Skin Effect Skin effec, always presert ina conductor carrying alter nating curent, i function ofthe internal flax ina on ctor. Altemating curtere tends to flow near the outside ofa conductor, yielding 2 higher current density on the ‘outer layers and increasing the elective resistance. Ifthe «conductors made from, o contains feromagnetic mate- ‘al sach as ste), theskinefet is increased. or a homogeneous, eneenrtic lay stranded cond to, experimental studies by Kennelly, et al{] indicate thatthe skin effect i identical to that of «solid eylin- vical conductor having the same de resistance. Figure [-i[6, provides « means of estimating skin effec for Jhomogencous aluminum and copper conductors. This figure can also be used fr etel-cored alumina con ductors, treating them a8 hollow tab Tecan be seen fom Figure 1- tht skin effect isnot iveuly dependent on the curent in the conductor However, s the current increases, the conductor tem perature increases. The increased temperaare causes fn increase in resistance that results in the ac/de ratio actually decreasing for altconductors. To demonstrate the elle of skin effect, consider the fellowing example: For an AAC Conducts: Calculate the ac resist: ance per unit Tength of 397.5 kemil 19 strand ‘AAG conductor cade name “Canna” with a de resistance of 02296 Amie at 20°C. Use Figure 1-1 to estimate the acide sati. The abscissa value of Pigve 11 i yi-\e.- i,” Vozam - 1? where T= hago as» deine ne ‘Te ratify =U forth condor becae 38 {@ homageneor alichminim coniictor The Ale ratio red from he eral nif Fre 2 is 1.006, Multiplying the conductor de resistance bythe coder ire a= (02295) (005) #02310 iil ot 20% For ACSR Conductor: Calelate the ae resistance {at 75°C, fora 2156 kemil84/19 ACSR conductor, code name "Bluebird." with a de resistance of (0.0223 Aimile at 20°C. Te has 4 layers of al ‘minum witha steel core diameter of 0.481 inches ‘ond an overall diameter of 1.76 inches. Calculate the de resistance for 75°C using Equa- ‘on Tat The de revistance accounts for Bor he ste! and aluminum components cf the conduc: tor. For temperature correction, the thermal resistance coefficient of aluminum ie used we = 00428 [1 + 0.00404 (75 20)) =00517 Afmile From Pigure 1-1 find the ac{de ratio The abscissa value for Figure 11 ra ‘Gost ~ 47 ‘The ratio of inner to outer diameter of the al: ‘inunstad layers lq) 80.27. The acid ratio {rom Figure 1-1 i approximately 1075. Therefore the ac resistance of “Bluebird” at 72°C i: Rye (00517) (1.075) = 0.0555 Ofmile Proximity Bifect ‘When two conductors carrying alternating curent are spaced relatively close to one another, their mutual Induction afeets the eurent disebuion in each wie ‘This distorts the cross-sectional current distibution in ‘he conductors esting inl} greater curtent density on the near sides ofthe conductor when te curtent in the ccondctors is flowing in opposite dietions, and 2) at ‘the farses ofthe conductor for cuterts flowing in the same directions. Similar to ski effect, this non-uniform current density, commonly called proximity effet, leads to an increase in resistance and beat lose. Proxim ity effect is directly proportional to the magnitude of the currents and inversely proportional to the distance between the conductors. However, bare overhead con- ductors are normally installed with sufficient spacing seh that proximity effeees may be nesected. “Southwire Overhead Conductor Manual ©FIGURE 14 ‘SKIN EFFECT FacToR Pe Vor, Fs obs permite © Introduction to Bare Overhead Conductors