
= 𝐶𝑒 100 .
1 − 10
Solving this for 𝑥, we finally obtain
3𝑡
𝐶𝑒 100
𝑥= 3𝑡 … iii .
1 + 10 −6 𝐶𝑒 100
Now, applying the initial conditions (ii) to this, we have

𝐶𝑒 59.4
2 10 5 = ,
1 + 10 −6 𝐶𝑒 59.4
from which we obtain
2 10 5 10 6
𝐶 = 59.4 = .
𝑒 1 − 2 10 5 10 −6 4𝑒 59.4
Substituting this value for 𝑐 back into (iii) and simplifying, we obtain the solution
in the form
Page 67 of 72
6
10
𝑥= 3𝑡 … iv .
1 + 4𝑒 59.4−100
This gives the population 𝑥 as a function of time for 𝑡 > 1980.
Therefore, we can conclude that the formula for the population in future years is
given by
10 6
𝑥= 3𝑡 .
59.4−
1 + 4𝑒 100
(b) According to the formula of part (a), what will be the population in the year
2000?
Solution:
Let 𝑡 = 2000 in (iv) and we obtain
10 6
𝑥= ≈ 312,965.
1 + 4𝑒 −0.6
Therefore, the population in the year 2000 is 312,965 people.
(c) What is the limiting value of the population as 𝑡 → ∞?
Solution:
6
10 6
lim 𝑥 = lim 3𝑡 = 10 = 1,000,000.
𝑡→∞ 𝑡→∞?
1+ 4𝑒 59.4−100
***
Solution of Exercise 21 (Mixture Problem)

18.
A large tank initially contains 200 gal of brine in which 15lb of salt is dissolved. Starting
at 𝑡 = 0, brine containing 4lb of salt per gallon flows into the tank at the rate of 3.5
gal/min. The mixture is kept uniform by stirring and the well- stirred mixture leaves the
tank at the rate of 4 gal/min.
(a) How much salt is in the tank at the end of one hour?
Solution:
Let 𝑥 denotes the amount of salt in the tank at time 𝑡. We apply the basic
equation
𝑑𝑥
= 𝐼𝑁 − 𝑂𝑈𝑇.
𝑑𝑡
The brine flows in at the rate of 3.5 gal/min, and each gallon contains 4 lb of salt.
Thus
𝐼𝑁 =(4 lb/gal)(3.5 gal/min)=14 lb/min,
and
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = (𝐶lb/gal)(4 gal/min)=4𝐶 lb/min,
where 𝐶 lb/gal denotes the concentration. But here, since the rate of outflow is
different from that of inflow, the concentration is not quite so simple. At time
𝑡 = 0, the tank contains 200 gal of brine. Since brine flows in at the rate of 3.5
gal/min but flows out at the faster rate of 4 gal/min, there is a gross gain of
Page 68 of 72
3.5 − 4 = −0.5 gal/min of brine in the tank. Thus at the end of 𝑡 minutes the
amount of brine in the tank is
200 − 0.5𝑡 gal.
Hence the concentration at time 𝑡 minutes is
𝑥
lb/gal,
200 − 0.5𝑡
and so
4𝑥
𝑂𝑈𝑇 = lb/min.
200 − 0.5𝑡
Thus the differential equation becomes
𝑑𝑥 4𝑥 8𝑥
= 14 − = 14 − … i .
𝑑𝑡 200 − 0.5𝑡 400 − 𝑡
Since there was initially 15 lb of salt in the tank, we have the initial condition
𝑥 0 = 15 … ii .
The differential equation (i) is not separable but it is linear. Putting it in standard
form, we obtain
𝑑𝑥 8
+ 𝑥 = 14,
𝑑𝑡 400 − 𝑡
we find the integrating factor
8 1
exp 𝑑𝑡 = 400 − 𝑡 −8 = .
400 − 𝑡 400 − 𝑡 8
Multiplying through by this we have
1 𝑑𝑥 8 14
8
+ 9
𝑥=
400 − 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 400 − 𝑡 400 − 𝑡 8
or
𝑑 1 14
8
𝑥 = .
𝑑𝑡 400 − 𝑡 400 − 𝑡 8
Thus
1 2
8
𝑥= +𝐶
400 − 𝑡 400 − 𝑡 7
or
𝑥 = 400 − 𝑡 + 400 − 𝑡 8 𝐶.
Applying condition (ii), 𝑥 = 15 at 𝑡 = 0, we obtain
15 = 400 + 4008 𝐶
or
375
𝐶=− .
4008
Thus the amount of salt at any time 𝑡 > 0 is given by
400 − 𝑡 8
𝑥 = 400 − 𝑡 − 375
400
Therefore, the amount of salt in the tank at the end of one hour (𝑡 = 60) is
340 8
𝑥 60 = 340 − 375 = 340 − 375 ≈ 238 lb.
400
(b) How much salt is in the tank when the tank contains only 50 gal of brine?
Page 69 of 72
Solution:
According to part (a), we know that at the end of 𝑡 minutes the amount of brine
in the tank is
200 − 0.5𝑡 gal.
Thus we obtain
200 − 0.5𝑡 = 50
and hence
𝑡 = 300.
Therefore, the amount of salt in the tank when the tank contains only 50 gal of
brine is
100 8
𝑥 300 = 100 − 375 ≈ 100 lb.
400
Solution of Exercise 22 (Reduction of Order)

1. Prove that the differential equation
− − 2𝑦 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
has two solutions of the form 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , with 𝑎 is a constant.
Proof:
Let 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 be the solution of the given differential equation. Then we obtain
𝑑 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
− − 2𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥
⇔ − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥
⇔ 𝑎2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝑎𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 0
⇔ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎2 − 𝑎 − 2 = 0
⇔ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑎 + 1 𝑎 − 2 = 0
⇔ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = 0 ⋁𝑎 + 1 = 0⋁𝑎 − 2 = 0.
Hence there are two values for 𝑎, i.e., 𝑎 = −1 or 𝑎 = 2. Therefore, we can conclude
that the given differential equation has two solutions of the form 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 , i.e.,
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 or 𝑦 = 𝑒 2𝑥 . ■
2. If a differential equation has general solution of the form
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥 ,
then determine that differential equation.

Solution:
Consider the second order homogeneous differential equation with constant
coefficient
𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑎 + 𝑏𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑟𝑥
Suppose that 𝑦 = 𝑒 , 𝑟 ∈ ℝ is the solution of that differential equation (where 𝑟 will
be determined). Then we will have the characteristic equation
𝑟 2 + 𝑎𝑟 + 𝑏 = 0.
Page 70 of 72
Thus, in order to 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑟𝑥 becomes the solution for that differential equation, 𝑟 has to
satisfies that characteristic equation. One of the possibilities for the roots of the
characteristic equation above is if the characteristic equation has two different roots,
say 𝑟1 , 𝑟2 ∈ ℝ, then the general solution for the differential equation above is
𝑦 𝑥 = 𝑐1 𝑒 𝑟1 𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 𝑟2 𝑥 .
Since we have that the general solution of a differential equation is
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
we obtai that the roots of a characteristic equation are 𝑟1 = 2 or 𝑟2 = −3. Moreover,
the characteristic equation that we want is
𝑟 − 2 𝑟 + 3 = 0 ⇔ 𝑟 2 + 𝑟 − 6 = 0.
Hence we obtain 𝑎 = 1 and 𝑏 = −6.
Therefore, the diferential equation that has the general solution
𝑦 = 𝑐1 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐2 𝑒 −3𝑥
is
+ − 6𝑦 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3. Given that 𝑦1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 is one of the solutions of the differential equation
𝑑 2 𝑦 1 𝑑𝑦 4
+ − 𝑦 = 0 … (i)
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2
Determine a general solution of that differential equation.
Solution:
Observe that 𝑦1 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 does satisfy the given differential equation, i.e.,
𝑑2 𝑥 2 1 𝑑 𝑥2 4 1
2
+ − 2 𝑥 2 = 2 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
Let 𝑦2 (𝑥) = 𝑥 2 𝑣(𝑥). We have
𝑑 𝑦2 𝑥 𝑑 𝑣 𝑥
= 𝑥2 + 2𝑥𝑣 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
and
𝑑 2 𝑦2 𝑥 2
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑥 𝑑 𝑣 𝑥
2
=𝑥 2
+ 4𝑥 + 2𝑣 𝑥 .
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Substituting the expression for 𝑦, 𝑑𝑦/𝑑𝑥, and 𝑑 2 𝑦/𝑑𝑥 2 into Equation (i), we obtain
2
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑥 𝑑 𝑣 𝑥 1 2𝑑 𝑣 𝑥 4
𝑥 2
+ 4𝑥 + 2𝑣 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑣 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 𝑣 𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
or
2
𝑑2 𝑣 𝑥 𝑑 𝑣 𝑥
𝑥 + 5𝑥 = 0.
𝑑𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
Letting 𝑤 = 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥 we obtain the first- order homogeneous linear equation
𝑑𝑤
𝑥2 + 5𝑥𝑤 = 0.
𝑑𝑥
Treating this as a separable equation, we obtain
1 5 1 1
𝑑𝑤 = − 𝑑𝑥 ⇔ 𝑑𝑤 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0.
𝑤 𝑥 5𝑤 𝑥
Integrating this, we obtain the general solution
1 1 𝑐55 𝑐4
ln |𝑤| + ln |𝑥| = 𝑐6 ⇔ ln 𝑤 5 𝑥 = ln 𝑐5 ⇔ 𝑤 = 5 = 5
5 𝑥 𝑥
where 𝑐6 , 𝑐5 , and 𝑐4 are constants.
Page 71 of 72
Afterwards, we choose 𝑐4 = 1, we recall that 𝑑𝑣/𝑑𝑥 = 𝑤 and integrate to obtain the
function 𝑣 given by
1
𝑣 𝑥 = − 4.
4𝑥
Now forming 𝑦2 𝑥 = 𝑦1 𝑥 𝑣(𝑥), where 𝑦1 (𝑥) denotes the known solution, we obtain
the function 𝑦2 defined by
1 1 1
𝑦2 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 4 = − 2 = − 𝑥 −2 .
4𝑥 4𝑥 4
Therefore, the general solution of Equation (i) is
1
𝑦(𝑥) = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐3 − 𝑥 −2 = 𝑐1 𝑥 2 + 𝑐2 𝑥 −2
4
where 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 , and 𝑐3 are constants.
Page 72 of 72

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PROBLEM SET & SOLUTIONS

Ordinary differential equation is the differential equation involving ordinary

Partial differential equation is the differential equation involving ordinary

The order of a differential equation is equal to the order of the highest

𝑑6𝑥 𝑑4𝑥 𝑑3𝑥

Solution of Exercise 3 (Solution of D.E)

that is, 𝑥 + 1 = 𝑥 + 1. Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by

⇔ 18𝑒 3𝑥 − 80𝑒 4𝑥 − 42𝑒 3𝑥 + 140𝑒 4 + 24𝑒 3𝑥 − 60𝑒 4𝑥 = 0

Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by 𝑓 𝑥 = 2𝑒 3𝑥 − 5𝑒 4𝑥 . In the

c) We will show that 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7 is a solution of the differential

Therefore, the given differential equation is satisfied by 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 7. In

Thus, we can conclude that 𝑥 3 + 3𝑥𝑦 2 = 1 is an implicit solution of the differential

b) We will show that 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1 is an implicit solution of the differential

Thus, we can conclude that 5𝑥 2 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 3 𝑦 2 = 1 is an implicit solution of the

Afterward, we will observe whether 𝑦 = 2𝑒 2𝑥 + 4𝑒 −3𝑥 is also a solution of the

Since 𝑦 = 𝑐1 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐2 cos 𝑥, we obtain that 𝑦 ′ = 𝑐1 cos 𝑥 − 𝑐2 sin 𝑥. By

𝑦 𝜋 = 𝑐1 sin 𝜋 + 𝑐2 cos 𝜋 = 𝑐1 . 0 + 𝑐2 . −1 = −𝑐2 = 1 ⇔ 𝑐2 = 1.

Solution of Exercise 5 (Separable D.E)

Solution of Exercise 6 (General Solution of Separable D.E)

Solution of Exercise 7 (Homogeneous D.E)

Identify whether the following differential equations is homogeneous or not.

Solution of Exercise 8 (Solution of Homogeneous D.E)

Solution of Exercise 9 (Non Homogeneous D.E)

Find the solution of 𝑥 + 𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.

Solution of Exercise 10 (Solution of Non Homogeneous D.E)

= 𝑦 sec 2 𝑥 + sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝜕𝑥 + 𝑕 𝑦

Solution of Exercise 13 (Grouping Method)

Solution of Exercise 14 (Linear D.E)

⇔ 𝑒 3𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑒 3𝑥 (3𝑥 2 𝑒 −3𝑥 )𝑑𝑥

Solution of Exercise 15 (Solution of Linear D.E)

Solution of Exercise 16 (Properties of Linear D.E)

= 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 2𝑒 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

= 5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 10𝑒 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 5𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥

Solution of Exercise 17 (Integrating Factor of Linear D.E)

Find an integrating factor of the form 𝑥 𝑝 𝑦 𝑞 and solve.

From (*) we have

Solution of Exercise 18 (Orthogonal and Oblique Trajectories)

Solution of Exercise 19 (Problem in Mechanics (Frictional Forces))

Now, applying the initial conditions (ii) to this, we have

Solution of Exercise 21 (Mixture Problem)

Solution of Exercise 22 (Reduction of Order)

then determine that differential equation.

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