SATHIAN M.

“MALAYALAM FILM AND GENDER POLITICS: A STUDY BASED ON

SELECTED MALAYALAM FILMS”. DDEPARTMENT OF MALAYALAM AND KERALA
STUDIES, UNIVERSITY OF CALICUT, 2017
 A[ymbw 4

hnNn{Xw, hnaXw þ
ssewKnIXbpsS ]pXpImgvNIÄ

enwK]Zhnsb {i²n¨psIm−p \S¯p¶ kaImenIamb GsXmct\z

jW¯nepw Hgnhm¡m\mhm¯hn[¯n ssk²m´nIhpw katcmÕp

Ihpamb enwKcmjv{Sobkao]\§Ä {i² t\Snbn«p−v. A¯c¯nÂ

{]iv\h¡rXamb ssewKnI{]tab§Ä ssIImcyw sN¿p¶ kn\naIÄ

aebmf¯nepw {it²bamb Hcp [mcbmbn hfÀ¶phcp¶p−v F¶Xp

sIm−pXs¶ AXp kw_Ôn¨ ]cymtemN\ aebmfkn\nam]T\¯nepw

kwKXamWv. hnNn{XambXv, Akm[mcWambXv, hnaX kz`mhapÅXv,

D·mZIcambXv XpS§nb kqN\IÄ DÄs¡mÅp¶ IzoÀ F¶ {]tbmKw

sIm−mWv ]mÝmXyssk²m´nIÀ Cu ssewKnI{]hWXIsf Ipdn¡p

¶Xv. AXnsâ hnh£IÄ ]qÀ®ambn DÄs¡mÅp¶ Hcp aebmf]Ztam

{]tbmKtam CsömWv a\Ênem¡phm³ Ignbp¶Xv. F¶mÂ. Cu

{]tbmKwsIm−v Ipdn¡p¶ ssewKnIkz`mhkhntijXIÄ \ap¡v

A\yaà F¶ bmYmÀ°yt¯msSm¸w AXns\ A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿m³

sIev]pÅ hnimeamb ImgvN¸mSv Dcp¯ncnªp Ignªn«p−v F¶

hkvXpXbpw AhKWn¡mhp¶XÃ. IYmkmlnXy¯nepw kn\nabnep

sams¡ AXnsâ kv^pcW§Ä D−mbns¡m−ncn¡p¶p. C¡mcy§Ä

IW¡nseSp¯psIm−v kaImeaebmfkn\nabnse Nne ‘IzoÀ’ Bhn

jvImcamXrIIsf hniIe\w sN¿phm\mWv Cu A²ymb¯n {ian¡p

¶Xv.

187
4.1. IzoÀ F¶mse´v?

‘IzoÀ’ (Queer) F¶ ]Zw HcpIme¯v AXnsâ \Ã AÀ°¯nÂ

kzhÀ¤ssewKnIXbpsS \mS³{]tbmKambn \ne\n¶ncp¶p. AtXkabw,

kzhÀ¤ssewKnIXsb AwKoIcn¡m¯hÀ AXns\ tamiamb AÀ°¯nÂ

Ahtlf\]Zambpw D]tbmKn¨pt]m¶p.

ASp¯Ime¯v ‘IzoÀ’ kmwkvImcnIambn ]mÀizhevIcn¡s¸«

ssewKnIXIsf apgph³ DÄs¡mÅm³ Ignbp¶ ]Zambn amdnbn«p−v.

]pcpjkzhÀ¤ssewKnIX(gay)bpsSbpw kv{XokzhÀ¤ssewKnIX (lesbian)

bpsSbpw CSw At\zjn¡p¶ BtemN\IfpsSbpw ]T\§fpsSbpw

XpSÀ¨bmbn hfÀ¶phcp¶ Hcp ssk²m´nIamXrIbmbn¡qSn Cu

{]tbmKw kmwKXyw ssIhcn¨phcnIbmWv. F¶m AXv XnI¨pw hyàX

ssIhcn¨psh¶p]dªpIqS. ‘IzoÀ’F¶ Bibw ]cnWmaZibnemsW¶p

am{Xaà \nÀÆN\¯n\p hnt[bamIm¯ Xc¯nepÅ CemkvXnIX

(Elasticity) {]ISn¸n¡p¶XpamWv F¶v \nco£n¡s¸Sp¶Xnsâ ImcWan

XmWv. “‘IzoÀ’ F¶ {]tbmK¯nsâ cmjv{Sob£aX(Political efficacy)bpsS

{][m\LSIw AXnsâ \nÀÆN\¯n\v t\scbpÅ {]Xntcm[amWv”1 F¶v

A¶m tacn PmtKmkv Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p. ‘IzoÀ’s\ {Ias¸Sp¯pIsb¶Xv

AXnsâ ZpxJIcamb A´yambncn¡psa¶mWv PqUn¯v _«veÀ ]dbp¶Xv.2

skIvkv, sP³UÀ, Ima\ F¶nhbpsS s]mcp¯t¡SpIfnemWv ‘IzoÀ’

{i²sNep¯p¶Xv. ‘IzoÀ’F¶Xv {][m\ambpw ]pcpjkzhÀ¤enwKcXn

(gay), kv{XokzhÀ¤enwKcXn (Lesbian) F¶nhbpambmWv _Ôs¸«ncn

¡p¶sX¦nepw ZznenwKhyànIÄ (hermaphrodite), kµnKv²enwK]Zhn

(gender ambiguity)bpÅhÀ, enwK amäikv{X{Inb (gender corrective

188
surgery)¡v hnt[bcmbhÀ, thjm´cnXÀ (transvestite) F¶nhIqSn

AXneS§nbncn¡p¶p. ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨ km{¼ZmbnI[mcW

Ifn Chsbms¡ A]{`wi§fmbn IW¡m¡s¸«pt]m¶p. ]pcpj³,

kv{Xo F¶n§s\ c−p {[ph§Ä am{XapÅ Hcp hn`P\coXnbnÂ

AXn\pam{Xta Ignbpambncp¶pÅp F¶pshbv¡mw. F¶mÂ,

hnimeamsbmcp ]cnt{]£y¯n ssewKnIXsb IqSpX bmYmÀ°y

t_m[t¯msS DÄs¡mÅm³ km[n¡pw. kvss{XWXbpw ]pcpjXzhpw

Gdnbpw Ipdªpw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ khntijXIfmWv F¶Xpw

Häbmfn¯s¶ AhbpsS CSIec kw`hn¡mdps−¶Xpw B[p\nI

a\Èmkv{Xw Nq−n¡mWn¨n«pÅXmWv. AXn\¸pd¯v, AsXmcp hkvXpXbm

sW¶v a\Ênem¡m³ apIfn ]cmaÀin¨ A]{`wi§sf \nco£n¡p

Itbth−q. kzm`mhnIssewKnIXsb¶m {]mb]qÀ¯nbmb kv{Xobpw

]pcpj\pw ]¦mfnIfmIp¶ am\knIhpw imcocnIhpamb _Ôs¸Sem

sW¶ [mcWbpw Cu Xncn¨dnhn\pap¶n hensbmcfhphsc inYneambn

¯ocpw. ]pcpj³, kv{Xo F¶o hm¡pIÄ XnI¨pw kzm`mhnIamsW¶

[mcWbpw AtXmsS ZpÀºeambn¯ocpw. A¶m tacn PmtKmkv FgpXp¶p:

“kzm`mhnIamb ssewKnIX (natural sexuality) F¶Xv Akm[yamsW¶v

Øm]n¡pIhgn kmam\yambn ‘]pcpj³’, ‘kv{Xo’ F¶nh {]iv\clnXamb

]Z§fmsW¶ [mcWsb tNmZywsN¿pIbmWv ‘IzoÀ’ sN¿p¶Xv”.3 Cu

Nn´mkmlNcy¯nte¡v enwK]Zhn]T\§Ä h¶ptNÀ¶ BibNcn{X

hgnIfnte¡pÅ Hcp F¯nt\m«w ChnsS {]kàamWv.

4.2. kzhÀ¤cXn

kzhÀ¤cXn s]mXphmbn a\Ênem¡s¸Sp¶Xv ‘kz´w skIvknÂ

s¸«htcmSp tXm¶p¶ ssewKnImIÀjWsa¶ \nebnemWv. A¯csamcp

\nÀÆN\¯n A]mIXbps−¶v Hät\m«¯n tXm¶pIbnÃ. F¶mÂ,

189
BcmWv ‘kzhÀ¤m\pcmKn’ F¶v ssk²m´nIambn \nÀÆNn¡pI km[yaÃ.

Hcp hÀ¤oIcW¯n\p apXncpt¼mÄ {]iv\w krjvSn¡p¶ Hcp]mSv

AhyàXbpÅ kµÀ`§sf \mw A`napJoIcnt¡−nhcp¶p−v.

4.2.1. \nÀ½nXnbpw Is−¯epw

kaImenI sekv_nb³þtK kn²m´§Ä kmaqlnI \nÀ½nXn

hmZ¯n Du¶n hnIkn¨ph¶n«pÅXmWv. B[p\nIm\´c Nn´mtemI¯v

hn[zwkIamb coXnbn Agn¨p]WnIÄ \S¯nb antj ^qt¡mhnsâ

At\zjW§fpsS kzm[o\w CXn\p ]pdInep−v. At±l¯nsâ lnÌdn

Hm^v skIvjzmenänbpsS H¶mw thmfy¯n B[p\nIamb kzhÀ¤

ssewKnIkzXzcq]oIcW¯nsâ Ncn{X]camb BJym\w \evIp¶p−v.

]−pImew apXÂt¡ kzhÀ¤ssewKnI{]hÀ¯\w D−mbncps¶¦nepw

‘kzhÀ¤cXn’sb¶ hÀ¤oIcWw B[p\nIIme¯nsâ krjvSnbmWv.

“a\ximkv{X]cambpw at\mtcmKimkv{X]cambpw sshZyimkv{X]cambp

apÅ kzhÀ¤cXn F¶ hÀ¤oIcWw cq]oIrXamhp¶Xv AXnsâ hniZoI

cW¯neqsSbmsW¶pÅ hkvXpX \mw ad¡cpXv”4 F¶v ^qt¡m Bhiy

s¸Sp¶p. AXn{]mNo\ImewapXÂ \nehnencp¶Xpw icnsXäpIfpsS

am\ZWvU§fm sacp¡s¸SmXncp¶Xpamb s]cpamäcoXnIfn ]eXpw

B[p\nIXbpsS ZzµmßIbpànbn sXäpw sshIeyhpambn ImWs¸«p.

Cu hnNmcamXrIbnÂ\n¶p hnapàamIp¶ kaImenIkµÀ`¯nÂ

kzhÀ¤cXnbpÄs¸sSbpÅ CXcssewKnIs]cpamäcoXnIsf DZmcXtbmsS

a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbp¶p−v.

tlmtamskIvjz F¶m Nne ssewKnI{]hr¯nIfn GÀs¸

Sp¶ hyànIsf kqNn¸n¡p¶Xn\¸pd¯v B {]hr¯nIsf¡qSnbmWv

\nÀhNn¡p¶Xv. C¯cw {]hÀ¯\§sf¡pdn¨pÅ hyhlmc§fneqsS

kzhÀ¤cXn F¶ kzXzw cq]oIrXamhpIbmWv sNbvXn«pÅXv.

190
 “\nba]cambpw sshZyimkv{X]cambpapÅ hyhlmc§fn ]pcpj

kzhÀ¤ssewKnIXbv¡pÅ Øm\aà Ncn{X]cambn kv{XokzhÀ¤cXn

¡pÅXv. DZmlcWambn temI¯v Gähpw kzm[o\n¨ {_n«sâ

\nbahyhØ ]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXnsb IpäIrXyambn ImWpt¼mÄ kv{Xo

kzhÀ¤cXnsb¡pdn¨v ]cmaÀin¡pt¶bnÃ.”5 kv{XokzhÀ¤ssewKnIXm

kzXzw cq]oIrXamhp¶Xv hfsc sshInbmWv F¶p ]dbmw.

B[p\nIkv{XokzhÀ¤ssewKnIXmkzXz¯nsâ hnImks¯ ]T\

hnt[bam¡nb s^bvUÀam³ {]kvXpX kzXzcq]oIcWs¯ H¶mwXcwK

kv{XohmZ¯nsâ {]Xntema]camb {]Xn^e\ambmWv ImWp¶Xv.

“ssewKnIimkv{XÚcpsS kn²m´§Ä kv{XoIsf s^an\nk¯nÂ

\n¶pw aäp kv{XoIsf {]Wbn¡p¶XnÂ\n¶pw ]n´ncn¸n¡p¶Xn\v Ch

c−pw {Iahncp²ambXpw ]ckv]cw _Ôs¸«Xpw BsW¶p hniZoIcn¡p

¶XneqsS Ahsc `bs¸Sp¯pItbm `bs¸Sp¯m³ {ian¡pItbm

sN¿p¶p.”6

kzhÀ¤cXnsb¡pdn¨v [mcmfw ssk²m´nIÀ ]T\w \S¯nbn«p−v.

“s^bvUÀam³ Hgn¨pÅ asäÃm ssk²m´nIcpw FÃmbnS¯pw ImW

s¸Sp¶ kzhÀ¤ssewKnIs]cpamähpw Nne {]tXyI Ncn{XkµÀ`§fnÂ

am{Xw Dcp¯ncnbp¶ kzhÀ¤ssewKnIkzXzhpw X½nepÅ \nÀ®mbIamb

thÀXncnhns\ {i²bnÂs¸Sp¯p¶p−v.”7 `n¶enwKcXn (Hetro Sexuality)

kzm`mhnIhpw kpØnchpamsW¶pw BZnaamb AXn \n¶v sXänamdn

bp−mbXmWv kzhÀ¤ssewKnIXsb¶papÅ s]mXphmb [mcW \ne

\nev¡p¶ps−¦nepw hkvXpX adn¨mWv. Ch ]ckv]cw _Ôs¸«

Zzµz§fmsW¶pw H¶nÃmsX asäm¶ns\ hnhcn¡m³ Ignbnsöpw

kzhÀ¤cXnsb¡pdn¨pÅ At\zjWamWv `n¶enwKcXnsb \nÀÆNn¡m³

ImcWambsX¶pw tIheambÃ, adn¨v, hymhÀ¯\m[njvTnXambmWv

191
kwÚIÄ cq]s¸Sp¶sX¶p Xncn¨dnbs¸Sp¶ kaIme¯v a\Ênem¡

s¸Sp¶p−v. “]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²¯n Dcp¯ncnªph¶

kzhÀ¤cXnsb kw_Ôn¨ [mcWIsf hyXykvXam¡p¶Xv, Cu

ImeL«¯n CXnsâ ‘kzm`mhnIamb’ Cc«bmb ‘`n¶enwKcXn’bpambn

_Ôs¸Sp¯msX CXns\ thÀXncn¨v a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbnsö hkvXpX

bmWv”8 F¶ \nco£Ww ChnsS tNÀ¯pImtW−Xp Xs¶bmWv.

4.2.2. tlmtamss^Â aqhvsaâv

tlmtamss^Â aqhvsaân(Homophile movement)s\¡pdn¨v

]Tn¡pt¼mÄ tK en_tdjs\¡pdn¨pw sekv_nb³ s^an\nÌv {]Øm\

s¯¡pdn¨pw am{Xaà AhbpsS s]mXphmb cmjv{Sob\ne]mSpIsf

¡pdn¨pw AhcpsS hyXykvXamb ap³KW\Isf¡pdn¨pw kzX{´amb

hnImk¯n\pÅ AhcpsS BhiyIXsb¡pdn¨pw a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbpw.

tlmtamss^Â aqhvsaâv henb P\]¦mfn¯anÃm¯ Hcp {]Øm\

ambncp¶p. kzhÀ¤cXn {Inan\ IpäamWv F¶ [mcW amän¯oÀ

¡p¶Xn\pw kaql¯n\v C¯cw BfpItfmSv klnjvWpX tXm¶p¶

coXnbn P\§sf t_[hevIcn¡p¶Xn\pamWv tlmtamss^ aqhvsaâv

{][m\ambpw e£ywsh¨ncp¶Xv. C¯c¯n temI¯v Hcp]mSp

kwLS\IÄ {]hÀ¯n¨n«p−v. 1897 PÀ½\nbn amákv lÀjv s^ÂUv

(Magnus Hirschfeld) F¶ \yqtdmfPnÌv cq]w \evInb sskân^nIv

lpam\ntädnb³ I½nän, kzhÀ¤cXn \ncp]{ZhIcamsW¶pw AXns\

IpäIcambn ImWp¶Xpaqew [mcmfw {]iv\§Ä krjvSn¡s¸Sp¶ps−¶pw

a\Ênem¡n AXns\Xnsc t_m[hev¡cWw \S¯pIbpw A[nImcnIÄ¡v

\nthZ\w \evIpIbpw sNbvXp. I½nänbpsS ImgvN¸mSn “kzhÀ¤m

\pcmKnIÄ icocimkv{X]cambn ]pcpjsâbpw kv{XobptSbpw `mh§Ä

CSIeÀ¶ Hcp aq¶mw enwKw (third sex) BWv”9 F¶pw hnebncp¯s¸«p.

192
4.2.3. kzhÀ¤cXn Hcp tcmKamsW¶ ImgvN¸mSv

kzhÀ¤ssewKnImhØ Hcp tcmKamsW¶v sskt¡mfPnÌpIfS

¡apÅ hnZKv[tUmIvSÀamÀ hnizkn¨ncp¶p. “tlmtamss^Â kwLS\

kzhÀ¤ssewKnImhØsb¡pdn¨v AsXmcp tcmKamsW¶v Nn´n¡p¶

hnZKv²cpsS A`n{]mbw t]mepw Bcmbp¶p−v.”10 Atacn¡bn 1924Â

cq]oIcn¡s¸« tlmtamss^ kwLS\bmb Nn¡mtKm skmsskän t^mÀ

lqa³ ssdävkv, kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIsf kwc£n¡p¶Xn\v \nba\nÀ½mW

apÄs¸sSbpÅ Bhiy§Ä D¶bn¡p¶ps−¦nepw ASnØm\]cambn

Ahsc ‘saâ Bâv ssk¡nIv A_vt\mÀaÂ’ Bbn«mWv ImWp¶Xv.

]n¶oSphcp¶ ]e tlmtamss^Â kwLS\IÄ¡pw amXrIbmhp¶Xv

ChcpsS {]hÀ¯\§fmWv. XpSÀ¶p cq]oIcn¡s¸« {][m\ kwLS\

IfmWv aämNn³ skmsskänbpw (Mattachine Society) tUmt«gvkv Hm^v

_nenSnkpw (Daughter’s of Bilitis). aämNn³ skmsskänbnse Øm]I

t\Xm¡fn ]ecpw amÀIvknb³ ImgvN¸mSv DÅhcmbncp¶p. Cu

skmsskänbn `qcn]£wt]cpw ]pcpj·mcpambncp¶p.

“At_m[ambn«msW¦nepw ]e kµÀ`§fnepw ]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\p

cmKnIÄ ‘tK’sb \nÀhNn¡p¶Xv kv{XokzhÀ¤m\pcmKn IfpsS A\p`

h§sf ]cnKWn¡m¯ coXnbnemWv. am{Xaà ]et¸mgpw kv{XokzhÀ

¤m\pcmKnIsf aämNn³ skmsskänbnÂ\n¶v amän\nÀ¯m\pÅ t_m[

]qÀÆamb {iahpw AhÀ \S¯p¶p−v.”11 Cu {]iv\¯n\v ]cnlmcw

ImWm³ tUmt«Àkv Hm^v _nen«okv {ian¡p¶p−v. kv{XokzhÀ¤m\p

cmKnIÄ A\p`hn¡p¶ {]iv\§Ä NÀ¨sN¿p¶Xn\mbn Cu kwLS\ 1956

apXÂ ‘emUÀ’ F¶ amKkn³ {]kn²oIcn¨pXpS§n. aämNn³

skmsskänbpambn _Ôw \ne\nÀ¯ns¡m−pXs¶ kv{XokzhÀ¤m\p

193
cmKnIfpsS khntijamb {]iv\§fn tUmt«Àkv Hm^v _nen«okv

{]tXyI {i² sNep¯n. P³Udns\¡pdn¨pÅ ImgvN¸mSn CcpkwLS\

IÄ¡pw A`n{]mbhyXymk§Ä D−mbncps¶¦nepw kaql¯n\v kzhÀ¤m

\pcmKnItfmSpÅ at\m`mhw cq]s¸Sp¯p¶Xn AhÀ Htc \ne]mSp

IfmWv sh¨p]peÀ¯nbXv. aämNn³ skmsskänbpw tUmt«Àkv Hm^v

_nen«okpw henb P\Iob{]Øm\§fmbn amdm¯Xn\pImcWw, 1950I

fn Hcp kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnbmsW¶p Xncn¨dnªmep−mIp¶ `hnjy¯p

Isf¡pdn¨pÅ `bambncp¶p. kÀ¡mcn\v \nthZ\w \evIpI, eLpteJ

Ifpw t\m«okpw A¨Sn¡pI, kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIfpsS s]cpamäcoXnIsf

¡pdn¨v ØnXnhnhc¡W¡pIfpsS ASnØm\¯n Z¯tiJcWw

\S¯pI XpS§nbhbmbncp¶p tlmtamss^ kwLS\bpsS {]hÀ¯

\coXnIÄ.

4.2.4. tK hntamN\{]Øm\w

tK hntamN\{]Øm\¯nsâ Ncn{X¯n 1969 Pq¬ 27 hfsc

{]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶ H¶mWv. \yqtbmÀ¡nse sekv_nb³, tK, ss_

skIvjzÂ, {Sm³kvsPâÀ (LGBT) hn`mK¯nÂs¸« BfpIÄ H¯p

tNcp¶ ‘tÌm¬hmÄ C³’ F¶ _mdn t]meokv sdbvUv \S¯pIbpw

XpSÀ¶p−mb {]Xntcm[w Iem]¯nse¯nt¨cpIbpw sN¿m\nSbmbXv

A¶mWv. AtXmSpIqSnbmWv hntamN\ap{ZmhmIyapbÀ¯n Cu {]Øm\w

kPohambn¯ocp¶Xv. “ap³Ime§fnse tlmtamss^Â {]Øm\§sf

At]£n¨v tKhntamN\{]Øm\w A`nam\t¯msS DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡p¶ tK

kzXzcq]oIcWhpambn _Ôs¸«XmWv.”12 Cu kzXzcq]oIcWw sekv

_nb³þtK cmjv{Sob¯nÂ\n¶pw ‘IzoÀ’ F¶Xnte¡pÅ ]cnWmas¯

a\Ênem¡p¶Xn {][m\s¸« H¶mWv.

194
 1960Ifn Atacn¡bn D−mbn«pÅ Idp¯hÀ¤¡mcpsS {]Øm

\§Ä, bp²hncp²{]Øm\§Ä, hnZymÀ°n{]Øm\§Ä, ln¸n {]Øm\w

XpS§nb {]XnkwkvImc{]Øm\§fpsS ]Ým¯e¯nemWv tK aqhvsaâv

D−mbsX¶ Imcyw {]tXyIw {i²nt¡−Xp−v. Cu {]XnkwkvImc

{]Øm\§sfÃmw \nehnse A[oikwkvImc¯n\v FXncmbncp¶p. “Cu

hyXykvX {]Øm\§Ä ]pXnb Aht_m[w krjvSn¡pIbpw A[oi

kwkvImc¯nsâ lnt¸m{Iknbn kwibw {]ISn¸n¡pIbpw A[nImc

Øm]\§tfmSv iàamb FXnÀ¸v sh¨p]peÀ¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p−v.”13

“FÃmaÀ±nXP\hn`mK§tfbpw GtIm]n¸n¨psIm−pÅ hn¹hIcamb

apt¶äw F¶ ImgvN¸mSv tKhntamN\ {]Øm\¯n\p−mbncp¶psh¶v”

Ae³ bMv(Cw¥ojv) A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p−v.14 enwK]camb AkaXz§

tfmSpIqSnbXpw ]nXrt¡mbvabpÅ AWpIpSpw_hyhØsb tI{µoIcn

¨pÅXpamb `n¶enwK-cXnbpsS A[nImcLS\bm ASn¨aÀ¯s¸Sp¶

kzXzambmWv kzhÀ¤cXn {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿s¸Sp¶Xv.

tK F¶Xv Hcp hn¹hIcamb kzXzamWv. AXv kmaqlnImwKoImcaÃ

adn¨v kzhÀ¤cXnsb tcmKambn ImWpIbpw ]mÀizhevIcn¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶ kmaqlnIØm]\§sf XInSwadn¡phm\mWv AXp e£yw

sh¡p¶Xv. tlmtamss^ aqhvsaânÂ\n¶pw hyXyØambn kzhÀ¤cXn

Hcp tcmKamsW¶ ‘hnZKv²’cpsS hmZs¯ tK {]Øm\w XÅn¡fbp¶p.

kz´w kzhÀ¤ssewKnIkzXzs¯ ‘kzImcy’ambn sh¡msX Ak¶n

Kv²ambn {]Jym]n¨psIm−v AXns\ kmaqlyamä¯n\pÅ D]m[nbmbn

D]tbmKn¡pIsb¶ ImgvN¸mSmWv tK en_tdj\nÌpIÄ kzoIcn¨Xv. tK

en_tdj\nÌpIfn \sÃmcp`mKw a[yhÀ¤¯nÂs¸Sp¶ shfp¯

hÀ¤¡mcpw hnZymk¼¶cpamb ]pcpj·mcmbncp¶p. ]c¼cmKXamb

skIvkv, sP³UÀ F¶o Bib§fneq¶nb ssewKnIXbpsS \nb{´

195
Ws¯ AXnPohn¡m³ `n¶ssewKntIXchn`mK¯nÂs¸«hÀ¡v tK

hntamN\{]Øm\w klmbIambn.

4.2.5. sekv_nb³ s^an\nkw

tK en_tdj³ {]Øm\¯n hfsc¡pd¨v kv{XoIÄ am{XamWv

_Ôs¸«v {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶pÅp. AXpt]mseXs¶ kv{XohmZ{]Øm\¯nÂ

Ipd¨pam{Xw sekv_nb\pIfmWv D−mbncp¶Xv. tK, sekv_nb³ F¶o

hn`mK§fnÂs]«hÀ¡v s]mXphmb Nne kz`mhhntij§Ä Ds−¦nepw

Ahsc tlmtamskIvjz F¶ Hä hn`mK¯n s]Sp¯pI km[yaÃ.

c−p hn`mK§Ä¡pw AXntâXmb Ncn{X]camb ImcW§fp−v.

“sekv_nb\pIfpw tKbpw Htc skIvjz ImäKdnbnÂs¸Sp¶ c−pXcw

sP³UdpIfÔF¶v sP{^n ho¡v ]dbp¶p.15

sekv_nb\pIÄ \nc´cambn CSs]«n«pt]mepw tK hntamN\

{]Øm\¯n kv{XohmZ¡mcpsS AhImi§sf A\p`mh]qÀÆw

]cnKWn¨ncp¶nÃ. AXpt]mse¯s¶ kv{XohmZ{]Øm\w X§fpsS

‘XpÃymhImiw’ F¶ Bhiys¯ _m[n¡psa¶ Nn´bm sekv_nb

\pItfbpw amän\nÀ¯pIbmWv sNbvXXv. Npcp¡¯n tK aqhvsaântâbpw

kv{XohmZ{]Øm\¯ntâbpw ]cnKW\¡p ]pd¯mbn¯oÀ¶ sekv_nb

\pIÄ c−pIq«tcmSpw s]mcpXn\nevt¡−p¶ AhØbnembn¯oÀ¶p.

F¶ncp¶mepw `n¶enwKcXn¡msct¸mse¯s¶ ]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKn

Ifpw ]pcpjm[n]Xyat\m`mhw sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶psh¶Xn\m kv{XohmZ

¡mcpambn«mWv sekv_nb\pIÄ _Ôw kq£n¡m³ B{Kln¨ncp¶Xv.

“]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIÄ FÃm {][m\s¸« Imcy§fnepw ]pcpjXz

t¯mSpw ]pcpjm[n]Xyt¯mSpamWv aäp]pcpj·mtc¡mÄ Iqdp]peÀ

¯p¶Xv.”16

196
 sP³UÀ F¶ hÀ¤oIcWw `n¶enwKcXnsb \ne\nÀ¯p¶XnÂ

IpäIcamb ]¦phln¡p¶ps−¶v tamWnIv hnänKv (Monique Wittig)

A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. “]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIÄ X§sf BWmbpw

kv{XokzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIÄ X§sf s]®mbpw kzbw a\Ênem¡pIbpw

hntijn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ AhÀ `n¶ssewKnIX \ne\nÀ¯p¶XnÂ

]¦mfnIfmhpIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv”17 C¯c¯nepÅ hnaÀi\§sf

A`napJoIcn¨psIm−v ssk²m´nIhyàX ssIhcn¡p¶Xn\pth−n

\S¯nb At\zjW§fneqsSbmWv IzoÀ ZÀi\w hnIkn¨ph¶Xv.

kzXzs¯ kw_Ôn¨ B[p\nIm\´camb ho£WhnImkw AXnÂ

\nÀ®mbIamb ]¦p hln¡pIbpw sNbvXp.

4.2.6. ssewKnIX : Xpey\oXnbpsS tNmZy§fpw CSs]SepIfpw

tK en_tdj\nÌpIfpw sekv_nb³ s^an\nÌpIfpw BZyIme¯v

k¼qÀ®amb Hcp ssewKnIhn¹hamWv e£yw sh¨ncp¶Xv. F¦nepw

{ItaW AXv X§Ä¡v Xpey\oXn t\SnsbSp¡p¶Xn\pÅ {]hÀ¯\

§fnte¡v HXp§pIbmWp−mbXv.

“tK en_tdj\nÌv aqhvsaâv ZiI§Ä¡pap¼pÅ X§fpsS

]qÀÆnIcnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXcmIp¶Xv ka{Kamb amä¯neqsS am{Xta

kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIÄ¡v bYmÀ°kzoImcyX t\Sm³ Ignbq F¶

\nÀ_Ô_p²nbpÅXn\memWv. F¶m ASp¯ZiI¯n AhÀ Cu

ImgvN¸mSnÂ\n¶pamdn Cu \yq\]£¯n\v a\pjymhImi§Ä Øm]ns¨

Sp¡pIbmWv th−sX¶ Bib¯nse¯nt¨À¶p.”18

“1970IfpsS a[y¯n ‘skIvjz Hmdnbtâj³’, ‘tK ssat\mdnän’

XpS§nb {]tbmK§Ä en_tdj\nÌv {]Øm\§fn Øm\w

]nSn¨ncp¶p”sh¶v Fanentbm (John D’ Emilio) ]dbp¶p−v.19 ]pcpj

197
kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIfpsSbpw kv{XokzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIfpsSbpw hntamN\

amXrIIÄ (Models of Liberations) hyXykvXambncp¶psh¦nepw kzhÀ

¤cXn{InbIsf \nbam\pkrXam¡n {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶XneqsS A[oi

kmaqlyLS\sb amän¯oÀ¡p¶Xn\v AhÀ Hcpt]mse e£ywsh¨p.

“]ckv]c\ntj[Zzµz§fmb kzhÀ¤cXn/`n¶enwKcXn, kv{Xo/ ]pcp

j³ F¶o tdmfpIfn Xf¨nSp¶ skIvkv/sP³UÀ N«¡qSpIfn \n¶v

hyànIsf tamNn¸n¡pIsb¶ e£yamWv hntamN\cmjv{Sob¯n\v

D−mbncp¶sX¦nepw Fgp]XpIfpsS a[y¯nse¯pt¼mÄ CXn\p amäw

hcnIbpw kmaqlykzXz¯nepw kmwkvImcnIsshPmXy¯nepaq¶nb Hcp

hwiobamXrI kzoIcn¡pIbpamWv sNbvXXv.”20 Xpey\oXn¡pÅ \nbakw

c£Ww t\SnsbSp¡p¶Xn\pw \Kc{]m´{]tZi§fn sekv_nb³, tK

I½yqWnänIÄ sI«n¸Sp¡p¶Xn\pw Ahsb \nbam\pkrXam¡p¶Xn

\papÅ AShv F¶ \nebnemWv Cu hwiobamXrI kzoIcn¨Xv.

A¯c¯n I½yqWnänIÄ D−mhp¶tXmsS tK, sekv_nb³

Iq«mbvaIfn ]ckv]cw _ÔnXamIp¶ kzXzw cq]s¸Sp¶p. Cu Ncn{X

aplqÀ¯¯n tK, sekv_nb³ kzXz¯n DÄs¸Sm¯hÀ (DZm:

ss_skIvjzÂ) ]mÀizhev¡cn¡s¸SpIbpw tK, sekv_nb³ kzXz§Ä

tI{µØm\s¯¯pIbpw sN¿p¶p. aps¼¶t]mse Nne kzXz§Ä

]mÀizhev¡cn¡s¸SpIbpw aäp NneXv tI{µØm\s¯¯pIbpw sN¿p¶

Xnsâ Hcp BhÀ¯\amWv ChnsS ImWp¶Xv. ap³kqNn¸n¨ hwiob

amXrIIÄ \nehnepÅ `n¶enwKcXn/kzhÀ¤cXn F¶ Zzµz¯nsâ

ASnØm\¯n¯s¶bmWv ssewKnIXsb a\Ênem¡p¶Xv.

1970IfpsS Ahkm\¯nepw 1980IfpsS BZyZiI§fnepambn

sekv_nb³, tK Iq«mbvaIfn \S¶ D`bssewKnIX, kmtUm

atkm¡nkw, t]mÀtWm{Km^n, {Sm³kvshÌnkw, thiymhr¯n

198
XpS§nbhsb¡pdns¨ÃmapÅ kwhmZ§fn `n¶enwKcXn/kzhÀ¤cXn

F¶ Zzµz¯nsâ taÂt¡mbva tNmZyw sN¿s¸«p. Cu NÀ¨IÄ ]et¸mgpw

cq£ambn¯ocmdp−v. “Cu kwhmZw ‘skIvkv hmÀ’ F¶t]cnemWv

Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv.”21 {ItaW sekv_nb³ skIvkv F¶m CWIfpsS

ASnØm\¯nepÅXv, HäbnW am{XapÅXv, kv{XotI{µoIrXambXv F¶n

§s\bpÅ {]apJamb sekv_nb³ s^an\nÌpk¦ev]§Ä hnaÀin¡

s¸«p. ItcmÄ hm³kv “ssewKnIm`nhn\ymkw (Sexual Orientation)

F¶pÅXv kv{XoIÄ¡nSbnepÅ Gähpw {][m\s¸«tXm GItam Bb

ssewKnIhyXymkamhWsa¶nÔ F¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p−v.22

tK, sekv_nb³, `n¶ssewKnIX F¶n§s\bpÅ ssewKnIhÀ¤o

IcW¯n\v [mcmfw ]cnanXnIfp−v. Hcp hyàn Xsâ ssewKnI

kwXr]vXn¡pth−n sXcsªSp¡p¶ hyànbpsS sP³Udnsâ ASnØm

\¯nemWv AbmfpsS ssewKnIX \nÀ®bn¡s¸Sp¶Xv. “Hcp hyànbpsS

CWbpsS skIvknsâ ASnØm\¯n AbmfpsS ssewKnIX \nÀ®

bn¡p¶ ssewKnIm`nhn\ymkw F¶Xv hfsc hnNn{XamWv” F¶v

Imen^nb (Pat Califia ) tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.23

D`bssewKnIX \nÀÆNn¡p¶Xn\v CWbpsS skIvkv ASnØm

\am¡pI km[yaÃ. am{XaÃ, CWbpsS skIvknsâ ASnØm\¯nÂ

ssewKnIXsb hÀ¤oIcn¡p¶ coXnXs¶ ‘D`bssewKnIX’ F¶

k¦ev]\s¯ \ncÀ°Iam¡p¶p. kzXzw, sP³UÀ, ssewKnIX, A[nImcw

apXembhsb¡pdn¨pÅ ]pXnb ImgvN¸mSpIfpsS kzm[o\¯nsâ ^eambn

kzXz¯nsâ {IaoIrXamXrIIÄ (Normative Models of Identity) C¶v

A]cym]vXambn¯oÀ¶ncn¡p¶p. Cu ]Ým¯e¯nemWv ‘IzoÀ’F¶Xv

Hgn¨pIqSm\mhm¯ Bibambn¯ocp¶Xv.

199
 1960Ifn en_tdj\nÌpIÄ ‘tK’ F¶ ]Zw D]tbmKn¨Xv cmjv{Sob

]camb \o¡ambn«mWv. `n¶enwKcXnsb kzm`mhnIambn I−ncp¶ Ime¯v

AXnÂ\n¶pw hyXncnàamb H¶mbmWv kzhÀ¤cXnsb ]cnKWn¨ncp¶Xv.

Cu Zzµz§Ä¡nSbn `n¶enwKcXn¡v Bbncp¶p taÂt¡mbva D−mbncp

¶Xv. CXns\ {]Xntcm[n¡m\pÅ cmjv{Sob\o¡ambn«mWv ‘tK’ F¶

]Z¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhs¯ ImtW−Xv. tlmtamskIvjzÂ, tK, sekv_n

b³, IzoÀ F¶n§s\ ]Z§fpsS k©mc]Zw ]cntim[n¨m a\pjysâ

Nn´mkcWnbnep−mb amä¯n\\pkrXamb coXnbnemWv Ch cq]s¸«

sX¶v a\Ênem¡mw. \nÀ½nXnhmZssk²m´nIÀ skIvkv, sP³UÀ, kzXzw

apXemb Bib§sf {]iv\hev¡cn¨Xnsâ A\´c ^eambmWv ‘IzoÀ’

BhnÀ`hn¨Xv.

tlmtamskIvjzenÂ\n¶pw tKbnte¡pÅ ]cnWmas¯ hniZoIcn

¡pt¼mÄ sP{^n hoIvkv (Jeffrey Weeks) “Chsbms¡ Hcp ]gb bmYmÀ

°ys¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶ ]pXnb]Z§fÃ, adn¨v amdp¶ bmYmÀ°ys¯

{]Xn^en¸n¡p¶XmWv. ‘tlmtamskIvjzÂ’ F¶ ]Zw AXns\ FXnÀ

¡p¶ kaqlw F§s\ Ahsc ImWp¶psh¶pw ‘tK’ F¶ ]Zw Aham\n

¡s¸«hÀ kzbw F§s\ ImWp¶psh¶pw kqNn¸n¡p¶p” F¶mWv

A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶Xv.24

]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm−n¯s¶ ‘IzoÀ’ F¶ ]Zw D]tbmKn¨n«p

s−¦nepw C¶v AÀ°am¡p¶Xc¯n Cu ]Zw D]tbmKn¨p XpS§nbXv

1990IfpsS Bcw`¯nemWv. tK/sekv_nb³ kzXzs¯¡pdn¨pÅ kwhmZ

¯nÂ\n¶pw Dcp¯ncnª kmwkvImcnIhpw ssk²m´nIhpamb k½À±

¯nsâ Dev]¶ambmWv ‘IzoÀ’ cq]s¸Sp¶Xv. kzXzs¯¡pdn¨pw A[nImc

LS\sb¡pdn¨pw tK en_tdj\nÌpIfptSbpw sekv_nb³ s^an\nÌpI

200
fpsSbpw ImgvN¸mSpIsf LS\mhmZm\´cNn´IÄ {]iv\hev¡cn¨XmWv

CXn {][m\ambn«pÅXv. sekv_nb³/tK cmjv{Sobhpw kn²m´hpw

am{XaÃ, Ccp]Xmw\qäm−nsâ Ahkm\Z iI§fnse ]mÝmXyNn´IfpsS

^eambp−mb Ncn{X]chpw khntijhpamb AdnhpIfpsSIqSn ^eam

bmWv ‘IzoÀ’ cq]s¸Sp¶Xv.

4.2.7. enwK]T\]²XnIfpsS k¦oÀ®XIÄ

kzXzsa¶Xv hfsc kzm`mhnIambn tXm¶p¶ H¶mWv. AXv \nÀ½n

¡s¸«XmsW¶v Xncn¨dnbpI hfsc _p²nap«pÅXmWv. kphyàhpw

bpàn`{Zhpambn tXm¶mhp¶ kzXzs¯ Ccp]Xmw\qäm−nsâ D¯cmÀ²

¯n knÜ−v t{^mbvUv, s^ÀUn\mâv Un skmÊqÀ, gmIv e¡m³, eqbn

A¯qkÀ, antjÂ^qt¡m XpS§nb ssk²m´nIÀ {]iv\hev¡cn

¡p¶p−v.

IÀ¯rXzw ØmbnbmbXpw ka{KhpamsW¶ Bibs¯

t{^mbnUnsâ At_m[sa¶kn²m´w tNmZywsN¿p¶p−v. tIheamb

kzXzk¦ev]\§Ä¡v XpSÀ¶pw \ne\n¡m\mhm¯ Xc¯nepÅ

ASnØm\]camb LS\mhmZ]cnIev]\IÄ¡v skmÊqÀ cq]w \ÂIn.

skmÊqdnb³ `mjmNn´IfnÂ\n¶p shfn¨w kzoIcn¨ e¡msâ ImgvN

¸mSn sFUânän F¶pÅXv aäpÅhcpambpÅ kmßoIcW¯nsâ

^eamWv. AXv A]qÀ®hpw XpSÀ{]{InbbpamWv. {]Xybimkv{Xw

F§s\bmWv Hcp hyànsb IÀ¯mhm¡n¯oÀ¡p¶sX¶pw AXneqsS

kzXzw cq]oIcn¡s¸Sp¶sX¶pw A¯qkdpw hyàam¡n.

ssewKnIkzXzs¯¡pdn¨pÅ {]mapJyapÅ AdnhpIfpsS \nÀ½n

Xnsb ]pd¯psIm−phcp¶Xn {^©pNn´I\mb antj ^qt¡mbpsS

]T\§Ä¡v hfsc {]m[m\yap−v. ssewKnIX Hcp hyànbpsS AXy´m

t]£nXamb [À½aÃ, adn¨v kmwkvImcnIhÀ¤oIcW¯nÂ\n¶v DfhmIp

201
¶XmWv. AXv A[nImc{]tbmK¯nsâ ^ehpamWv F¶v ^qt¡m

IcpXp¶p. ssewKnIXsb Hcp kzm`mhnIhpw tIhehpamb Hcp AhØ

bmbn a\Ênemt¡−XÃ. adn¨v kmwkvImcnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb

hyhlmc§fm \nÀ½n¡s¸«XmWv. A[nImc]camb hyhlmcirwJe

IfpsS {]hÀ¯\^eambmWv IÀ¯rXzw cq]s¸Sp¶Xv. ^qt¡mbpsS

hniIe\¯n ]mÀizhev¡cn¡s¸« ssewKnIkzXz§Ä tIhew

A[nImc{]tbmK§fpsS CcIfÃ, adn¨v AtX {]tbmK§fpsS Dev]¶

amWv. “]s¯m¼Xmw \qäm−n {]Xy£s¸« a\ximkv{Xw, \nbaimkv{Xw,

aät\Iw hyhlmc§fpambn _Ôs¸« cN\IÄ F¶nh kzhÀ¤

ssewKnIXbpsSbpw AXnsâ D]hÀ¤§fptSbpw (Pederasty, Psychic

Hermaphrodism apXembh)ta iàamb kmaqly\nb{´Ww km[yam¡n.

kzhÀ¤ssewKnIÀ AXnsâ kzm`mhnIXsb AwKoIcn¡m\pw X§Ä¡v

\nbakm[pX t\Sm\pw ]et¸mgpw X§sf hÀ¤oIcn¨ AtX hÀ¤oIc

Whpw X§Ä¡v Iev]n¨ sshZyimkv{X]camb AtbmKyXbpw X§Ä

s¡Xncmb `mjbpw D]tbmKn¨pXs¶ kzbw kwkmcn¡m\pw XpS§n.”25

A[nImcs¯¡pdn¨pw {]Xntcm[s¯¡pdn¨papÅ s]mXphmb

[mcWIsf tNmZyw sN¿p¶ ^qt¡mbpsS ]T\§Ä sekv_nb³, tK, IzoÀ

kn²m´§tfbpw {]hÀ¯\§tfbpw Imcyambn kzm[o\n¨p. ka{Khpw

sI«pd¸papÅXpw ØmbnXzapÅXpamb Hcp kzXzs¯ k¦ev]n¡p¶Xv

kmwkvImcnIamb Hcp {`amßIXbmbn LS\mhmZm\´cNn´IÀ hnebn

cp¯n. “kzXzcmjv{Sob¯nsâ k¯ Ifbp¶Xv hnjbnIÄ X½nepÅ

hyXymkwsIm−p am{Xaà Hmtcm hnjbnbptSbpw B´cnIamb hyXymk

§Ä IW¡nseSp¯pamsW¶v LS\mhmZm\´cNn´IÄ \ncq]n¡p¶p.”26

sekv_nb³/tK ]T\cwK¯v kzXz¯nsâ ]cnanXnIfpw A]IS

§fpw Xpd¶pImWn¨ {][m\s¸« Hcp ssk²m´nIbmWv PqUnXv _SveÀ.

202
sP³UÀ F§s\bmWv `n¶enwKcXn¡v ap³Xq¡w hcp¶coXnbn {IaoIc

tWm]m[nbmbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶sX¶v AhÀ Xpd¶pImWn¨p.

‘kv{Xo’F¶ ]Zw kzm`mhnIamb H¶nt\bpw {]Xn\n[oIcn¡p¶nÃ.

AsXmcp kmwkvImcnI\nÀ½nXnbmWv. AXns\ ASnØm\am¡nsbSp¯mÂ

skIvkv, sP³UÀ, Ima\ F¶nh X½n Hcp t\mÀamäohv _Ôw ImWmw.

CXv `n¶enwKcXnsb kzm`mhnIambn {]XnjvTn¡p¶p. AXpsIm−pXs¶

s^an\nkw AXnsâ {]Jym]nXe£y§Ä¡v hn]coXambn {]hÀ¯nt¡

−nhcp¶p.

“enwKkzXzw AÀ°h¯mbn¯ocp¶ kmwkvImcnI`qanIbn Nne

kzXz§ÄþskIvkns\ ]n´pSmcm¯ sP³UÀ, skIvknt\tbm sP³Udn

t\tbm ]n´pScm¯ Ima\ þ \ne\nev¡p¶nsöv” _SveÀ hmZn¡p¶p.27

sP³UÀ F¶ Bibs¯¯s¶ {]iv\hev¡cn¡pIbmWv PqUnXv _SveÀ

sN¿p¶Xv. sP³UÀ F¶Xv Hcp kmwkvImcnI\nÀ½nXnbmsW¶v t\cs¯

kqNn¸n¨phtÃm. sP³UÀ F¶Xv tIhew {]{Inb am{X-aà hfsc k¦p-Nn-X-

am-bXpw \nb-{´n-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xp-amb Hcp N«-¡q-Sn \n¶p-sIm−v BhÀ¯n-¡-

s¸-Sp¶ {]hr-¯n-I-fn-eqsS \nÀ½n-¡-s¸-Sp¶ Hcp {]{InbbmWXv. sP³Udn\v

Hcp B[nImcnIXtbm k¯tbm Ds−¶v ]dbm\mhnÃ. AXpsIm−pXs¶

enwKkzXzw F¶Xv BhnjvImc¯neqsS \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶XmWv. F¶mÂ

enwKkzXz¯nsâ Bhnjv¡mc¯n\p ]pdIn Hcp sP³UÀ CÃ.

kzm`mhnIambn tXm¶p¶ `n¶enwKcXnXs¶ _SvedpsS ImgvN¸mSn Hcp

hymhlmcntImev]¶amWv. skIvkv/sP³UÀ F¶ kwhn[m\¯nsâ ^ew

am{XamWv AXv.

enwK]ZhnIfpsS hniIe\¯nsâ kaImenIhpw hnIknXhpamb

Hcp \nesbbmWv IzoÀ ho£Ww {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶Xv. ct−m

AXne[nItam Ønck¯Isf k¦ev]n¡p¶XnÂ\n¶p IpXdnamdn

203
ssewKnIXbpsS k¦oÀ®XIsf DÄs¡mÅphm\pÅ {iaamWv IzoÀ

ho£W¯n ImWmhp¶Xv.

A¡mZanIXe¯nepw cmjv{SobXe¯nepw ‘IzoÀ’ F¶ Bibw

GsäSp¡s¸Sp¶XneqsS `n¶enwKcXn, tK, sekv_nb³, D`benwKcXn

apXemb Bib§sf¡pdn¨pÅ ImgvN¸mSpIfn ImXemb amäw

kw`hn¨ncn¡p¶p. Cu Bib§sf¡pdn¨v \ho\amb hnÚm\¯neqsS

]pXnb Nn´mKXnIÄ cq]s¸Sp¯nsbSp¡pI F¶XmWv IzoÀXnbdn C¶v

GsäSp¯ncn¡p¶ shÃphnfn.

apIfn hnhcn¨ ImgvN¸mSpIfpsS ASnØm\¯n aebmf

kn\namcwK¯v ‘IzoÀ’{]tabambn hcp¶ GXm\pw Ne¨n{X§sf ]T\

hnt[bam¡pIbmWv Cu A[ymb¯n sN¿p¶Xv. IzoÀ{]Xn\n[m\§

sf¡pdn¨v hniIe\w sN¿pt¼mÄ A`napJoIcnt¡−nhcp¶ Nne {]iv\

§sfbmWv BZyw ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv. a\pjysâ ssewKnIXbpambn

_Ôs¸«mWv IzoÀ F¶ Bibw IS¶phcp¶Xv. c−p hyànIÄ

X½nepÅ _Ôs¯ asämcp hyàn¡v a\Ênem¡m³ Ignbptam AsænÂ

A§s\ a\Ênemt¡−Xpt−m F¶Xv hfsc {][m\s¸« tNmZyamWv.

kv{Xo/]pcpj³ F¶o Zzµz§fpsS ASnØm\¯n Ch ]cntim[n¡p

t¼mÄ ]c¼cmKXamb, AwKoIcn¡s¸« ‘`n¶enwKcXn’ F¶Xn HXp

¡m³ Ignbm¯ ssewKnIXIsfbmWv tK, sekv_nb³, D`benwKcXn XpS

§nb Bib§fneqsS hyàam¡m³ {ian¡p¶Xv. kv{Xo/]pcpj³ F¶

Xn\v Hcp ‘k¯’bps−¶ hmZ¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv]ptcmKan¨ph¶

C¯cw NÀ¨IÄ \ho\hnÚm\§fpsS IS¶phcthmSpIqSn {]iv\`cnX

ambn. ‘k¯mhmZw’ hnaÀi\hnt[bamhpIbpw ‘\nÀ½nXnhmZ]camb Hcp

ImgvN¸mSn F¯nt¨cpIbpw sNbvXp. AtXmsS ‘kzXzw’ F¶Xv

kmaqlnIamb kzXzw F¶ a«n am{Xw ImWmhp¶ H¶mbn¯ocp¶p. Hcp

204
kv{Xo asämcp kv{XobnÂ\n¶pw ]pcpj³ aäp ]pcpj·mcnÂ\n¶pw

hyXykvXamsW¶XpsIm−pXs¶ c−p hyànIÄ X½nepÅ _Ôhpw

aäp c−p hyànIÄ X½nepÅ _Ôhpw Hcn¡epw kam\amhpI km²yaÃ.

C¯c¯n hfsc hyXykvX§fmb enwKkzXzs¯ IÅnIfn ASbm

fs¸Sp¯n hÀ¤oIcn¡m\pÅ {iawXs¶ \ncÀ°IamWv. AXpsIm−v

ChnsS ]T\hnt[bamIp¶ kn\naIfnse IzoÀ Bhnjv¡mc§sf

ap³\nÀ¯n C¯cw Bhnjv¡mc§Ä¡v XSÊw \nev¡p¶ A[nImc_Ô

s¯bpw AXnsâ kmwkvImcnIþcmjv{Sobam\§tfbpw kmaqlnI _eX{´

§sfbpw Xpd¶p ImWn¡p¶Xn\mWv {ian¡p¶Xv. sekv_nb³, tK, D`b

enwKcXn XpS§nb hÀ¤oIcW§Ä \ncÀ°IamsW¶ hmZw AwKoIcn¡p

t¼mįs¶ Ahsb ]cntim[n¡mXncn¡p¶Xv XnIª ]n³aS¡ambn

cn¡pw. AXpsIm−v C¯cw k¦ev]\§fpsS ]n³_ew tXSns¡m−mWv

IzoÀ kn\namhnjvImc§sf ChnsS ]T\hnt[bam¡p¶Xv.

4.3. kv{XokzhÀ¤ssewKnIXbpsS ‘k©mcw’

2004 enPn sP. ]pÃm¸Ån kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘k©mcw’ F¶

kn\na, tIcf¯nse Hcp {Kma¯nse c−ps]¬Ip«nIÄ X½nepÅ

khntij_ÔamWv {]tabam¡nbn«pÅXv. Inc¬, sUssee F¶nhcmWv

kn\nabnse apJyIYm]m{X§Ä.

4.3.1. XdhmSv þ ]mc¼cy¯nsâ ]n³hnfnIÄ

GItZiw ]¯phbÊv {]mbapÅ Inc¬ F¶ s]¬Ip«nbpw

IpSpw_hpw UÂlnbnÂ\n¶v {Kma¯nse Xdhm«nse¯p¶p. XdhmSv

]mc¼cy¯nsâ kqN\bmbmWv kn\nabn Nn{XoIrXambncn¡p¶Xv.

XdhmSns\ hepXm¡nbpw AXn\pap¶n \nev¡p¶ IpSpw_s¯

sNdpXm¡nbpw ImWp¶coXnbn hyXykvX BwKnfpIfn Iymad sh¨mWv

Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv (Nn{Xw 11 ImWpI). ]mc¼cy¯nsâ D]mZm\§fmbn

205
Xq¡phnf¡v, B`cWs¸«n, Hm«p]m{X§Ä F¶nhbpw aäpw {]tXyIw

ImWn¡p¶Xpw AXnsâ `mKamWv. IncWnsâ A½bpsS kw`mjW¯nepw

XdhmSnsâ ]mc¼cyalXzs¯¡pdn¨pÅ kqN\ ImWmw. {]Xncq]§Ä

sIm−pw hm¡pIÄ sIm−pw kn\nabnse XdhmSv s]men¸n¡s¸Sp¶p.

ssewKnIX, kZmNmcw XpS§nb ]c¼cmKXamb FÃm aqey[mcWI

fpsSbpw CSamWXv.

IncWnsâ A½bpsS Hcp kw`mjW`mKw C§s\bmWv: “t\m¡ntb,

I−ntà A½bpsS XdhmSv… henb ]S¡pdp¸·mcpsS XdhmSm… ]gb

ImctWm·mscm¡ henb hmcntbgvkmbncp¶p. apä¯v Ifcnbpw

]cssZh§fpw… ChnsSbm Fsâ A½bpw ap¯Ènbpw AhcpsS

ap¯Ènamcpsams¡ P\n¨phfÀ¶Xv. \½Ä ChnSp¶v t]mbnÃmbncps¶¦nÂ

\obpw ChnsS P\n¨phfÀt¶t\... Hcp Znhkw \nsâ a¡fpw ChnsS

P\n¨phfcpw. A§s\ Fsâ, \½psS, XdhmSnsâ Cu al¯mb ]mc¼cyw

C\n \n¶neqsS XpScpw…”

A½bpsS Cu kw`mjWkab¯pÅ Zriy§fn Ip«n BZyambn

Xdhm«nte¡v IS¶phcp¶ `mKamWv ImWp¶Xv. Iymad sslBwKnfnÂ

sh¨v Ip«nsb sNdpXm¡nbmWv ImWn¡p¶Xv (Nn{Xw 12 ImWpI). hmXnÂ

IS¶p apdnbnte¡v {]thin¡p¶ Ip«n. ASp¯ tjm«n Ip«nbpsS \ngÂ

ap¯Ètâbpw ap¯ÈnbptSbpw t^mt«mbn ]Xnbp¶p. C¯c¯nÂ

XdhmSnsâ ]Ým¯ew Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv hcm³t]mIp¶ “k©mc”¯nsâ

]Ým¯e s¯¡qSnbmWv kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv.

kn\nabnse ‘k©mcw’ Ip«nbpsS ]pXnb hgnIfneqsSbpÅ PohnX

k©mcw IqSnbmWv. “Hcp kv{Xo P\n¡pIbÃ, Bbn¯ocpIbmWv” F¶

hnJymXamb hmIyw HmÀ½n¡pI. A§s\ Hcp kv{Xobmbn¯ocpI F¶Xv

206
Hcp k©mcamWv. C§s\ ‘Bbn¯ocÂ’ {]Xybimkv{X]chpw kmwkv

ImcnIhpw cmjv{Sobhpamb Hcp]mSv LSI§fpsS kzm[o\¯nÂ

¡qSnbmWv. ChnsS IncWnsâ Bbn¯ocens\ hne¡p¶ KXIme

kmwkvImcnI]Ým¯e¯nsâ kqN\IfmbmWv ]mc¼cyZriy§fpsS

Nn{XWw AÀ°hn\nab£aamIp¶Xv. Xdhm«nse hne]nSn¸pÅ km[\§

sfÃmw kq£n¨ apdnbpsS Xmt¡m Imcyس ssIamdp¶Xv IncWnsâ

A½bv¡mWv. CXpw kµÀ`him AÀ°h¯mbn¯ocp¶p−v. ]mc¼cy

¯nsâ kq£n¸pImÀ kv{XoIfmsW¶Xnsâ kqNIamWv A½bpsS kw`m

jW¯nse ‘al¯mb ]mc¼cyw \n¶neqsS XpScpw’ F¶ hmIyw.

AXnsâ XpSÀ¡®nbmbnthWw taev]dª Xmt¡mÂss¡amäs¯

a\Ênem¡m³.

]mc¼cys¯ \ne\nÀ¯p¶ {][m\ Øm]\amWv IpSpw_w.

kn\nabnse BZycwK§fn ]c¼cmKXamb IpSpw_¯nsâ, AYhm

aqey[mcWIfpsS km¶n²yamWv A½bpsS kw`mjW§fneqsSbpw aäpw

shfns¸Sp¶Xv.

4.3.2. k©mc¯nsâ Bcw`w, Ah\h\msc¶dnbÂ

IncWnsâ ASp¯ Iq«pImcnbmWv Ab¡mcnbmb sUssee.

sNdnb Ip«nIfmb AhÀ ka{]mb¡mc\mb cmP\psam¯v Ifn¡p¶

Zriy¯nÂ\n¶v ¹kvSp ¢mÊn ]Tn¡p¶ {]mb¯nepÅ IncWnte¡pw

sUsseebnte¡pw Iymad k©cn¡p¶p. an¡kab§fnepw AhÀ

H¶n¨mWv. bmsXmcp Akzm`mhnIXbpw AhcpsS Nn{XoIcW¯nÂ

ZriyaÃ.

IncWpw sUsseebpw IpfnIgnªv CShgnbneqsS \S¶phcpt¼mÄ

Hcp Im¡m¯n AhcpsS ssIt\m¡nbn«v IncWnt\mSv tNmZn¡p¶p

207
“X{¼m«o.. X{¼m«n Bsc¶dntbm?” “Inc¬” AhÄ D¯cw ]dbp¶p.

AXns\ ]cnlkn¡p¶ aqftemsS Im¡m¯n

“ Ah\h\msc¶dnbp¶tX

Adnhn³ s]mcpÄ

AXdnbntÃÂ FÃmta CcpÄ”

F¶p]dªpsIm−v \S¶Iep¶p.

kn\nabn C¯csamcp cwKw krjvSn¨Xv XnI¨pw t_m[]qÀÆamWv

F¶p IcpXmw. IY]dbpt¼mÄ kmlnXy¯nepw kn\nabnepsams¡

hcm³t]mIp¶ kw`h§sf¡pdn¨v kqN\ \evIm³ D]tbmKn¡p¶

a«nepÅ Hcp ap{ZbmbmWv ChnsS Im¡m¯n. Im¡m¯n¡v {]hN\

kn²nbps−¶ hnizmkw aebmf¯n {]_eamWv. ‘Ah\h\msc

¶dnbpI’ F¶Xv {]ISambn¯s¶ Xs¶ Xncn¨dnbp¶Xpambn _Ôs¸«

ImcyamWv. Xsâ hyànkzXzsas´¶dnbpI F¶pXs¶bmWv Im¡m¯n

Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv. `n¶enwKcXnsbmgn¨v asämcp enwKkaqlkzXzt¯bpw

Xncn¨dnbpItbm AwKoIcn¡pItbm sN¿m¯ kaql¯n CXcenwK

kzXzw F¶Xv {][m\ {]iv\amWv. kn\nabn ]n¶oSv kw`hn¡p¶ Cu

hyànkzXzhnNmcWbmWv Im¡m¯nbpsS hm¡pIfn shfn]msS¶

\nebn shfns¸Sp¶sX¶v ]n¶mse hcp¶ ko\pIÄ hyàam¡p¶p.

kqN\IfneqsS BImw£bpWÀ¯n IY apt¶m«psIm−pt]mIp¶

coXn kn\nabn XpScp¶p−v. \ngÂ\mSIamWv ASp¯ L«¯nÂ

D]tbmKs¸Sp¯p¶Xv. Imem´c¯n Inc¬ X\n¡v sUsseetbmSv

tXm¶p¶ hnImcs¯ Xncn¨dnbpIbpw {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xpw sN¿p¶Xns\

Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xv C§s\bmWv. IncWpw sUsseebpw cm{Xn

sUsseebpsS ho«nencp¶p ]Tn¡p¶ cwKw. I\¯agbpw CSnbpw. s]s«¶v

sshZypXn \ne¡p¶p. kn\nabn {]Wbw Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xn\v ]et¸mgmbn

208
D]tbmKn¡p¶ kt¦X§fmWnhsbt¶mÀ¡Ww. {]XoImßIkz`mhapÅ

kw`mjW§fneqsSbpw Zriy§fneqsSbpw AhcpsS CwKnXhn\nabw

kn\nabn kwhn[m\w sN¿s¸Sp¶p. sUssee sagpIpXncn I¯n¨p

sh¡p¶p. B sh«¯n Hcp s]¬]mhsbSp¯v AXnsâ \ngÂ

NpacnÂhogp¶ coXnbn hnf¡n\pt\sc ]nSn¨v sUssee ]dbp¶Xv

{i²n¡pI: “Rms\mcp cmPIpamcn. aSp¸n¡p¶ Cu XShdbnÂ\n¶v... Cu

ZpcnX¯nÂ\n¶v Fs¶ c£n¡m\mcpantÃ... Cu kpµcnbmb cmPIpamcnsb

c£n¡m\mcpantÃ.”CXptI«t¸mÄ Inc¬ Hcp B¬]mhsbSp¯v \ngem¡n

ImWn¨psIm−v ]dbp¶p: “BcmWhnsS? tl t]mIq t]mbn ]WnsbSp¡q”

kw`mjWw XpScp¶p.

sUssee : “D¯chv. Zbhmbn As§s¶ ChnsS\n¶pw tamNn¸n¨v

ASp¯psÅmcp sIm«mc¯nte¡v sIm−pt]mIq”

Inc¬ : “A\ptbmPy\mb Hcp hcs\bmWv `hXn B{Kln¡p

¶sX¦n Rm³ aXnbmIptam. Rms\mcp ]mhw Irjohe³.

]t£ F\n¡v kz´amsbmcp Ffnb IpSnep−v. Rm³

`hXnsb kvt\ln¨p ]cn]men¡mw. Iev]m´Imet¯mfw

kvt\ln¡mw.”

sUssee: “Hm ...Rm\pw \ns¶ kvt\ln¡p¶p. ]t£ Irjn¡mcm... Hcp

IpSnen\pÅn F¶pw IpSp§n¡nS¡m³ F\n¡mhnÃ...

F\n¡v tZi§fmb tZi§Ä k©cn¡Ww.”

Cu kµÀ`¯n inh]mÀÆXoinev]s¯ HmÀ½n¸n¡p¶ Xc¯nÂ

AhÀ ]ckv]cw tNÀ¶p\n¡p¶p (Nn{Xw 13 ImWpI). Cu _nw_ImgvNm

hXcW¯neqsS kn\nabn ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨ ]gb [mcWIÄ

209
Adntªm AdnbmsXtbm ]p\x{]kvXmhn¡pIbmWv sN¿p¶sX¶p

]dtb−nbncn¡p¶p. kv{Xo, ]pcpj³ F¶ Cc«sb k¦ev]n¡mt\ ChnsS

Ignbp¶pÅp. ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨v IzoÀ ZÀi\w apt¶m«pshbv¡p¶

a«nepÅ hnimeamsbmcp ho£W¯ntes¡m¶pw F¯nt¨cm³

Ignbp¶nÃ.

Inc¬ Xsâ ssewKnIkzXzw Xncn¨dnbp¶Xnsâ {Iam\pKXamb

L«§Ä hfsc hnZKv[ambn Nn{XoIcn¡m³ kn\na¡v km[n¡p¶p−v.

¹kvSp ¢mkn aebmfw So¨À kpKXIpamcnbpsS IhnX F´ns\¡pdn

¨msW¶v tNmZn¨t¸mÄ Inc¬ ‘\cIs¯¡pdn¨v’ F¶mWv {]XnIcn¡p

¶Xv. “kpKXIpamcn FgpXp¶Xv {]Wb¯nsâ GIm´Xsb¡pdn¨mWv,

AXv \cIamWv” F¶hÄ hniZoIcn¡p¶p. Xm³ A\p`hn¡p¶ {]Wbm

\p`h¯nsâ Xo{hXbpw AXpfhm¡p¶ hnlzeXbpw `oXnbpw Hs¡ B

hm¡pIfpsS hywKyambn t{]£Icnte¡p ]Scp¶p.

IncWnsâ IhnXsb¡pdn¨v So¨À kwkmcn¡p¶ cwKw {i²n¡pI.

“Ip«nbpsS {]WbIhnXIÄ¡v \Ã \nehmchpw ]IzXbpap−v. Xsâ {]mb

¯nepÅ Hcp Ip«n¡v kvt\l¯nsâ Bg§sf¡pdn¨v C{Xsbms¡

F§s\ Adnbm³ Ignbp¶psh¶mWv Rm\mtemNn¡p¶Xv. F´m Xsâ

C³kv]ntcj³?” Cu tNmZy¯nsâ D¯cw sUsseebpw Iq«pImcpw

\nev¡p¶nSt¯¡pÅ IncWnsâ t\m«amWv. ]s£ So¨dpsS {i²

kzm`mhnIambpw ]Xnbp¶Xv AhntS¡v IS¶phcp¶ cmP\nemsW¶p

am{Xw. AXns\ Dd¸n¡p¶ hn[¯n So¨À AÀ°KÀ`amsbm¶v

aqfp¶pap−v. \ne\n¡p¶ hyhØnXnbpsS `mKamb So¨À¡v Inc¬

t\m¡p¶Xv sUsseesbbmsW¶v Duln¡ms\ Ignbp¶nÃ. km{¼ZmbnI

t_m[LS\bn a\Ênem¡m³ {]bmkapÅXmWv AhfpsS hnNmc

hnImc§Ä. AXv \cIambncn¡p¶Xnsâ ImcWhpw asäm¶Ã.

210
4.3.3. a\pjyk¦oÀ®Xbpw kmaqlnIap³hn[nbpw

kn\nabn Ip«nIÄ kvIqfnte¡p t]mIp¶ cwKw sslBwKnfnÂ

Ip«nIsf sNdpXmbn«mWv ImWn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. XdhmSv Nn{XoIcn¡pt¼mgpw

CtX coXnXs¶bmWv D]tbmKn¨sX¶v ap¼v ]dªphtÃm. hoSpt]mse

hnZymebhpw ]mc¼cyaqey§sf \ne\nÀ¯pIbpw ]cnioen¸n¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶ {][m\amb Øm]\§fmsW¶ kZrimßIXsb¡qSn Cu

BhnjvImccoXn [z\n¸n¡p¶p−v. ]n¶oSv, IncWpw sUsseebpw

X½nepÅ _Ôw Xpd¶pImWn¡p¶ I¯v ]nSns¨Sp¯t¸mÄ So¨À AXv

Iodn¡fbpIbpw Ahsc iImcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p−v. ‘A]Yk©mc’s¯

kmam\ykaqlw `bt¯msSbpw eÖtbmsSbpw kzoIcn¡p¶p. ad¨p

shbv¡m\njvSs¸Sp¶p. CsXms¡ AhfpsS kwLÀjs¯, \cIm\p

`hs¯, hÀ²n¸n¡p¶psh¶v ]n¶oSphcp¶ Zriy§Ä kv]jvSam¡p¶p.

IncWpw sUsseebpw kvIqÄhn«v sUsseebpsS ho«nse¯n

AhfpsS apdnbn IncWnsâ ap¶nÂsh¨v hkv{Xw amäm³ sUssee

{ian¡pt¼mÄ Inc¬ ]cn{`at¯msS HmSnt¸mIp¶Xv ImWmw. ]n¶oSv ]e

tjm«pIfnepw AhfpsS kwLÀjw hyàam¡p¶p−v.

cmP³ sImSp¯ at\mlcamb {]WbteJ\w sUssee IncWns\

hmbn¨ptIĸn¡p¶ kµÀ`¯n AtX Fgp¯nse hcnIÄ IncWpw

]dbp¶Xv tIÄ¡pt¼mgmWv Cu Is¯gpXnbXv IncWmsW¶v sUssee

a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. AtXmsS sUsseesb A`napJoIcn¡m\mhmsX Inc¬

HmSnt¸mIp¶p. ]e kµÀ`§fnepw Inc¬ sUsseesb AIse\n¶v

t\m¡n\nev¡p¶Xpw ImWmw.

tImgn¡pªns\ I¿nseSp¯v shÅw \evIpIbpw D½ sImSp

¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ sUsseesb aXnen\¸pd¯p\n¶p t\m¡n \nev¡p¶

Inc¬. AhnsSsb¯nb cmP\pw sUsseesb t\m¡p¶Xv ImWmw. cmP³

211
t\m¡p¶Xv kzm`mhnIamb coXnbnemWv ImgvN¡mc\v A\p`hs¸Sp¶Xv.

ImcWw ]pcpj\v kv{XobpambpÅ {]Wbw kaqlw AwKoIcn¨Xpw A\p

hZn¨Xpamb H¶mWv. F¶m IncWnsâ t\m«w AwKoIrXaÃ. AXmWv

Xm³ sUsseesb t\m¡n\nev¡p¶Xv cmP³ I−psh¶dnbpt¼mÄ Inc¬

Hcp sR«temsS HmSnadbp¶Xnsâ ImcWw. AXpt]mse¯s¶ Xncp

hmXnc¡fn ]cnioen¡p¶ sUsseesb IncWpw cmP\pw t\m¡n\nev¡p

¶Xv ImWmw.

X\n¡v sUsseetbmSptXm¶p¶ {]Wbw Xncn¨dnªtXmsS Inc¬

A\p`hn¡p¶ BßkwLÀjw hfsc {]ISamWv. AXphsc hfsc

kvamÀ«mbncp¶ Inc¬ s]s«¶v au\nbmbn¯ocp¶p. sUsseebpsamcpan¨v

Ipf¯n Ipfn¨ncp¶ Inc¬ Ahsf Ipfn¡Shn I−t¸mÄ

amdn\nev¡p¶p.

4.3.4. Adnhnsâ I\nIÄ

Ipd¨pImew BßkwLÀj¯n Ignsª¦nepw Inc¬ Xsâ

ssewKnIm`ncpNn kzbw AwKoIcn¡m\pw sUsseetbmSv Xpd¶p ]dbm\pw

X¿mdmbn. XpSÀ¶v Ipf¡Shnepw aäpw AhcptSXv am{Xamb temIw

krjvSn¡m³ IncWpw sUsseebpw X¿mdmbn. AXn\nSbnemWv

kvIqfnÂsh¨v So¨À AhcpsS I¯v ]nSns¨Sp¡p¶Xpw I¯v Iodn¡fªv

Ahsc iImcn¡p¶Xpw. XpSÀ¶v AhcpsS _Ôw c−p ho«pImcpw

AdnbpIbpw {]iv\w kaql¯ntâXmhpIbpw sN¿p¶XnemWv Imcy§Ä

F¯nt¨cp¶Xv. sUssee ho«pXS¦enemhp¶p. Ahsf IÃymWw

Ign¸n¨b¡m³ ho«pImÀ XnSp¡w Iq«p¶p. ]ÅnhnImcnbpw IpSpw_¡mcpw

sUsseebpsS a\Êpamäm³ {ian¡p¶cwKw {it²bamWv. Iymad

temBwKnfn sh¨v ]ÅoeÑs\ hepXm¡nbmWv ImWn¡p¶Xv. t\cs¯

kqNn¸n¨t]mse IpSpw_hpw hnZymebhpw ]ÅnbpsaÃmw \ne\nev¡p¶

212
{]Xybimkv{Xs¯ Du«nbpd¸n¡p¶ Øm]\§fmbmWv kn\nabnÂ

Nn{XoIcn¨n«pÅXv.

4.3.5. `n¶enwKcXnbpsS A´À[mc

kv{XokzhÀ¤cXnbmWv ‘k©mc’¯nsâ {]tabsa¦nepw kmam\y

amb AwKoImcapÅ `n¶enwKcXn(Hetero sexuality)sb Imw£n¡pIbpw

]cn]men¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp A´À[mc kn\nabn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xmbn

ImWmw. ap¼p Nq−n¡mWn¨ inh]mÀÆXo_nw_w AXnte¡mWv hncÂ

Nq−p¶Xv. kn\nabnse {][m\IYm]m{Xamb IncWnsâ sP³UÀ

]pcpjXzambmWv Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ‘Inc¬’F¶ t]cpXs¶ ]pcpj

kqNIamWv. sUsseebpw IncWpw X½n kwkmcn¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ

IncWnsâ ImXpIp¯n I½eWnbm³ sUssee Bhiys¸Sp¶p−v.

sUsseebpsS \nÀ_Ô¯n\phg§n Hcp ImXpIp¯m³ Inc¬

k½Xn¡p¶ps−¦nepw AhÄ¡v AXn Xmev]cyansöp a\Ênemhpw.

am{XaÃ, ImXpIp¯nbt¸mÄ thZ\nt¨m F¶ sUsseebpsS tNmZy¯n\v

Inc¬ \evIp¶ adp]Sn “]ns¶ thZ\n¡ntÃ, ]t£ GXp Imcy¯n\pw

Rm³ InS¶p IcbnÔ F¶mWv. ]e kµÀ`§fnepw XtâSw ImWn¡p

¶Xpw Xocpam\§sfSp¡p¶Xpw Inc¬Xs¶bmWv. sUssee IncWnsâ

apSn]nSn¨t¸mÄ AXp apdn¡m\pÅ B{Klw Inc¬ {]ISn¸n¡p¶p−v.

“]¸bpw a½nbpw k½Xn¨ncps¶¦n Rm³ Ft¶ CXv I«vsNbvXv

Iftªt\” F¶mWv Inc¬ ]dbp¶Xv. ]c¼cmKXkv{Xothj§sfm¶pw

Inc¬ [cn¡p¶nà F¶Xpw {it²bamWv. IncWpw sUsseebpw

]mhsbSp¯v Ifn¡pt¼mÄ Inc¬ B¬]mhbpw sUssee s]¬]mhbp

amWv I¿nte´p¶Xv.

213
 Inc¬ B¬Ip«nIsft¸mse ^pSvt_mÄ Ifn¡m³ Xmev]cyw

{]ISn¸n¨ncp¶Xmbpw Aѳ ]n´ncn¸n¨ncp¶Xmbpw kn\nabn kqNn¸n

¡p¶p−v. IncWnsâ IhnXsb¡pdn¨v Aѳ \à A`n{]mbw ]dªt¸mÄ

AXnsâ s{IUnäv AÑ\msW¶v Inc¬ ]dbp¶p−v. ImcWw,

kvt]mÀSvknÂ\n¶pw IncWns\ ]n´ncn¸n¨XpsIm−mWv IhnXsbgp¯nÂ

{i²n¨sX¶pw AhÄ shfns¸Sp¯p¶p. Aѳ ]−v ]dª hmIy§Ä

AhÄ BhÀ¯n¡p¶p. “Playing with balls is only for boys”. At¸mÄ

Aѳ ]dbp¶Xv “Hcp {]mbw Ignªm kvt]mÀSvkpw sKbnwkpsam¶pw

s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡v ]änÔ F¶mWv. B cwKt¯¡v IS¶phcp¶ Imcyس

AhcpsS kwkmc¯nenSs]«psIm−v ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¡pI: “AsXbsX

HcpamXncn Ipcp¯wsI« B¬Ipt«ymft¸mse PohnXImew apgph³ §«v

HmSn¨mSn \S¡zm IpSpw_¯p ]nd¶ s]¬Ipt«ymfv. s]¬Ip«nIfmbmÂ

DSps¯mcp§n s]m¶pw ]t−m«§s\ \S¡Ww.”

F¶m IncWn\v B`cW§tfmSv Xmev]cyapÅXmbpw ImWp¶nÃ.

IncWnsâ A½ AhcpsS ]mc¼cyambnIn«nb kzÀ®m`cW§fWnbm³

Bhiys¸«t¸mgpw Hcp kv^SnIhfam{XamWv Inc¬ kzoIcn¡p¶Xv,

AXpw Xdhm«nse a¬adª ap¯ÈnbpsS {]WbkvamcIsa¶\nebnÂ.

Npcp¡¯n B¬Ip«nIÄ¡mbn Iev]n¡s¸« k¦ev]§Ä IncWn\v

]et¸mgpw CW§p¶p−v. AhfpsS icoc`mjbpw AXv \ymboIcn¡p¶p.

sUsseebpsS Imcy¯nÂ, kv{XoIÄ¡v Iev]n¡s¸«n«pÅ

icoc`mjbpw Ne\hpsams¡¯s¶bmWv Nn{XoIcn¨pImWp¶Xv. AhÄ

an¡t¸mgpw ]c¼cmKXkv{XothjamWv [cn¡p¶Xv. kv{XoIfpsS Iebmb

XncphmXnc¡fnbnepw aäpw AhÄ ]s¦Sp¡p¶p−v. ap¯ÈntbmSv

sIm©nbpw tImgn¡pªns\ Xmtemen¨pw D½sImSp¯pw \r¯amSn

214
bpsaÃmw kvss{XWXbpsS ASbmf§Ä ]e kµÀ`§fnepw AhÄ

{]ISn¸n¡p¶Xv ImWmw.

sUssee¡v Hcp hnhmlmtemN\ hcnIbpw AXpd¸n¡pIbpw

sN¿p¶ kµÀ`¯n AhÄ IncWnt\mSv ]dbp¶Xv hnhmlw Ignªmepw

\ap¡v _Ôw XpScmatÃm F¶mWv. icn¡pw ]nSnsImSp¡m¯ {]IrXw

Xs¶bmWv sUssee¡v. AXpt]mepw kv{XoXz¯nsâ e£W ambn«mWv

IcpXnt¸mcp¶Xv Ft¶mÀ¡Ww. Hcp kµÀ`¯n Inc¬ sUsseetbmSv

]dbp¶p: “\obp−tÃm icn¡pw Hcp Im¡m¯nsbt¸msebmWv, anÌocn

bk.v”

Pohimkv{X]cambn IncWpw sUsseebpw s]¬Ip«nIfmsW¦nepw

kv{XokzhÀ¤cXnbmWv ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶sX¦nepw AXn IncWn\v

]pcpjsâ Øm\w ]Xn¨p\evInbXnsâ ]n¶nÂ, At_m[mßIambn,

`n¶enwKcXnbpsS kzm[o\wXs¶ IS¶phcp¶p F¶pthWw a\Ênem

¡m³. kv{Xoþ]pcpj_ÔamWv {]Wb¯nepw cXnbnepsams¡ A´À`hn¨n

cn¡p¶sX¶v ]dbmsX ]dbp¶p−v kn\nasb¶À°w. AYhm kv{Xo

]pcpjssewKnIXbnte¡pÅ ip`Ima\IfmWv kn\na ASnØm\]cambn

e£yw shbv¡p¶Xv.

4.4. ‘apwss_t]meokv’ þ ]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKnbpsS hnlz-X-e-IÄ

2013Â tdmj³ B³{Uqkv kwhn[m\w sNbvX ‘apwss_ t]meokv’

F¶ kn\nabn BâWn tamkkv (]r°zncmPv), ^Àlm³ Ajd^v

(dlvam³), Bcy³ tPm¬ tP¡_v (Pbkqcy) F¶nhcmWv apJyIYm

]m{X§Ä. ^Àlm³ t]meokv I½ojWdpw aäpc−pt]cpw AknÌâv

I½ojWÀamcpamWv. am[ya§Ä ChÀ¡p \evInb hnfnt¸cmWv ‘apwss_

t]meokv.’

215
4.4.1. adhnþad¡m\pw adbv¡m\pw Bin¡p¶h

[ocX¡pÅ {]knUânsâ AhmÀUv Gäphm§n adp]Sn{]kwKw

\S¯p¶Xn\nSbnemWv Bcy³ shSntbäv acn¡p¶Xv. Cu sIme]mXI

s¯¡pdn¨v At\zjn¡p¶Xv BâWn tamkknsâ t\XrXz¯nemWv. Hcp

Znhkw BâWn hml\w HmSn¨psIm−ncns¡ t^mWn Xsâ taeptZym

KØ\mb ^Àlmt\mSv Xm³ {]Xnsb Is−¯nsb¶Imcyw ]dbp¶p. B

kw`mjWw ]qÀ¯nbm¡p¶Xn\pap¼v ap¶n HmSns¡m−ncp¶ hml\

¯nÂ\n¶pw Hcp {^nUvPv tdmUnte¡v hogpIbpw AXn¯«n BâWn

HmSn¨ncp¶ t]meokv hml\w adnbpIbpw sNbvXp. B A]IS¯nÂ

BâWn tamkknsâ HmÀ½IÄ \jvSs¸Sp¶p. Cu cwKt¯msSbmWv

kn\na Bcw`n¡p¶Xv.

BâWn¡v HmÀ½ \jvSs¸« Imcyw ^Àlm\pw BâWnsb

NnInÕn¨ tUmIvSÀ¡pw BâWn¡pw am{Xta Adnbpambncp¶pÅp.

AXpsIm−v Bcy³ sImet¡knsâ At\zjW¨paXe BâWn¡pXs¶

\ÂIm³ ^Àlm\p aSnbp−mbnÃ. NpaXe GsäSp¡p¶Xn\pap¼v BâWn

tUmIvSsd ImWp¶p. tUmIvSÀ ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¡pI: “ln hmkv BâWn

tamkkv ‘F’, Bâv bp BÀ BâWn tamkkv ‘_n’. ‘F’¡v Adnbmhp¶

BÄ¡mtcbpw kw`h§tfbpw ‘_n’¡v AdnbnÃ. Hcp t]gvkWÂ UosSbv

Âkpw AdnbnÃ. HcÀ°¯n ]dªm c−pt]cpw c−mÄ¡mÀ

Xs¶bmWv. kz`mh¯nepw BänäyqUvknepw {]n^d³knepsams¡. ]t£,

‘F’¡v Adnbmhp¶ `mjIÄ, ]Tn¨Imcy§Ä, kvInÂkv, Hs¡ ‘_n’ ¡v

HmÀ½bp−mIpw.”

Cu HchØbnemWv BâWn tamkkv XpSÀ¶pÅ At\zjW

¨paXe GsäSp¡p¶Xv. Bip]{Xn hn«v ^vfmän Xncns¨¯pt¼mįs¶

BâWn¡v A{IankwLs¯ t\cntS−nhcp¶p. XpSÀ¶v B ^vfmänse

216
Xmak¡mscÃmhcpw BâWn ^vfmänÂ\n¶v Xmakw amäWsa¶v

Bhiys¸Sp¶p. AhcpsS kw`mjW§fneqsSbmWv BâWn¡pw

t{]£IÀ¡pw BâWnbpsS ]qÀÆPohnXs¯¡pdn¨pÅ BZykqN\IÄ

e`n¡p¶Xv. ]n¶oSv ^Àlm\pw Bcysâ {]Wbn\nbmbncp¶ dt_¡bpw

aäpw \evIp¶ hnhc§fnÂ\n¶mWv Bcysâ sIme]mXIn BâWntamkkv

BsW¶v a\Ênemhp¶Xv. sIme]mXI¯n\pÅ ImcWw BâWn Hcp

‘]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKn’ (Gay) (Nn{Xw 14 ImWpI) BsW¶ Imcyw Bcy³

a\Ên em¡nbXpw AXv Bcy\nÂ\n¶v aäpÅhÀ Adnbpsa¶

`oXnbpambncp¶p. ChnsSbmWv Hcp ‘]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKn’ A\p`hn¡p¶

{]iv\§Ä NÀ¨ sN¿s¸Sp ¶Xv.

BâWn tamkkv Hcp ‘]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKn’ BsW¶ Imcyw

a\Ênem¡nb Bcy³ B³WntbmSv ]dbp¶p: “{]XnIÄ¡v t]Snkz]v\w,

s\mt«mdnbkv aÀ±\apd, Bfpw Xchpw t\m¡msX I¬t{SmfnÃm¯

sUbv©dkv hbe³kv, dmkvIÂ tamkkv... FÃmw thsdmcmW¯anÃmbva

adbv¡m\pÅ H¶m´cw apJwaqSn. s]®pth−m¶psh¨Xpw dmkvIÂ

tamkknsâ ]ucpjambn IcpXn Bcm[n¨hÀ a−·mÀ.”

C¯c¯nepÅ BâWnbpsS s]cpamä¯n\p tlXphmbncn¡p¶Xv

‘]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXn’bmsW¶ BibamWv kn\na apt¶m«psh¡p¶Xv.

sXcphnÂsh¨v tdmbntbmSpw `mcytbmSpw ImWn¡p¶ AXn{Iahpw aäpw

Nn{XoIcn¡p¶XneqsSbpw kn\na C¡mcyw Dd¸ns¨Sp¡p¶p.

4.4.2. kzhÀ¤cXnsb¶ Ipäw

‘]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXn’ AwKoIcn¡s¸«n«pÅ Atacn¡bnepw bqtdm¸n

epsaÃmw AhÀ A\p`hn¡p¶ {]i\v§Ä NÀ¨sN¿¸SpIbpw tcJs¸Sp¯

s¸SpIbpw sNbvXn«p−v. bYmÀ°¯n kzhÀ¤cXn¡mÀ A{IaImcnIfÃ,

217
adn¨v A{Ia¯n\v hnt[bcmhp¶hcmWv. kzÀ¤ssewKnIXsb Ipäsa¶p

hn[n¡pIbmWv. BÀ. U»yp. tImWÂ ‘amkvIpen\näokv’ F¶ IrXnbnÂ.

“`n¶enwKcXn¡mcmb ]pcpj·mÀ kzhÀ¤cXn¡mcmb ]pcpj·mtcmSv

hfsc¡meambn ImWn¡p¶ \ncmk¯ntâbpw NqjW¯ntâbpw ASnØm

\¯nemWv ]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXn¡mÀ AhcpsS a\pjymhImi¯n\pw kpc£

bv¡pw kmwkvImcnI CS¯n\pw th−n kwLSn¡p¶Xv. 1970Ifn ‘tlmtam

t^m_nb’F¶ ]ZwXs¶ DZv`hn¡p¶Xv C¯cw A\p`hs¯ hniZoIcn

¡p¶Xn\p th−nbmWv. ‘tlmtamt^m_nb’ F¶Xv shdpw Hcp at\m`mhw

am{XaÃ. `n¶enwKcXn¡mcmb ]pcpj·mÀ kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIfmb ]pcpj·m

tcmSv sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶ hntZzjw {]Xn^en¡p¶Xv tPmenbnepÅ hnth

N\w, am[ya§fneqsSbpÅ A]IoÀ¯ns¸Sp¯Â XpS§n XShnenSÂ,

sIme]mXIw hscbpÅ kmaqlnI\S]SnIfneqsSbmWv. tK en_tdj\n

ÌpIÄ ]dbp¶ ‘ASn¨aÀ¯Â’ CXmWvv”1

‘tlmtamt^m_nIv’ BbhcpsS ImgvN¸mSn kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnbmb

]pcpjs\ kvss{XWXbpÅ ]pcpj\mbpw kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnbmb kv{Xosb

]pcpjXzapÅ kv{XobmbpamWv ]cnKWn¡p¶Xv. kzhÀ¤cXn¡mcmb

]pcpjXz§sf ASn¨aÀ¯p¶XneqsS AhÀ ]pcpjm[nImct{iWnbnÂ

Xmsg¯«nem¡s¸SpIbmWv sN¿p¶Xv. C¯c¯n XcwXmgv¯Â

{]{Inbbpambn _Ôs¸«v Gsd ]Z§Ä `mjbn \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶p−v.

aebmf¯nepw C¯cw ]Z§Ä ImWmw. ‘Ip−³’, ‘Nm´ps]m«v’ XpS§nbh

DZmlcWw.

kn\nabn A]IS¯n\pap¼pÅ kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnbmb BâWn

tamkkns\ A{Ianbpw Xmt´m¶nbpambn Nn{XoIcn¡pIbpw A]IS¯n

\ptijw kz`mhm´c{]m]vXnbp−mb BâWnsb \Ãh\pw \oXnam\pambn

218
Nn{XoIcn¡pIbpw sN¿pIhgn ]pcpjkzhÀ¤m\pcmKnIÄ A{IanIfpw

\oNcpamsW¶ ho£WamWv DbÀ¯p¶Xv. bYmÀ°¯n A{IatWmÕp

IX BW¯¯nsâ ASbmfambn«mWv IcpXs¸Sp¶Xv. BÀ. U»yp.

tImWensâ A`n{]mb¯n “]pcpj·mcpsS CSbn A{Iaw enwKcmjv{So

b¯nsâ Ahn`mPyLSIamWv. an¡ A{Ia§fpsSbpw ]pdIn ]pcpj

Xz§Ä X½nepÅ CS]mSpIfmWv. AhnsS AXnÀ¯ntcJ hc¨v amän\nÀ¯p

¶Xn\pth−n A{Iaw Hcp D]m[nbmbn amdp¶p.”2 Cu kn\nabn ]eXcw

BW¯§sf AhXcn¸n¨psIm−v BW¯§sf BtLmjn¡p¶Xv

ImWmw.

4.4.3. BW[nImc¯À¡§Ä

“hyXykvX§fmb ]pcpjXz§sf a\Ênem¡pt¼mÄ Ah X½nÂ

F§s\ _Ôs¸«pInS¡p¶psh¶pw Ahbnse A[oiXzhpw hnt[bXzhpw

F§s\bmWv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶sX¶pw Xncn¨dntb−Xp−v. ]ckv]cw

kzoIcn¡pI, \ncmIcn¡pI, NqjWw sN¿pI, `bs¸Sp¯pI XpS§nb

{]{InbIfneqsSbmWv Cu _豈 \nÀ½n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.”3 kn\nabnÂ

t\h DtZymKØ\mb {io\nhmkpw Bcy\pw X½nep−mb {]iv\§Ä¡v

ASnØm\hpw BW¯§fpsS A[nImc¯À¡w Xs¶bmWv.

4.4.4. adb¯v \nÂt¡− ssewKnIXIÄ

]pcpjkzhÀ¤cXnbpambn _Ôs¸«v kn\na apt¶m«psh¡p¶

Bibsas´¶v ]cntim[n¡pt¼mgmWv kn\nabpsS ]£w hyàamhp¶Xv.

kzhÀ¤ssewKnIX clkyam¡nsht¡−p¶ H¶msW¶ t_m[w AXv

\evIp¶p−v. BâWntamkknsâ ssewKnI]¦mfnbpsS hm¡pIfn CXv

{]ISamIp¶p. BâWn kzhÀ¤m\pcmKnbmsW¶v kaqladnªmepÅ

`hnjy¯pIfmWv Ah³ hnfn¨p]dbp¶Xv. BfpIfpsS apJs¯§s\

219
t\m¡pw? ktlmZcnbpsS ØnXnsb´mhpw? IogvPoh\¡mÀ ]cnlkn

¡ntÃ? XpS§nb tNmZy§Ä hÀ¯am\Imekaql¯nsâ ImgvN¸mSp

IsfbmWv {]Xn^en¸n¡p¶Xv. `n¶enwKcXn HgnsI asäm¶pw AwKoIcn

¡m¯ Hcp kaql¯nÂ, CXcssewKnIXIÄ Xpd¶p]dbpI km[yaÃ.

A¯c¯n Zriys¸Sm³ Ignbm¯ kzhÀ¤cXnbpsS A¦em¸pIfmWv

‘apwss_ t]meokv’ Nn{XoIcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

4.5. Ch³ AÀ²\mcn þenwK]cnWmanXcpsS kwLÀj§Ä

ad¨pshbv¡m\mIm¯ ssewKnIXbmWv enwK]cnWmanXcptSXv.

icoc {]Xy£amWXv. [cn¡p¶ hkv{Xwt]mepaÃ. icocwXs¶ {]IS

am¡p¶ ASbmf§fp−v AhÀ¡v. AXhcpsS hyànPohn¯nep −m¡p¶

{]iv\§Ä AXohk¦oÀ®amWv. Ahsc kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw \cIsa¶Xv

Hcp Be¦mcnI{]tbmKtabÃ. Pohn¨pXoÀt¡− PohnX¯nsâ ]cÂt¸cp

Xs¶bmWXv. A¯cw PohnX§Ä A]cnNnXsam¶paÃ. an¡hmdpw Nnc]cn

NnXhpw ant¯mfPnbpsS `mKambn¯oÀ¶n«pÅXpamWv. inhs\¡pdn¨pÅ

k¦ev]\¯nsems¡ AXv AenªptNÀ¶n«p−v. F¦nepw inJWvUn,

BWpw s]®pw sI«hÀ XpS§nb {]tbmK§fnse¶ t]mse AhÚbpw

Ahtlf\hpw \ndª kmaqlnIkao]\¯nsâ CcIfmbncn¡phm\mWv

AhcpsS \ntbmKw. Cu AhØmhntij¯nsâ Hcp BJym\w kmaqln

Ihpw kmwkvImcnIhpamb hniIe\hpw hnaÀi\hpambn¯ocp¶ ImgvN

bmWv Ch³ AÀ²\mcn (2012)F¶ kn\nabn ImWm\mhp¶Xv.

enwK]cnWmanXmhØbmWv Ch³ AÀ²\mcnbnse hniIe\

hkvXpsh¶p kqNn¸n¨p. F¶m kq£va\nco£W¯n D`benwKcXn

(Bisexual) IqSn ]Tn¨mhnjv¡cn¡s¸Sp¶ kn\nabmWv Ch³ AÀ²\mcn

F¶p ]dtb−nhcpw. kn\nabnse apJyIYm]m{Xamb hn\b³/hn\oX

(aRvPpf) A¯csamcp ssewKnImhØbnemWv Xfªp InS¡p¶Xv.

220
Htckabw Hcp ]pcpjs\¶ \nebn tImInetbmSv {]Wbw tXm¶pt¼mÄ

Xs¶ asämcp ]pcpj\mb _mephnsâ {]Wbn\nbmhm\pw Ignbp¶Xc

¯n kµnKv[amb Hcp kzXzmhØbpambmWv hn\b³/hn\oX F¶

IYm]m{Xw Xsâ PohnXw Pohn¨pXoÀt¡−nhcp¶Xv.

kn\na Bcw`n¡p¶Xv lnPUIfpsS DÛhs¯¡pdn¨pÅ BJym\

t¯msSbmWv. “DdpZphnse ln{ksb¶ hm¡n\À°w AeªpXncnbp¶

BÄ F¶mWv. ln{ksb¶hm¡nÂ\n¶pw Ad_v `mjbnte¡v hncp¶ph¶

]ZamWv lnPd. lnPdbpsS AÀ°amIs« hnip²sa¶mWv. lnPU F¶

hm¡nsâ DÛhw Xnc¡nt¸mbm \½sf¯nt¨cp¶Xv Ad_nbnse lnPd

bnembncn¡pw. `mcX¯n tZh`mjbmb kwkvIrX¯n lnPUIsf

]nwKfsb¶p hnfn¨p. FgpXs¸« ]pcmW§fntepw CXnlmk§fnepw aäpw

hnip²amb Øm\w\evIn Chsc BZcn¨ncp¶Xv ImWmw”.

XpS¡¯n ImWn¡p¶ Cu cwK¯v Hcp hr²sbbmWv kn\nabnÂ

ImWn¡p¶Xv. ]n¶oSv AhcpsS Ip«n¡mew ^vfmjv_m¡mbn sXfnbp¶p.

4.5.1. IuXpIhkvXp

taSbn ]ctaizc³\mbcpsS aI\mWv hn\b³. Hcp s]¬Ip«nbpsS

‘thj`qjmZn’ItfmsSbmWv Ah³ hfcp¶Xv. ]pcpjicoc¯n hnScp¶

kv{Xo ‘klP’amb s]cpamäcoXnIÄ Ip«n¡me¯v IuXpIamWv Dfhm¡p

¶Xv. emf\bv¡pw hmÕey{]IS\§Ä¡psams¡ Ah³/Ä ]m{XamIp¶p

s−¦nepw ]Xps¡¸Xps¡ AsXmcp {]iv\ambn amdp¶p. kmaqlnIamb

AkzoImcyXbpsS _oPamWsX¶v ]Xps¡ Xncn¨dnbs¸Sp¶p. AtXmsS

AbmÄ ho«nepw kaql¯nepw Häs¸Sp¶p. ssewKnIXsb kw_Ôn¨

kmaqlnI[mcWIfpsS A[nImc_eX{´§fnÂs¸«v \ncmIcn¡s¸SpI

bpw shdp¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶ Hcp ssewKnI\yq\]£¯nsâ I®nbmWv

221
Xms\¶ AdnthmsS AbmÄ Xsâ PohnXmt\zjW]co£W§fnÂ

GÀs¸Sp¶p.

4.5.2. IpSpw_¯n\p tNcm¯hÀ

hn\bsâ/hn\oXbpsS tPyjvT\mWv PK¶mY³. ]c¼cmKXkmaq

lnIþkmkvImcnIt_m[¯nsâ D¯aamXrIbmWv AbmÄ. Xsâ cmjv{So

bPohnX¯n\v ‘BWpw s]®paÃm¯’ A\nb³ XSÊamsW¶v AbmÄ

IcpXp¶p. In«p¶ kµÀ`§fnseÃmwXs¶ A\nbs\ Ipäs¸Sp¯pIbpw

`ojWns¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ PK¶mY³ Ahs\ {]tXyIn¨v

ImcWsam¶panÃmsX aÀ±n¡p¶Xmbpw kn\nabn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«n«p−v.

ktlmZcnbpsS hnhmlw \S¡m¯Xn\p ImcWhpw hn\b\msW¶mWv

PK¶mY³ IcpXp¶Xv. hn\b\pw _mephpw X½n {]WbamsW¶p

a\Ênem¡nb PK¶mY³ IpSpw_¯nsâ B`nPmXy¯n\pw apt¶m«pÅ

kpKaamb t]m¡n\pw XSkvamsW¶p IcpXn Ahs\ sImÃm³ Izt«j³

\evIm³t]mepw aSn¡p¶nÃ. kmtlmZcyt¯¡mÄ ‘A`nam\w’ AbmÄ¡v

hepXmWv.

4.5.3. Øm]\§Ä¡p th−m¯hÀ

IpSpw_w am{XaÃ, kIe Øm]\§fpw DÄs¡mÅm³

{]bmks¸Sp¶ Hcp PohnXmhØbmWv {Sm³kvsP³UdntâXv. km{¼mZmbn

IhyhØIfn CSw sImSp¡m\mIm¯ Hcp kzXzw. kvIqÄ XpS§n

cmjv{Swhsc Abmsf ‘P·]m(im)]’¯nsâ t]cn th«bmSp¶p. Ip«n¡m

e¯v kvIqÄ PohnX¯n\nSbnepw Hcp]mSpZpcnX§Ä hn\b³/hn\oX

A\p`hn¡p¶p−v. s]¬Ip«nIfpsS s_©n Ccn¡p¶ Ahs\(sf)

B¬Ip«nIÄ ssewKnIkqN\tbmsS I®ndp¡n¡mWn¨pw Ifnbm¡nbpw

]cnlmkIYm]m{Xam¡p¶p. A[ym]IÀ¡pt]mepw Ahs\(sf) a\Ênem

¡mt\m AwKoIcn¡mt\m Ignbp¶nÃ. Ahs\ ]e a«n sacp¡m\mWv

222
FÃmhcpw {ian¡p¶Xv. ¢mÊn A[ym]I³ ]dbp¶Xv {i²n¡pI.

“Is®gpXcpXv, Iyq«IvknScpXv, sImepÊpw C¶t¯msS amänt¡mWw

tI«tÃm. Cu apSn sh«n¡fªv \Ã NpW¡p«·msct¸mse \S¡Ww.

BWnsâ icocapÅh³ BWv, s]®nsâ icocapÅhÄ s]®v.

a\Ênemtbm?” kl]mTnIÄ Ahs\(sf) s]®mbn ImWpt¼mÄ A²ym]

I³ Ahsf(s\) BWm¡n¯oÀ¡m³ DÕmln¡p¶p.

‘BWnsâ icochpw s]®nsâ a\ÊpapÅ Rm³ BcmWv ?’ F¶v

Ah³ Bi¦mIpe\mbn. ‘Rm³ ]pcpj\mWv. F¶m Rm³ kv{Xobp

amWv’ F¶h³ D¯cw Is−¯n.

4.5.4. ‘lamw’ F¶ kpc£bpsS temIw

sshImsX, kz´w IpSpw_¯n \nev¡m³ Ignbm¯ AhØbn

te¡v hn\b³/hn\oX F¯nt¨À¶p. \nhr¯nbnÃmsX Ah³(Ä) \mSphn

Sp¶p. Xangv\m«n C¯cw BfpIÄ Xmakn¡p¶ ‘lam’ante¡v Ah³(Ä)

F¯nt¨cp¶Xv A§s\bmWv. kwLSnXamb bXv\§fneqsS AhnSw

B\µIcamb Hcp kam´ctemIambn cq]s¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶psh¶

{]XoXnbmWv t{]£I\v e`n¡p¶Xv. AXn\v AXntâXmb \nba§fpw

BNmcm\pjvTm\§fpw Nn«Ifpsams¡bp−v. s]mXpkaql¯nÂ\n¶pw

XoÀ¯pw hyXykvXamb acWm\´c¨S§pIfmWv lamanse lnPUIfp

tSsX¶mWv kn\nabnÂ\n¶pw a\ÊnemIp¶Xv. acWtijw ihs¯

\S¯ns¡m−pt]mbmWv NnXbn \nÀ¯p¶Xv (Nn{Xw 15 ImWpI).

ih¯nsâ apJ¯pXp¸pIbpw ‘C\nbo tIme¯n P\nt¡ymSo’

F¶ptNmZn¨v apJ¯Sn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Xo{hkwthZ\£aamb Zriy§fn

eqsS thZ\m]qÀ®amb PohnXmhØsb kwhn[mbI³ Iem]camb

anIthmsS hymJym\n¡p¶p−v.

223
4.5.5. NqjWw, NXn, \oXn\ntj[w

\nc´camb NqjW¯nsâbpw \oXn\ntj[¯nsâbpw CcIfmWv

enwK]cnWmanXÀ. ssewKnINqjWhpw km¼¯nINqjWhpsams¡

AhÀ¡pt\sc \S¡p¶p. AsXÃmw AhÀ AÀln¡p¶XmsW¶ a«nepÅ

kmaqlnI[mcWIfmWv \ne\n¡p¶Xv. a\pjymhImi§fnÃm¯ a\pjy

cmbn AhÀ Pohn¡p¶p. tImInesb {]tem`n¸n¨v hnhmlw Ign¡p¶

kRvPbv \S¯p¶ sImSpwNXn¡p \nba]meIÀ Iq«p\n¡pIbmWv

sN¿p¶Xv. laman hn\bs\/hn\oXsbt¯Snsb¯nb _mep t\ct¯

hnhmlnX\msW¶ hmkvXhw ad¨psh¨mWv Ahsf hnhmlw Ign¡p¶Xv.

(lnPUIfpsS hnhmlcoXn kn\nabn Nn{XoIcn¡p¶Xn\v AXv

hgnsbmcp¡p¶p.)

hnhmltijw aRvPpfsb¶mWv hn\b³/hn\oX Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv.

CXv shdpw t]cpamäambn ImtW− H¶Ã. ap¼p kqNn¸n¨ kzXz

kµnKv²Xsb s]cp¸n¡pIbpw Bgs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶ H¶mbnthWw

AXns\ a\Ênem¡m³. Ah\h\msc¶dnbm³ IgnbmsX, kaqlw

Iev]n¡p¶ hnhn[ thj§Ä BSn¯oÀ¡p¶ a\pjymhØ AXnsâ

ZpjvIcamb BhnjvImcw Is−¯pIbmWv enwK]cnWmanXcpsS PohnX

¯n F¶p hyàam¡p¶ Hcp Xmt¡mÂ_nw_ambmWv Cu t]cpamäs¯

ImtW−Xv. A¯c¯n t_m[]qÀÆw kn\nabn Hcp¡nsh¨XmWnXv

F¶p IcpXm\pw \ymbap−v. C§s\sbmcp t]cpamäw IqSmsXXs¶

kn\na¡p apt¶m«pt]mImambncp¶p. hn\oX F¶ t]cp \ne\nÀ¯nbmÂ

aXnbmIpambncp¶p. F¶ncns¡ ]pXnb PohnX¯n ]pXnb t]cv

sImSp¡pIbmWv sNbvXncn¡p¶Xv.

]n¶oSpÅ cwK§fn lnPUIf\p`hn¡p¶ NqjWhpw NXnbpw

\oXn\ntj[hpw ]e a«n Zriyhev¡cn¡p¶p. AÑ\v kpJansödnªv

\m«nte¡pÅ bm{Xbn aRvPpfbpsS ]Whpw kzÀ®m`cW§fpsaÃmw

224
tamjvSn¡s¸Sp¶Xpw \m«nse¯nbt¸mÄ t]meokv A\ymbambn XShnen«v

ssewKnIambn ]oUn¸n¡p¶Xpw aÀ±n¡p¶XpsaÃmw CXn\v DZmlcWambn

ImWmw.

kRvPbv tImInesb hnhmlw sNbvX ZnhkwXs¶ cm{XnbnÂ

tImIne acWs¸Sp¶p. ]ntä¶p ]{X¯n h¶ hmÀ¯ “s]¬thjw sI«n

bphmhnsâ `mcyNaª lnPU BZycm{Xnbn¯s¶ XosImfp¯n

BßlXysNbvXp” F¶mbncp¶p. kRvPbv Ahsf as®® Hgn¨v

I¯n¡pIbmbncp¶p. ]Whpw kzm[o\hpapÅ AbmÄ t]meokns\

D]tbmKn¨v Ipäw aRvPpfbpsSta sI«nsh¡p¶p. lamanepÅ aäp

lnPUIsfÃmw AXphnizkn¨v aRvPpfsb lamanÂ\n¶pw ]pd¯m¡p¶p.

4.5.6. tZi]ucXzw CÃm¯hÀ

tImInebpw kRvPbpw {]Wb¯nemsW¶dnª aRvPpf,

kRvPb³ NXn¡psa¶v ]eh«w Xm¡oXp \evIn. F¶n«pw {]Wb

¯nÂ\n¶pw ]n·mdm³ tImIne X¿mdmbnÃ. Xsâ k¼mZysaÃmsaSp¯v

tImIne kRvPbpsS t]cn hoSphm§n¨p. aRvPpfbpw aäpw

AXns\¡pdn¨v tNmZn¡pt¼mÄ AhÄ ]dbp¶ adp]SnbnÂ\n¶mWv

lnPUIÄ¡v kz´w t]cn `qan hm§n cPnÌÀsN¿m³ C´y³ \nbaw

A\phZn¡p¶nsö Imcyw t{]£IÀ a\Ênem¡p¶Xv. hnhmltijw Hcp

Ip«nsb Zs¯Sp¡m³ aRvPpf B{Klw {]ISn¸n¡p¶ Ahkc¯nÂ

AXpw \nbaa\pkcn¡p¶Xsöv hyàam¡s¸Sp¶p. C§s\ a\pjym

hImiw \ntj[n¡s¸Sp¶Xns\Ãmw ImcWamIp¶Xv B¬þs]¬ F¶

km{¼ZmbnIhn`P\s¯ AtX]Sn kzoIcn¡p¶XÃ AhcpsS ssewKnIX

F¶XmWv. AXv AhcpsS GsX¦nepw sNbvXnbpsS ^easöXv a\Ênem

¡m³ t]mepw kaql¯n\p Ignbp¶nÃ. CXns\ {]iv\h¡cn¡m\mWv

kn\na {ian¨n«pÅXv. cmjv{S¯n\pw tZiobX¡pw ap¶nemWv Cu {]iv\w

225
kn\na D¶bn¡p¶Xv. tZiob]XmI, tZiobKm\¯nsâ kwKoXw F¶nh

sbms¡ kn\nabn kaÀ°ambn D]tbmKn¡p¶p−v.

4.5.7. kn\nabpsS hnaÀi\mßIX

t{]£Isc ]nSn¨ncp¯p¶ Hcp kn\na \nÀ½n¡pI F¶ efnXamb

e£yt¯msS FSp¯ Hcp kn\nabà Ch³ AÀ²\mcn. IebpsS hnaÀi\m

ßIiàn {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯p¶ iàamsbmcp CSs]SemWv Cu kn\na

F¶p ]dtb−nbncn¡p¶p. i_vZanÃm¯hcpsS i_vZ¯n\v {]Imi\w

\ÂIp¶p−v AXv. A§s\ hnaÀi\mßIamb Hcp At\zjWambn kn\na

amdp¶p. \qäm−pIfmbn a\pjymhImi\ntj[¯n\v Ccbmbnt¸mcp¶

\yq\]£¯n\v kmwkvImcnIamb CSw tXSp¶, cmjv{Sobambn

{]kànbpÅ Hcp At\zjWw.

4.6. ‘Nm´ps]m«v ’ þ enwK]Zhnbpw A[nImchpw

BWmbn P\n-s¨-¦nepw ap¯ÈnbpsS ]p¶m-c-¯n s]®ns\t¸mse

hfÀ¯s¸« cm[mIrjvW³ F¶ bphmhv A\p`hn¡p¶ {]iv\§fmWv

emÂtPmkv kwhn[m\w sNbvX Nm´ps]m«nsâ (2005) {]tabw. KuchapÅ

Hcp hnjbs¯ P\{]nbkn\na F§s\ ssIImcyw sN¿p¶p F¶Xnsâ

DZmlcWwIqSnbmbn CXns\ kao]nt¡−Xp−v. kn\nabn D¶bn¡p¶

{][m\s¸« {]iv\w cm[mIrjvW³ BtWm AtXm s]t®m F¶XmWv.

kmam\yambn DbÀ¶phcmhp¶ Cu PnÚmkbn XpS§pIbpw

kaql¯nsâ in£Wm[nImcw D]tbmKn¨v ‘BWm’¡n ]cnhÀ¯n¸n¨v

Ahkm\n¡pIbpamWv kn\na.

4.6.1. {]iv\`cnXamb ssewKnIXþssPhm[nImc¯nsâ {]tbmKtaJe

BWmtbm s]®mtbm hyànXzw Dd¸n¡s¸SmsX t]mIp¶Xv Hcp

kmaqlnI{]iv\amsW¶p I−pIgnªp. F¶m Cu hn`P\s¯

226
ewLn¡p¶ hyànXzw cq]s¸Sp¶Xn\v kaqlwXs¶ CS\ÂImdpap−v.

s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡mbn kaqlw \nÝbn¨psh¨n«pÅ thj`qjmZnIÄ Ip«n¡m

e¯v B¬Ip«nIÄ¡v \ÂIp¶Xpw (t\sc Xncn¨pw) aäpw km[mcWamWv.

\r¯]T\hpw aäpw CXns\ IqSpX hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶Xmbpw ImWmw.

hf-sc-¡mew emky\r¯w A`y-kn-¡p¶ Nne ]pcp-j·m-cn kvss{XW-`mhw

cq]-s¸-Sp-¶p (kvss{XWXsb emky`mht¯mSnW¡nbmWv kaqlw

a\Ênem¡nt¸mcp¶Xv). A¯c¯nepÅhsc sXÃp ]cn-lm-k-t¯m-sS-bmWv

]e-t¸mgpw BfpIÄ t\m¡n-¡m-Wp-¶-Xv. F¶mÂ, AsXmcp ISp¯ kmaq-ln-

I-{]-iv\-ambn¯ocp-¶n-Ã. ]t£, Cu kn\n-a-bn cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ s]cp-am-ä-

¯nepw thj-¯nepw kvss{XWX ZÀin-¡p-t¼mÄ AsXmcp kmaq-ln-I-{]-iv\-

ambnamdp-¶p.- cm-[m-Ir-jvW³ BtWm s]t®m F¶-dn-bm³ NneÀ DSp-ap-−p-cn-

bp-¶Xpw, Xpd-bn-em-imsâ {]h-N\w tI«v Xpd-¡m-scÃmw Ah\pw IpSpw-_-

¯n\pw {`jvSv Iev]n-¡p-¶Xpw AXp-sIm-−m-Wv. cm[m-Ir-jvW³ P\n¨ A]-

cn-jvIr-X-amb Xpd-bn am{X-aà ]cn-jvIr-X-amb Xpd-bnepw cm[m-Ir-jvW\v

ssewKnIXsb ap³\nÀ¯nbpÅ {]iv\§Ä A`n-ap-Jo-I-cn-t¡-−-Xmbn

hcp¶p.

cm[mIrjvW³ BWmsW¶ Imcy¯n t{]£IÀ¡mÀ¡pw

kwibtabnÃ. ]s£ kn\nabnse a\pjyÀ A¯cw kwib§Ä kq£n

¡p¶p. DSpap−v Dcnªm Xocp¶Xà AhcpsS kwibw. Ahs\

BWnsâ s]cpamäcoXnIfnte¡pw thj¯nte¡pw amänsbSp¯mte kaql

¯n\v kam[m\w e`n¡q. cm[mIrjvWsâ kwkmchpw s]cpamähpw BWn

\ptNÀ¶ hn[asöv kn\nabnse IYm]m{X§sft¸meXs¶ t{]£Icpw

IcpXp¶p. ChnsS hyàn-bpsSta kaq-lw ImWn-¡p¶ AZriyamsbmcp

A[n-Im-c-¯nsâ {]iv\-ap−v F¶XmWv {]kàambXv. ASn-Øm-\-]-c-amb

c−p-X-cw A[n-Im-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ^qt¡m hnhcn¡p¶p−v.31 H¶mat¯Xv,

\nb-am[n-jvTnXm[n-Imcw (juridical power or right of death). \ntcm-[\w, in£

227
F¶n-§-s\-bpÅ coXn-I-fn-em-Wv CXv {]hÀ¯n¡p¶Xv. \nbaw, t]m-eokv

XpS§nb HutZym-Kn-I-Øm-]-\-§-fm-Wv Ch-bpsS A[n-Im-c-tI{µ§Ä.

c−mat¯Xv, Po-hn-X-¯n-\p-ta-epÅ A[n-Imc (power over life) amWv. CXv

in£Ww (discipline), ssPh-cm-jv{So-b-\nÀÆ-lWw (bio-political administration)

F¶n-§s\ c−p-X-c-¯n-em-W-t{X. am\-I-§Ä (norms) cq]s¸Sp¯p¶

XneqsSbmWv CXv {]mhÀ¯nIamIp¶Xv. am\-I-§Ä¡v A\p-kr-X-amb coXn-

bn hyànsb {Ia-s¸-Sp-¯m-³ kaqlw {ian¡p¶p. Cu a«nepÅ A[n-

Imc{]tbmKw A\u-tZym-Kn-I-amb coXn-bn FÃm-bn-S¯pw {]hÀ¯n¨p

sImt−bncn¡p¶p.

{]kn² {_n«ojv Nn´-I-\mb tPm¬ ÌyphÀ«v an (John Stuart Mill)

kaq-l¯nsâ C¯cw A[n-Im-c-s¯-¡p-dn¨v ap¼pXs¶ hni-Zo-I-cn-¨n«pÅ

XmWv. “Hcp hyàn-bpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä aäp-Å-h-cpsS `c-W-L-S-\m-]-c-amb

Ah-Im-i-§sf l\n-¡p-¶n-sænepw Ahsc thZ-\n-¸n-¡p¶ coXn-bntem Ah-

cpsS t£as¯ ]cn-K-Wn-¡m¯ coXn-bntem Bbn-cn-¡p-t¼mÄ A]-cm-[nsb

\nb-a-]-c-ambn in£n-¡m³ Ign-bn-sænepw kaq-l-¯nsâ A`n-{]m-b-{]-I-S-\-

§-fm in£n¡mhp¶-Xm-Wv. Hcp hyàn-bpsS s]cp-am-ä-co-Xn-IÄ aäp-Å-h-

cpsS Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡v hncp-²-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp-t¼mÄ kaq-l-¯n\v AXn-

s\-Xnsc {]hÀ¯n¡m\pÅ A[n-Im-c-ap-−v. kaq-l-¯nsâ C¯-c-¯n-epÅ

CS-s]-S Ah-cpsS t£a-¯n\v KpW-]-c-ambn¯ocp-tam-sb¶ tNmZyw NÀ¨

sN¿s¸tS−XmWv.”32

kn\nabn cm[mIr-jvWsâ s]cp-am-ä-co-Xn-IÄ BWn\p Iev]n¨

am\I§sf A\pkcn¡p¶nà F¶XmWv kwLÀjap−m¡p¶Xv. AXv aäp-

Å-h-cpsS Xmev]-cy-§Ä¡v hncp-²-ambn A\p-`-h-s¸-Sp¶Xn-\m -am\-I-

§Ä¡v A\p-kr-X-am-b-co-Xn-bn Ahs\ amän-¯oÀ¡m³ kaq-lw {ian-¡p-

¶p. BW¯¯nsâ am\I§sf kw_Ôn¨v Iaem _mkn³ (Kamala

228
Bhasin) AhXcn¸n¡p¶ \nco£Ww ChnsS HmÀ¡mhp¶XmWv. “Øe-Im-e-

hy-Xym-k-a-\p-k-cn¨v hnhn-[-Xcw BW-¯-§Ä ImWm-sa-¦nepw \nÝ-

bZmÀVyw (assertive-ness), Icp¯v (strength), A{I-a-tWmÕpIX

(aggressiveness), \nb-{´-Wm-[n-Imcw (control over others) F¶n-h-sbÃmw

s]mXp-hmbn BW-¯-¯n-sâ kz`mhKpWam-bmWv ]cn-K-Wn-¡-s¸-Sp-¶-Xv”33

F¶v AhÀ FgpXp¶p.

ap¯Èn am{Xaà kaqla¸msS cm[mIrjvWs\ s]®mbmWv

hfÀ¯p¶Xv. Nne kµÀ`§Ä t\m¡mw. Xpd-bnse ka-{]m-b-¡m-cmb

s]¬Ip«nIfÃmsX, B¬Ip-«n-I-sfm-¶pw cm[m-Ir-jvWsâIqsS Ifn-¡m-\n-Ã.

F¶m B¬Ip«nIÄ Nq−-bn-Sp-¶ -cw-Kw Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-−v. AhnsS

cm[mIrjvW³ CsÃ-¶Xpw {it²-bw. asämcp cwK¯v, ka{]mb¡mc\mb

Ipamc³ ‘\o s]®p-§-sf-t¸mse Is®-gp-Xo-«v−v,- s]m«pw Ip¯o«v−v. \n-\¡v

Hcp I½epw IqSn ths−Sm’ F¶ tNmZy-t¯msS cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ sNhn-Xp-f-

¡p-¶p. XpSÀ¶p−mb kwLÀj¯n Ipam-csâ Aѳ sImÃ-s¸-«p.

AXnsâ t]cn Aѳ Znhm-I-c³ Pbn-en-em-hp-¶p. AtXmsS cm[mIrjvW³

F¶ Ip«nbpsS hfÀ¨mL«¯n ^e{]Zambn CSs]tS−sX¶v IcpX

s¸Sp¶ ]pcpjm[nImchpw Hcp A`mhambn amdp¶p. C§s\ CÃmXmIp¶

BW[nImc¯nsâ CSamWv ]n¶oSv s{^Ín kzbtah ssIbmfp¶Xv.

AbmÄ ^e{]Zamb coXnbn A[nImc{]tbmKw \S¯p¶p−v.

cm[mIrjvWsâ apSn apdn¨p\o¡p¶Xpw thjw amän¡p¶Xpsams¡

AXnsâ {]Xy£oIcW§fmWv.

Zn-hm-I-c³ Pbn-enÂ\n¶pw Xncn-s¨-¯p¶Xphsc cm[m-Ir-jvW³

\r¯w- ]-Tn-¸n-¨pw s]¬Ip-«n-I-fpsSIqsS Ifn¨pw Nncn¨pw Ign-bp-I-bm-Wv.

Ahsâ FÃm- tN-jvSIfpw s]¬Ip-«n-I-fp-tS-Xmbn«mWv Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-¶-

Xv. Aѳ Pbn-enÂ\n¶v hs¶-¶-dnªv HmSnsb¯nb bphmhmb cm[m-Ir-

229
jvW³ \mW-t¯msS AÑs\ t\m¡n-b-tijw A½-bpsS ]n¶n ]Xp§n

\nev¡p-¶Xv ImWmw.

Hcp s]¬Ip-«n-bmbn«mWv cm[m-Ir-jvW³ kzbw ImWp-¶sX¶v

Ahsâ kw`mj-W-§-Ä shfn-s¸-Sp-¯p-¶p.

cm[ : t]mSm thtf \n\-¡p-an-tÃSm At½w s]§-·m-cpw. kz´w

ktlm-Z-cn-tbm-Sm-sW¦n \osbms¡ C§s\ s]cp-amtdm? s]¬Ip-«n-

Isf hgn-\-S-¡m³ k-½-Xn-¡m¯ \mdn-I-fv….

Xm³ C§s\bmbn-¯o-cm³ ImcWw ap¯Èn Xs¶ s]¬Ip-«n-sb-t¸mse

hfÀ¯n-b-Xm-sW¶ t_m[w cm[m-Ir-jvW-\p-−v. ]cm-Xn-]-d-bm³ ap¯-Èn-

bpsS Ipgn-am-S-¯n-\-Sp-s¯-¯p¶ Ahs\ A½ im´½ kam-[m-\n-¸n-¡p-¶p.

im´½ : Fsâ tam³ B¬Ip-«n-bm-sW¶v Cu sXmd-¡m-sc-s¡m−v

]d-bn-¸n¡Ww Fsâ tams\-¡−v Cu sXmtdev s]s¦m-¨p-§fv

tamln-¡Ww. tam\pw Hcp-¯nsb tamln¡Ww.- tam-ln¨v sI«Ww.

A¸ Cu Ic-¡mcv ]dbpw cm[m-Ir-jvW³ Hcp B¬Ip-«n-bm-sW¶v.

A½-bpsS hm¡p-tI«tXmsS Hcp ‘B¬’ Bh-W-sa¶ Nn´ cm[m-Ir-

jvW-\p-−m-hp-¶p. ]n¶oSv s]¬Ip-«n-I-sfÃmw ]«w ]d-¯n-¡-fn-¡p¶ Zriyw

ImWn-¡pt¼mÄ cm[m-Ir-jvW³ Zqsc-amdn Hä-bv¡n-cn-¡p-Ibpw amep-hns\

Ima-\-tbmsS t\m¡p-Ibpw sN¿p¶Xmbn ImWmw. IS¯o-c¯p\n¶v

In«nb Hcp I®mSn¨nÃn kz´w aoi t\m¡n\nev¡p¶ cwK-amWv XpS-À¶p

ImWn-¡p-¶-Xv.

cm[m-Ir-jvWs\ ‘B¬’ B¡n-¯oÀ¡p¶Xn-\pÅ {iaamWv kn\n-a

{][m\ambpw apt¶m«psh¡p¶Xv. AbmfpsS cq]`mh§Ä BWntâXm

¡pIbmWv AXn {][m\w. in£-Wm-[n-Im-c-amWv (disciplinary power)34

s{^Ínbpw tdmknbpw aäpw {]tbm-Kn-¡p-¶-Xv. s{^Ínbpw tdmknbpw tNÀ¶v

230
cm[m-Ir-jvWsâ apSn-ap-dn-¡p-¶Xpw Po³kpw jÀ«pw [cn-¸n-¡p-¶Xpw

DZmlcWw. Imbn-Im-²zm-\-apÅ tPmen-I-Ä sN¿m\pÅ tijnbmWv

BW¯¯nsâ asämcp NnÓw. apä-a-Sn-¡p-I, ao³ \¶m-¡p-I, Ae-¡p-I XpS-

§nb tPmen-IÄ sN¿p¶ cm[m-Ir-jvW-t\mSv tdmkn Bhiys¸Sp¶Xv

BWp-§Ä sN¿p¶ tPmen sN¿m\mWv. sXmgnÂhn`-P\w enwK-t`-Z-¯n-\-\p-

kr-X-am-bn-«mWv kaqlw Iev]n-¨n-«p-ÅXv F¶XmWv Chn-sS {it²bamb

Imcyw. hyIvXn-bpsS CjvSm-\n-jvS-§Ä¡v bmsXmcp hnebpw e`n-¡p-¶n-Ã.

s]®n\pw BWn\pw bYm-{Iaw AIw, ]pdw F¶n-§s\ tPmen-IÄ hn`-Pn-

¡p-¶ ]pcp-jm-[n-]Xykaqlw kv{Xo AXv ‘kt´m-j-t¯msS’bmWv ho«p-tPm-

en-IÄ sN¿p¶sX¶v hcp-¯n-¯oÀ¯p. BW¯w, s]®¯w F¶nh kmaq-

lnI\nÀ½nXnbmsW¶v AwKoIcn-¡-s¸« C¡m-e¯v C¯cw sXmgnÂhn-`-P-

\-§Ä {]iv\-h-¡cn¡s¸Sp¶p−v. F¶mÂ, kn\na AXn\p X¿m-dm-hp-¶n-

șXmWv bmYmˡyw.

A{IatWmÕpIXbmWv cm[mIrjvW\n P\n¸nt¡−Xmbn

kaqlw ImWp¶ asämcp BW¯`mhw. cm[m-Ir-jvW\pw ¢oä-kp-am-bpÅ

kwL-«-\-cwK¯n c£Icmb s{^Ínbpw tdmknbpw AXn t\cn«v

CSs]SmsX amdn\n¶psIm−v cm[m-Ir-jvWs\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n-¡pIbmWv

sN¿p¶Xv. F¶m ¢oä-Êns\ klm-bn-¡m³ HmSn-sb-¯p¶ Bfp-Isf

s{^Ín XS-bm³ aSn¡p¶nÃ. C§s\ XÃp-hm§n h¶-t¸mÄ No¯-]-dªv

FXn-cm-fnsb tXmev]n-¡m³ Bh-iy-s¸«pw Ah-iy-k-µÀ`-§-fn CS-s]«pw

¢oä-kns\ XÃn¯msg-bn-«-t¸mÄ Ahs\ t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¨pw s{^Ín- cm[m-Ir-

jvWs\ in£Ww sN¿pI-bmWv.

4.6.2. imkI\pw kmßoIcWhpw

kn\n-a-bn t{]£-IÀ¡v kmßoIcWw {]m]n¡m³ ]mI¯nepÅ

hockmlknI]ucpjamÀ¶ \mbIXzw ]c¼cmKXN«¡qSn cq]s¸Sp¶

231
kn\naIfpsS Hcp Ahn`mPyLSIamWv. Nm´ps]m«n AXnÃ. Cu

A`mhs¯ ]cnanXamsb¦nepw ]cnlcn¨psImSp¡p¶Xv s{^ÍnbmWv.

AbmtfmSv tNÀ¶p\nev¡p¶ tdmknbpw Xpdbnse aäpÅhcpw s]®¯

¯nÂ\n¶v cm[mIrjvWs\ tamNn¸n¡m\mWv B{Kln¡p¶Xpw bXv\n

¡p¶Xpw. ]gb Xpdbnse `qcn]£w t]cpw B{Kln¨Xpw AXpXs¶bmWv.

]s£ B Xpd cm[mIrjvWs\ Xpc¯ntbmSn¡p¶ Hcp hnÃsâ

]cnthjamWv {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xv.

s{^Ín ISenÂ\n¶v cm[mIrjvWs\ c£n¨psIm−mWv kn\nabnÂ

IS¶phcp¶Xv. AbmfpsS ]£w \mbI]£ambn AhXcn¡p¶tXmsS

km[mcW kn\namt{]£I\v XmZmßyw {]m]n¡m\pÅ CSambn s{^Ín

cq]m´cs¸Sp¶p. imkn¨pw t{]mÕm-ln-¸n¨pw cm[m-IrjvWs\ ‘BWm’¡n-

am-äm³ {ian-¡p¶ s{^ÍntbmSv t{]£IsâXs¶ Aht_m[w At_m[

]qÀÆw sFIys¸Sp¶p F¶Xv {]Xybimkv{X]cambn IqSpXÂ {][m\am

Ip¶p. s{^ÍnbmIp¶p kn\nabn kaql¯nsâ a\Êm£n.

kn\n-a-bpsS Ah-km-\-`m-K¯v asämcp kwL-«-\-cwKw IqSn Nn{Xo-I-cn-

¨n«p−v. Ipam-c\pw cm[m-Ir-jvW\pw X½n-epÅ B kwL-«-\-hpw hfsc

{][m-\-am-Wv. Npäpw Bfp-IÄ IqSn-\n-ev¡p¶ps−¦nepw Bcpw AXn CS-

s]-SmsX ImgvN-¡m-cmbn \nev¡p-I-bm-Wv (Nn{Xw 16 ImWpI). CSs]Sm³

{ian-¡p¶ Nnesc BfpIÄ ]n´n-cn-¸n-¡p-¶p-ap-−v. cm[mIrjvW³ BW¯w

sXfnbn¡p¶ aÕc¯nsâ ^eadnbm³ Bthit¯msS Im¯ncn¡p¶

ImWnIfmWv kn\nabv¡v AI¯pw ]pd¯pw. HSp-hn cm[m-Ir-jvW³ Ipam-

cs\ Iogvs¸-Sp¯n Xm¡oXp\evIn hn«-b-¡p-t¼mÄ IqSnbncn¡p¶

ImWnIfpw Xntbädnse ImWnIfpw Bizkn¡p¶p. -Xp-SÀ¶v amep-hp-ambn

kwkm-cn-¡p¶ cm[m-Ir-jvWs\ ]pd-In-eqsSh¶v Ip¯n-ho-gv¯m³ {ian-¡p¶

Ipam-cs\ Bfp-IÄ XS-bp-Ibpw ]¦m-bw-sIm−v ASn-t¨m-Sn-¡p-Ibpw

sN¿p¶p.

232
 kaq-l-¯nsâ sNbvXn-IÄ, Hcp ]mhw ap¯Èn, s]®mbn

hfÀ¯nbXn\m BW¯wsI«v kaql¯nÂ\n¶v _lnjv¡rX\mbnt¸m

tI−nh¶ hyànsb kaql¯n\nW§p¶a«n BWm¡n amäm\pÅ

]cn{ia§fpw BWmbn kzoImcy\mb Bsf NXn¨psImÃp¶Xv XSbm\pÅ

Pm{KXbpsaÃmw XnI¨pw \oXn-]qÀÆ-amsW¶ ktµ-i-amWv kn\na \evIp-

¶Xv.

4.6.3. P\{]nbkn\nabpsS {]Xybimkv{X[À½w

thjm´cnX³ (Transvestite)35 Bb Hcm-fpsS {]iv\-§sf Abm-fpsS

]£¯p\n¶v t\m¡n-¡m-Wm³ kn\na {ian-¡p-t¶bn-Ã. ssewKnIX Hcp

kmwkvImcnIhnjbambn A]{KYn¡s¸Sp¶ kaIme¯v Cu kn\na

A¯c¯nepÅ Kuchw DÄs¡m−nà F¶Xv Hcp t]mcmbvabmbn

ImtW−nhcpw. ‘Nm´p-s]m«v’ F¶Xv ae-bm-f-¯n C¯cw Bfp-I-fpsS

Ipä-t¸-cm-bXv AXp-sIm-−m-Wv. tImaUn kn\n-a-I-fpsS kt¦-X-§-fp-]-tbm-

Kn¨v ]Iz-X-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp IYm-]m-{X-am-bn-«mWv cm[m-Ir-jvWs\ Nn{Xo-I-cn-¨n-«p-

Å-Xv. Akm-[m-c-Whpw AXn-i-tbm-àn-]-c-hp-amb coXn-bn-emWv \S³

kvss{XWX {]I-Sn-¸n-¡p-¶-Xv. Bfp-Isf Nncn-¸n-¡m-\p-t±-in¨v am{X-apÅ Hcp-

]mSv kw`m-j-W-§fpw kn\n-a-bn-ep-−v. DZm-l-c-W-¯n\v cm[m-Ir-j-vW³

\r¯w ]Tn-¸n-¡p-t¼mfpÅ kw`m-jWw: “F´m Cu ImWn-¡p-t¶. apI-fn-

tem«v Ip¯o«v Xmtg¡v adn¡ms\´m C{X {]bmkw…tZ Ffp-¸w- a-\-Ên-em-

IW `mtjev ]dªv Xcmw. apI-fn-tem«v am§m-]-dn… Xmtg¡v sNfn-¡p-¯v.. -

am-§m-]-dn...sNfn-¡p-¯v... am-§m-]-dn... sNfn-¡p-¯v... am-§m-]-dn¨nt« sNfn-

Ip¯m-hq... -k-c-kp sh´m sNfn am{Xw Ip¯-tW. -am§ ]dn-¡m³ ]ns¶

\nsâ sIt«ym³ htczm... tZ {i²nt¨m ASp¯ s̸...-he hoin...-a¯nhmcn

hnäv …-slmbv …-C-S¡v A§s\ Hcp slmbv hn«p-sIm-−n-cn-¡Ww. AXv \Ã-

Xm….”

233
asämcp kµÀ`-¯n A½m-a-tbm-SpÅ kw`m-jWw {i²n¡pI:

cm[mIrjvW³: “A½ma A§s\ ]td-c-Xv. FÃm aX§fpw H¶m…-D-Zm-l-

cW¯n\v {InkvXp-hn\v {Inbp-−v..- Ir-jvW-\nepw {Inbp-−v.. -R-§sS

IrjvW³ Imfn-b-s\¶ ]m¼nsâ s\dp-I-bv¡-nSn-¨p. \n§sS hdp-¤okv

]pWymf³ ]m¼nsâ hmbnev tImen«v Ip¯n.”

A½ma : “Ip´w.”

cm[mIrjvW³: “Ipt´m¦n Ip´w. At{X-bpÅp hyXym-kw.- [À½-kw-

Øm-]\mÀ°mb kwØm-\-k-t½-f\w. a\-Ên-em-tbm..”

tdmkn-tbm-SpÅ kw`m-j-W-¯nepw tImam-fn-¯-{]-tbm-K-§Ä ImWmw.

cm[mIrjvW³: “tdmkn-s¡sâ kz`m-hhpw {]hr-¯nbpw CjvS-s¸-S-Wn-

sæn Cu ho«o¶v tdmkn Ft§m-s«-¦nepw t]mbvt¡m-fq. tdmkn-¡-

dntbm A½ma \nÀ_Ôn¨Xv sIm−v am{Xm Cu Nt«w ap−pw Rm\p-

Sp-¯-Xv. -{`m-´pÅ Hcp kv{Xo¡v Aev]w kt´mjw sImSp-¯Xv C{X

henb sXäm-bn-t¸mtbm. A½ma ]d-ªXv A\p-k-cn-¨n-sæn s]-

s«¶v AhÀ¡v {`m´v IqSn lmÀ«v Aäm-¡mbn Ic-fns\ _m[n-¨mÂ….”

C¯-c-¯n kw`m-j-W-¯nse Bibw am{X-aà AXnsâ {]tbm-K-k-

hn-ti-j-Xbpw ico-c-`m-jbpw tNÀ¶v cm[mIr-jvW-s\ ]Iz-X-bn-Ãm¯ Hcp

]cn-lmkIYm-]m-{Xambn amäp-¶p.- C¯cw cwK-§Ä kn\n-a-bn DS-\ofw

BhÀ¯n-¡pIhgn {Sm³kvshssÌäv hn`m-K-§-sf sXämb coXn-bn {]Xn-\n-

[m\w sN¿pIbpw Ahsc kaq-l-¯nsâ apJy-[m-c-bnÂ\n¶v AIän DÄh-en-

bm³ t{]cn-¸n-¡p-I-tbm BWv sN¿p¶Xv.

P\{]nbamb Hcp X«ps]mfn¸³ kn\nasb C§s\bÃmw ]cntim[n

¡Wtam F¶p tXm¶mw. P\{]nbambXpsIm−pXs¶ C¯cw kn\naIÄ

234
A\pjvTn¡p¶ {]Xybimkv{X]camb [À½w IqSpX hn]pehpw

hn\miIchpambn¯ocpw F¶XmWv {]iv\w. B¬þs]¬ hyXymkw

hfÀ¯ptZmjw sIm−p−mIp¶Xpw kmaqlnINnInÕsIm−v amänsbSp¡m

hp¶Xpamb Hcp Xami am{XamsW¶v kn\na Øm]n¡p¶p. AXnep]cn

BW¯¯nsâ hncp²tImSnbn kvss{XWXsb Iev]n¡p¶ kaql

¯nsâ t_m[s¯ CXv Ac¡n«pd¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. A¯cw

\ne]mSpIÄ {i²n¡s¸SmsX t]mIcpsX¶ imTyamWv cm[mIrjvW³

Xs¶ Xsâ aIsâ kv{Xothjagn¸n¡m\mbn apSnbn sI«nsh¨ dn_¬

Agn¨p amäp¶Xpw ame ]dns¨dnbp¶Xpw B \nanjwXs¶ NmIc

hcp¶Xpw aäpw Ahkm\Zriy¯n hnkvXcn¡p¶Xv. C-§s\, Kuc-h-X-c-

ambn kao-]n-t¡-−p¶ sP³UÀ {]iv\w Xa-kv¡-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-I-bpw kaql

¯nsâ lnwkmßIamb in£mcoXnIfpsS A\nhmcyXsb KpW]mTambn

AhXcn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p Nm´ps]ms«¶ P\{]nbkn\na.

Ipdn¸pIÄ

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32. The acts of an individual may be hurtful to others, or wanting in due

consideration for their welfare, without going the length of violating

any of their constituted rights. The offender may then be justly

punished by opinion, though not by law. As soon as any part of a

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 or will not be promoted by interfering with it,becomes open to

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33 Bhasin, Kamala 2009 Exploring Masculinity,Women Unlimited,

New Delhi, ]pdw 9.

34 A[nImcapÅhÀ Xsâ A[nImc]cn[n¡v IognepÅhsc X§fpsS

CÑs¡m¯coXnbn s]cpamdm³ th−n {]tbmKn¡p¶

A[nImcamWv in£Wm[nImcw. Ch {]Xy£amtbm ]tcm£amtbm

{]hÀ¯n¡mw. CXpaqew hyànIÄ \nc´cambn aäpÅhcpsS

t\m«¯n³ IognemsW¶ t_m[w B´cnIhev¡cn¡pIbpw kzbw

kaql¯nse am\I§Ä¡\pkrXamb coXnbn s]cpamdm³

t{]cnXcmhpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

35 {Sm³kvshssÌäv(Transvestite)F¶m kv{XothjwsI«p¶ ]pcpj³

AsænÂ]pcpjthjw sI«p¶ kv{Xo F¶mWv AÀ°w. Cu

]T\¯n thjm´cnXÀ F¶p hnhÀ¯\w sNbvXncn¡p¶p.

239