Tribological Behaviours of Textured Surfaces Under Conformal and Non-Conformal Starved Lubricated Contact Conditions-Annotated

XML Template (2014) [14.5.
2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
//blrnas3/cenpro/ApplicationFiles/Journals/SAGE/3B2/PIJJ/Vol00000/140056/APPFile/SG-PIJJ140056.3d (PIJ) [PREPRINTER stage]
Special Issue Article
Proc IMechE Part J:

J Engineering Tribology
Tribological behaviours of textured 0(0) 1–12
! IMechE 2014
surfaces under conformal and Reprints and permissions:
sagepub.co.uk/journalsPermissions.nav
non-conformal starved lubricated DOI: 10.1177/1350650114535759

pij.sagepub.com
contact conditions
Slawomir Wos, Waldemar Koszela and Pawel Pawlus
Abstract
Wear tests were carried out using a pin-on-disc tester. The sliding friction experiments were made using textured and
untextured discs of 50 HRC hardness, under starved lubricated conditions in unidirectional sliding. Two batches of tests
were done. The special construction was made to obtain conformal contact in the first type of tests. In the second test
type in non-conformal initial point contact condition, a steel disc was put in contact with a ball from bearing steel of
3.175 mm radius. Two kinds of textured discs were tested; the oil pockets were positioned in spiral and radial arrays the
number of oil pockets within friction track also varied. It was found that in conformal contact conditions the presence of
dimples resulted in considerable decrease of the friction force compared to untextured samples. Surface texturing
caused transition from point to conformal contact during test, which resulted in decrease of friction force but increase
of wear of balls. The tribological behaviour of assembly with spiral dimples layout was better than that with radial array of
oil pockets.
Keywords
Surface texturing, pin-on-disc, conformal contact, point contact, friction force
Date received: 25 November 2013; accepted: 17 April 2014
Introduction achieved by fabricating the micro-grooved crosshatch

Surface texturing resulted in improvement of tribo- pattern on a contact surface.5 Steel pin co-acted with
logical properties of sliding pairs. The machined dim- steel-textured disc in lubricated reciprocating sliding.
ples (or oil pockets) can be micro-hydrodynamic The effect of texturing on decrease of coefficient of
bearings for mixed or full lubrication, reservoirs for friction (up to three times) was evident for sliding
lubricant for starved lubrication or traps for wear speeds in the range: 0.05–0.2 m/s.6 The parallel chan-
debris in dry or lubricated sliding.1,2 nels on the disc surface reduced the coefficient of fric-
Surface texturing has been shown to provide tribo- tion. Smaller channels width and wider spacing
logical benefits in terms of friction reduction in con- between channels resulted in smaller coefficient of
formal contact. A lot of experiments were done using friction.7 The possibility of decrease of the friction
pin-on-disc testers. It was found that surface texturing force on laser-textured NiCrBSi-coated disc surface
caused decrease in the friction coefficient of 75% in co-acted with steel pin in lubricated condition was
starved lubricated pin-on-disc contact conditions.3 confirmed. The dimples sizes were comparatively
In wide range of loads and speeds, hydrodynamic large; their diameters were between 500 and
lubrication took place for textured disc surfaces. 900 mm.8 It was found that the presence of dimples
Kovalchenko et al.4 studied the effect of laser on disc surface caused increase of seizure resistance
texturing on transitions in lubrication regimes
during unidirectional sliding contact in pin-on-disc
configuration. It was found that the presence of dim- Department of Manufacturing Technology and Production Engineering,
ples increased range of hydrodynamic lubrication. Rzeszow University of Technology, Rzeszow, Poland
Tribological tests were carried out using a pin-
Corresponding author:
on-disc geometry with textured pin from SKD11 Pawel Pawlus, Rezszow University of Technology, 35-959 Rzeszow, W.
steel on bearing steel disc, under sliding in paraffin Pola 2, Poland.
oil. The results showed that friction control could be Email: ppawlus@prz.edu.pl
Downloaded from pij.sagepub.com at WASHINGTON UNIV SCHL OF MED on January 19, 2015
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
2 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)
of sliding pair made from cast iron.9 In that experi- Wakuda et al.20 from pin-on-disc tests of textured
ment, pile-ups were not removed from the disc surface silicon nitride ceramic plates against hardened steel
before tribologic test. Friction tests were conducted pins in a lubrication regime found that the dimple
using a pin-on-disc friction machine in a unidirec- size relative to the contact width was an important
tional sliding mode.10 Textured surfaces were pre- factor in determining the frictional properties; the
pared for disc surface, made from Ti alloy, co-acted dimple size should be sufficiently larger than elastic
with a steel pin in lubricated contact conditions. The contact width. A dimple size of approximately
results showed that the textured surfaces exhibited 100 mm at a density of 5–20% was recommended.
lower friction coefficient and wear compared to the Under boundary lubrication, the cavities might aid
untextured surface. The beneficial effects of the dim- lubrication when the lubricant could escape from the
ples were more pronounced at higher speeds and loads pockets into the contact area, which might be facili-
under lubrication with higher viscosity oil. tated by large dimples. A steel disc with textured
Improvement of tribological properties of sliding surfaces of 40 HRC hardness was put in contact
elements in conformal contact conditions by surface with a steel ball of 3.175 mm radius and hardness
texturing was also found by the present authors. The of 64 HRC.27 Before each test, one drop of oil was
textured samples exhibited a clearly longer lifetime supplied into the inlet side of the contact zone.
than untextured reference specimens.11 Owing to sur- It was found that the beneficial effect of surface tex-
face texturing, wear of stationary block, made from turing on tribological performance of sliding pairs
bronze decreased when pit-area ratio was in the range: took place when the dimple diameters were larger
23–26%.12 The presence of dimples with the area ratio than the elastic contact width. Friction tests between
of 13% on honed cylinder surface resulted in decrease the disc made from polydimethylsiloxane polymer
in the coefficient of friction almost twice compared to against a steel bearing ball were carried out under
plateau honed cylinder liners.13 water lubrication.28 Normal forces were 0.95 N and
However, even in conformal contact, surface tex- 1.88 N for sliding speed in the range: 20–200 mm/s.
turing does not always lead to decrease of frictional The surface texturing had an obvious effect of fric-
resistance. Oil pockets were created on pin surface co- tion reduction at low speed range (<60 mm/s) up to
acted with disc. The objective of that research was to 90%. At high speed range, the surface texturing
study the potential of commercial ceramics in pairing could induce high friction coefficients. Friction tests
with steel 100Cr6 and laser-assisted deterministic were conducted29 in lubricated point contact condi-
microtexturing of the flat functional surfaces as tions at a constant normal load of 8 N. The disc
design element for fast running friction systems. It surface contained triangular oil pockets with lateral
was found that surface texturing caused increase of sizes larger than Hertzian contact width. Tests were
the coefficient of friction and temperature in contact, performed at linear sliding speeds from 0.19 to
compared to smooth surfaces.14,15 In the cases of 1.9 m/s. The oil was spread out evenly on the disc
flooded conditions, surface texturing can cause surface before the test. Experimental results showed
increased oil loss from the conjunction in practice.16 the friction reduction or increase due to surface tex-
The effect of surface texturing on tribological per- turing. The larger dimple seemed to be beneficial for
formance of sliding elements under non-conformal friction reduction. Kovalchenko et al.30 discussed the
contact conditions is unclear yet and some results effect of laser-textured surfaces on the tribological
are even conflicted. Studies using a ball-on-flat con- properties under an initial ball-on-flat lubricated
tact configuration suggested that surface texturing contact. Tribological experiments were performed
could be detrimental to tribological performance. It at speeds from 0.015 to 0.75 m/s. The results
is believed that only patterns containing features nar- showed that discs with higher dimple density pro-
rower than the contact width could improve the tribo- duced more abrasive wear of the ball of disc hard-
logical performance of textured surfaces,17–19 while ness. This higher wear rate led to faster generation of
other studies showed that friction increased under conformal contacts and a transition from the bound-
these conditions.20,21 ary to mixed lubrication regime, resulting in a rapid
Recent studies using a ball-on-flat contact config- reduction in the friction coefficient with increased
uration aimed to determine the effect of dimples on ball wear. The diameters of oil pockets were similar
lubricant fluid film thickness.22–26 The results of these to elastic contact width.
studies suggested that texturing could be detrimental It follows from the analysis of literature that for
to tribological performance in the non-conformal non-conformal contact conditions involving full film
contact configuration. It was observed that relatively lubrication pattern features should be smaller, how-
deep oil pockets in the lubricated contact reduced ever, under boundary lubrication larger than the con-
fluid film thickness downstream of the contact area tact width.
and could cause lubricant film breakdown. For shal- Various techniques can be employed for surface
lower dimples, this effect was reduced; a shallow hole texturing including machining, ion beam texturing,
could even locally generate a large increase in the film etching techniques and laser texturing. Abrasive jet
thickness. machining is a promising method.19,31
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
Wos et al. 3
0.81 mm to 2.12 mm for radial oil pockets layout.

Experimental details Dimple densities in area co-acted with smaller disc
Tests were carried out using a pin-on disc tester. were in the range: 15–22%. Area ratio of dimples
Extensometer made by Hottinger company, type S2 was selected on the basis of previous investigations
(measurements range up to 50 N, accuracy class 0.1) of the present authors12,13 and literature analysis.
was used to measure friction force, revolving speed After abrasive jet machining, the pile-ups were
was monitored by inductive position transducer, removed by polishing. The experiments were also
type SCID-1 ZVN. The sliding friction experiments done for untextured polished discs with surface
were done using textured and untextured discs, roughness of 0.15 mm Ra, equalled to surface rough-
made from steel 42CrMo4, under starved lubricated ness of the textured discs in the zones without
conditions in unidirectional sliding. Tests were carried oil pockets. Figure 2 shows contour plots of discs of
out in ambient temperature 22 C with no additional types 1 and 2 and of untextured disc with sur-
heating source. Two batches of tests were done. The face cross-sections containing oil pockets. Photos
special construction was made in order to obtain con- of untextured and textured samples are presented
formal contact in the first type of test. A small disc in Figure 3.
made from 42CrMo4 steel 2 of 5 mm diameter, with In experiments, normal load was 20 N for both
chamfer 0.5 mm 45 (diameter of the contact area conformal and non-conformal contacts; Hertzian
was 4 mm) contacted disc 1 of 25.4 mm diameter contact diameter was about 150 mm for
and 50 HRC hardness (see Figure 1). In the second non-conformal contact. Before each test, one drop
test type in non-conformal contact condition, a steel (approximately 0.05 ml) of oil L-AN 46 (kinematic
disc also of 50 HRC hardness was put in contact with viscosity in 40 C 46.0 mm2/s, in 100 C 6.66 mm2/s,
a ball from bearing steel 100Cr6 of 3.175 mm radius viscosity index 96, ignition temperature minimum
and hardness of 64 HRC. Two kinds of textured discs 170 C, flow temperature maximum 12 C, density
were tested; the oil pockets were positioned in spiral in 15 C 880 kg/m3) was supplied into the inlet side
(type 1) and radial arrays (type 2). of the contact zone; no further lubricant was added
After polishing, the discs were textured by abrasive during the test. Volume of all oil pockets on disc,
jet machining with application of laser cut mask. calculated as volume of cylinder (of dimensions:
Spiral rows on disc of type 1 were equally spaced; diameter 0.5 mm, height 10 mm) multiplied by the
the number of dimples on disc circumference was number of oil pockets, was 0.00107 ml. It is evident
20, the angle between rows was 18 . Radial rows of that the oil quantity was sufficient for filling all pock-
oil pockets on disc of type 2 were obtained with angle ets. The friction force was monitored as a function of
between rows of 15 . Sizes of oil pockets for spiral and time. The coefficient of friction was calculated as the
radial arrays were similar, diameters were about ratio of the friction force to the normal force. Before
0.5 mm but depths about 10 mm. The depth over diam- and after tests, disc surface topography was measured
eter ratio is the most important parameter. Its value using a white light interferometer Talysurf CCI Lite
of 0.02 is within recommendation of specialists in the with 0.01 nm height resolution. The number of test
field of surface texturing.32 Many studies suggested repetitions was three. New specimens were used for
the use of reasonably small depth. each repetition. After principal tests, the measure-
The distance between dimples varied from 1.07 mm ments of balls surface topographies were done.
to 2.64 mm for spiral array of dimples and from In preliminary investigations both under conformal
and point initial contact conditions, sliding disc diam-
eter was 20 mm and sliding time was 600 s, rotational
speed varied from 100 rpm to 1000 rpm (sliding speed
was in the range: 0.1–1.04 m/s) in a stepwise manner
(rotational speed changed by 100 rpm for after 60 s of
test duration). In conformal contact conditions, pit-
area ratio was 17%. The aims of preliminary investi-
gation were to assess qualitatively the effect of oil
pocket presence on tribological behaviour of co-
acting pairs and to determine parameters of principal
investigations.
In principal research, friction tests were carried out
at the same sliding speed (0.4 m/s) and the number of
revolutions (10,000). For conformal contact track,
diameters (measured to the centre of the small disc)
were between 14 mm and 18 mm, for non-conformal
initial contact sliding diameters were between 10 mm
Figure 1. The scheme of conformal contact: 1. disc, 2. small and 18 mm. Additional tests in initial non-conformal
disc and 3. pin. contact condition were done for sliding speed of
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
(a) (b)
(c) (d)
(e)
Figure 2. Contour plots and surface profiles containing oil pockets of discs of type 1 (a, c) and of type 2 (b, d) as well as contour plot
of untextured disc (e).
Figure 3. Photos of textured discs of type 1 (a), of type 2 (b) and of untextured disc (c) after machining.
0.4 m/s and increased test duration (the number of It is evident from the analysis of Figure 4 that
revolution was 43,000). resistance to motion in conformal contact condition
(coefficient of friction in the range: 0.003–0.028) was
much smaller than that under non-conformal contact
Results and discussion
(coefficient of friction in the range: 0.055–0.098)
Figure 4 presents the results of initial tests, both for because of smaller unitary pressure in conformal con-
conformal and non-conformal contacts. The points in tact condition. Behaviour of the friction force versus
the diagrams present average values of friction force sliding speed for different contact types was also
in the last 10 s. In this time variation the level was low. opposite. For textured samples in conformal contact,
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
Wos et al. 5
Figure 4. Variation of the friction force with sliding speed for textured discs of type 1 (spiral sample) and of type 2 (radial rows
sample) and untextured disc (reference sample) in conformal (a) and non-conformal (b) contact conditions.
the friction force was higher for larger sliding speed. During preliminary tests, disc wear was negligible
The low values of the friction coefficient and the for both conformal and non-conformal contacts.
increase with speed seem to indicate full lubrication On the basis of initial tests, it was decided to carry
conditions. The friction force for sliding pair with out principal investigations with sliding speed of
untextured disc initially increased when sliding speed 0.4 m/s. For this speed, tribological behaviours of tex-
increased and obtained stable value when sliding tured samples were better than that of untextured spe-
speed was higher than 0.2 m/s. For the smallest sliding cimens in both contact conditions. The selected sliding
speed 0.08 m/s, the friction force for sliding pair with speed is common for gears in reducers (possible prac-
untextured disc sample was much smaller than those tical application of this study).
for assemblies containing textured specimens. The Figure 5 presents variations of friction forces for
beneficial effect of surface texturing is evident for slid- textured and untextured discs in conformal contact
ing speeds from the range: 0.25–0.42 m/s independ- conditions for sliding speed of 0.4 m/s. The area dens-
ently of disc type. Tribological behaviour of sliding ity of oil pockets was 17%. As time progressed, the
pair containing disc sample of type 1 with spiral friction force increased. It is probably the result of
array of dimples was slightly better than that of decrease of the amount of lubricant on the disc sur-
type 2 with radial layout. face with time. The results obtained in initial tests
Differently to conformal contact, for point contact were partially confirmed. Friction forces in Figure 5
the friction force was larger for smaller sliding speed for textured disc of type 1 (spiral sample) are smaller
for all the analysed samples. Tribological behaviours than those in Figure 4(a). Different results can be
of assemblies containing untextured disc and textured caused by manually polishing of small disc. Owing
disc with radial array of dimples were similar. How- to it small disc can be rounded, which may change
ever, presence of spiral oil pockets layout caused friction conditions. The spiral disc array was benefi-
decrease of friction force. cial from tribological point of view. The friction force
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
Figure 5. Variation of the friction force with the number of revolutions for textured discs of type 1 (spiral sample) and of type 2
(radial rows sample) and untextured disc (reference sample) in conformal contact conditions for sliding speed of 0.4 m/s.
for sliding pair with spiral disc sample was much between discs and balls. Figure 9 shows the photos
smaller than that with untextured disc. This difference of disc surfaces; however, Figure 10 shows the con-
was large, for example for number of revolution tour plots of discs and balls as well as balls cross sec-
about 4000 resistance to motion of untextured disc tions after tribologic tests.
decreased about six times compared to smooth disc The wear of untextured disc was negligible.
sample. Due to surface texturing, hydrodynamic Although wear traces are visible in Figure 9(c), it
lubrication occurred (the average value of the coeffi- was impossible to see them from the results of surface
cient of friction was 0.005). The presence of radial topography measurement. Wear of textured discs was
arrays of oil pocket on disc surface also caused also small (see Figure 10(a) and (b)) with some traces
decrease of the friction force of the analysed assembly near the rear side of the oil pockets (see Figure 10(c)
in conformal contact condition compared to untex- and (d)). Similar changes were found in the previous
tured sample; however, this decrease was smaller investigations of the present authors,27 where dimples
(for the number of revolution about 4000 friction became non-symmetric as the result of contact with
force decreased about two times). The scattering of ball (in the rear dimple side edge became blunt), which
friction force was the smallest for spiral disc sample, led to decrease of the friction force. In the present
which was probably caused by the uniform contact research, changes of disc surface topography were
between small disc and dimples; for disc sample with smaller compared to work27 due to higher disc hard-
radial dimples array this contact was interrupted, so ness. Wear of balls co-acted with untextured discs
the fluctuations of the friction force were larger. was negligible. However, due to wear, balls in places
Conformal contact between small disc and disc (see of co-action with textured discs became flat (see
Figure 1) allowed discs matching and creation of Figure 10(g) and (h)). During tribologic tests non-
hydrodynamic lift. Small wear of disc occurred with conformal point contact changed to conformal con-
the formation of circumferential scars (see Figure 6). tact, which should lead to decrease of the coefficient of
Similar results were obtained for area density of friction. Wear of balls improved the effect of dim-
dimples in the range 15–22%, both for radial and pling. The diameters of wear scars on steel balls
spiral arrays. Discrepancies between friction force were in the range 0.35–0.6 mm for balls co-acted
values were small for the same disc type and different with discs of type 1 and 0.4–0.65 mm of type 2. The
pit-area ratios. tendency was found that flat contact areas were smal-
Figures 7 and 8 present the variation of friction ler for balls co-acted with disc with spiral array of
force with the number of revolutions for contact dimples. The diameter of ball wear scars was larger
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
Wos et al. 7
(a) (b)
Figure 6. Isometric view of disc of type 2 (a) and contour plot of its zoomed detail free of dimples (b) after friction tests under
conformal contact conditions.
(radial rows sample) and untextured disc (reference sample) in initial non-conformal contact conditions for sliding speed of 0.4 m/s and
contact track diameters 10 mm (a), 12 mm (b) and 14 mm (c).
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:06pm] [1–12]
(radial rows sample) and untextured disc (reference sample) in initial non-conformal contact conditions for sliding speed of 0.4 m/s and
contact track diameters 16 mm (a) and 18 mm (b).
Figure 9. Photos of textured discs of type 1 (a), type 2 (b) and of untextured disc (c) after tribologic tests in initial non-conformal
contact conditions.
when the ball passed by higher number of oil pocket Bigger values of friction forces in Figures 7 and 8
centres for each types of textured disc. The analysis of compared to Figure 4(b) were probably caused by
worn balls indicated that wear occurred by abrasive small duration of speed steps in preliminary tests, in
mechanism. Similar phenomenon was observed by which sliding speed decreased with time.
Kovalchenko et al.30 In their investigation, the hard- It is evident from the analysis of Figures 7 and 8
ness of ball was equal to hardness of disc, and oil that for sliding pairs containing untextured (reference)
pockets diameters were in the same range as elastic disc the friction force was the smallest in initial test
contact width. Their results showed that discs with period and then slowly increased. The small initial
higher dimple density produced more wear on the friction force of assemblies containing smooth
ball specimen. surfaces was caused by small roughness height of
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:07pm] [1–12]
Wos et al. 9
(a) (b)
(c)
(d)
(f)
(e)
(g) (h)
Figure 10. Contour plots of textured disc samples (a, b), their zoomed details (c, d), contour plots of balls (e, f), cross-sections of
balls (g, h) of assemblies containing disc of type 1 (a, c, e, g) and 2 (b, d, f, h) after tribologic test in initial non-conformal contact
conditions.
untextured disc; such behaviour was confirmed by ball, like for spiral sample (of type 1) for contact
other investigations in starved lubricated non- diameter of 14 mm (see Figure 7(c)). However, when
conformal contacts.33–35 For sliding pairs containing the number of revolutions reached 10,000 the friction
textured disc samples usually the friction force forces for both textured and untextured samples were
decreased as time progressed or exhibited a sharp similar, and it is impossible to say from the analysis of
increase at the beginning of the test, followed by a Figures 7 and 8, what type of textured disc is better in
steady decrease after reaching a peak value (see lubricated initial point contact condition. Therefore,
Figure 8(b)). Decrease of the friction force with time additional experiments were done for longer test dur-
is probably due to change of type of contact from ation. This test was carried out for contact track
point to conformal. Some exceptions were probably diameter of 16 mm. The number of revolutions was
caused by small number of dimple centres passed by 43,000; test duration was 1.5 h. Figure 11 presents the
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:07pm] [1–12]
(radial rows sample) and untextured disc (reference sample) in non-conformal contact conditions for long time test with sliding speed
0.4 m/s and contact track diameters 16 mm.
Figure 12. Photos of textured discs of type 1 (a), type 2 (b) and of untextured disc (c) details after tribologic long time tests in initial
non-conformal contact conditions.
friction force curves for this type of test, but Figure 12 with textured discs occurred; the diameter of wear
presents the photos of textured and untextured discs scar was 0.45 mm for the ball co-acted with the disc
after the test. of type 1 and 0.55 mm of type 2. The smaller friction
The above-described tendency of frictional behav- force was obtained for samples with spiral array of
iour of the analysed assembly was confirmed for dimples (type 1), compared to radial layout (type 2).
longer test duration. For sliding pair containing These results are in accordance with those obtained
untextured disc, the friction force increased as time for conformal contact conditions (see Figure 5). The
progressed more sharply in initial test part. The present results suggest that surface texturing may be
shape of friction force curve (see Figure 1) suggests beneficial in terms of friction reduction if wear of the
that lubricated non-conformal (point) contact co-acting elements is acceptable. However, this wear
occurred, which was confirmed from the examination can be minimized by proper selection of dimple array.
of disc and ball after tribologic test. Wear of disc (see A more in-depth experimental research is required in
Figure 12(c)) and ball was negligible. The increase of future work in this area.
friction force suggests the risk of seizure for longer Seals are often subjected to thermal distortion in
test duration, dangerous for sliding elements. In con- real applications. This can cause areas of non-
trast, the friction force exhibited a sharp increase at conformance. The present work does not take into
the beginning of the test, followed by further steady account this issue, which is nevertheless important
decrease for assemblies containing textured discs. to consider.
Friction force decrease is the result of changes from
point to conformal contact. Although wear of disc
was small, the changes of disc surface topography
Conclusions
near the rear edges of oil pockets are visible in The presence of dimples created by abrasive jet
Figure 12(a) and (b). Abrasive wear of balls co-acted machining technique on steel disc surface resulted in
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:07pm] [1–12]
Wos et al. 11
considerable decrease of the coefficient of friction 8. Higuera Garrido A, Gonzalez R, Cadenas M, et al.
compared to polished disc texture in conformal con- Tribological behavior of laser-textured NiCrBSi coat-
tact with steel counter-face. The beneficial effect of ings. Wear 2011; 271: 925–933.
surface texturing was obtained for spiral array of dim- 9. Mishra SP and Polycarpou AA. Tribological studies of
unpolished laser surface textures under starved lubrica-
ples on disc surface, which resulted in decrease of the
tion conditions for use in air-conditioning and refriger-
friction force up to seven times (the coefficient of fric- ation compressors. Tribol Int 2011; 44: 1890–1901.
tion was about 0.005) compared to untextured 10. Hu T, Hu L and Ding Q. The effect of laser texturing on
samples. Uniformity of oil pocket contact with coun- the tribological behaviour of Ti-6Al-4V. Proc IMechE,
ter-specimen caused small scatter of the friction force. Part J: J Engineering Tribology 2012; 226: 854–863.
The presence of radial array of oil pocket resulted in 11. Koszela W, Galda L, Dzierwa A, et al. The effect of
smaller decrease of the friction force compared to surface texturing on seizure resistance of steel-bronze
untextured disc sample. assembly. Tribol Int 2010; 43: 1933–1942.
Due to texturing, point contact changed to confor- 12. Koszela W, Pawlus P and Galda L. The effect of oil
mal contact during tribologic test, resulting in pockets size and distribution on wear in lubricated slid-
decrease of the friction force and increase of wear of ing. Wear 2007; 263: 1585–1592.
13. Grabon W, Koszela W, Pawlus P, et al. Improving
the ball. The friction force reduction was higher for
tribological performance of piston ring – cylinder liner
longer tests duration. Wear of elements contacting
frictional pair by liner surface texturing. Tribol Int 2013;
with textured surfaces can be controlled by proper 6: 102–108.
selection of the array of oil pockets. The tribological 14. Zum Gahr K-H, Wahl R and Wauthier K.
behaviour of sliding pair containing spiral dimples Experimental study of the effect of microtexturing on
layout in initial point contact conditions was better oil lubricated ceramic/steel friction pairs. Wear 2009;
than that with radial array of oil pockets. 267: 1241–1251.
The results of this study can be applied to mating 15. Wahl R, Schneider J and Gumbsch P. Influence of the
parts of high hardness like in reduction gears. real geometry of the protrusions in micro textured sur-
faces on frictional behaviour. Tribol Lett 2012; 47:
447–453.
Funding 16. Morris N, Rahmani R and Rahnejat H. Tribology of
This research received no specific grant from any partial pad journal bearings with textured surfaces. In:
funding agency in the public commercial, or non-profit Proceedings of the 3rd European conference on tribology,
sectors. ECOTRIB 2011, The Austrian Tribology Society,
Vienna, Austria, 7–9 June 2011, pp.645–650.
17. Dumitru G, Romano V, Weber H-P, et al. Laser micro-
Conflict of interest
structuring of steel surfaces for tribological applica-
None declared. tions. Appl Phys 2000; A70: 485–487.
18. Costa HL and Hutchings IM. Hydrodynamic lubrica-
References tion of textured steel surfaces under reciprocating slid-
1. Nilsson B, Rosen B-G, Thomas TR, et al. Oil pockets ing conditions. Tribol Int 2007; 40: 1227–1238.
and surface topography: mechanism of friction reduc- 19. Wang X, Liu W, Zhou F, et al. Preliminary investiga-
tion. In: XI international colloquium on surfaces. tion of the effect of dimple size on friction in line con-
Chemnitz, Germany: Addendum, 2004. tacts. Tribol Int 2009; 42: 1118–1123.
2. Etsion I. State of the art in laser surface texturing. In: 20. Wakuda M, Yamauchi Y, Kanzaki S, et al. Effect of
Proceedings of the 12th conference on metrology and prop- surface texturing on friction reduction between ceramic
erties of engineering surfaces, Rzeszow University of and steel materials under lubricated sliding contact.
Technology, Rzeszów, Poland, 2009, pp.17–20. Wear 2003; 254: 356–363.
3. Borghi A, Gualtieri E, Marchetto D, et al. Tribological 21. Vilhena LM, Sedlacek M, Podgornik B, et al. Surface
effects of surface texturing on nitriding steel for high-per- texturing by pulsed Nd:YAG laser. Tribol Int 2009; 42:
formance engine applications. Wear 2008; 265: 1046–1051. 1496–1504.
4. Kovalchenko A, Ajayi O, Erdemir A, et al. The effect of 22. Krupka I and Hartl M. The effect of surface texturing
laser surface texturing on transitions in lubrication on thin EHD lubrication films. Tribol Int 2007; 40:
regimes during unidirectional sliding contact. Tribol Int 1100–1110.
2005; 38: 219–225. 23. Krupka I and Hartl M. Experimental study of micro-
5. Suh M, Chae Y, Kim S, et al. Effect of geometrical par- textured surfaces operating under thin-film EHD lubri-
ameters in micro-grooved crosshatch pattern under cation conditions. ASME J Tribol 2007; 129: 502–508.
lubricated sliding friction. Tribol Int 2010; 43: 1508–1517. 24. Mourier L, Mazuyer D, Lubrecht AA, et al. Action of a
6. Podgornik B and Sedlacek M. Performance, character- femtosecond laser generated micro-cavity passing
ization and design of textured surfaces. ASME J Tribol through a circular EHL contact. Wear 2008; 264:
2012; 134: 041701–1. 450–456.
7. Sedlacek M, Podgornik B and Vizintin J. Planning sur- 25. Krupka I, Hartl M and Svoboda P. Effects of surface
face texturing for reduced friction in lubricated sliding topography on lubrication film formation within elas-
using surface roughness parameters skewness and kur- tohydrodynamic and mixed lubricated non-conformal
tosis. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology contacts. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering
2012; 226: 661–667. Tribology 2010; 224: 713–722.
XML Template (2014) [14.5.2014–2:07pm] [1–12]
26. Mourier L, Mazuyer D, Ninove FP, et al. Lubrication 31. Nakano M, Korenaga, Miyake K, et al. Applying
mechanisms with laser-textured surfaces in elastohydro- micro-texture to cast iron surfaces to reduce the friction
dynamic regime. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering coefficient under lubricated conditions. Tribol Lett
Tribology 2010; 224: 697–712. 2007; 28: 131–138.
27. Dzierwa A, Koszela W, Pawlus P, et al. Tribological 32. Yu H, Huang W and Wang X. Dimple patterns design
behaviors of textured surfaces under lubricated point for different circumstances. Lubric Sci 2013; 25: 67–78.
contact conditions. In: Proceedings of Tribo-Lyon con- 33. Sedlacek M, Podgornik B and Vizintin J. Influence of
ference, Lyon, 2013. surface preparation on roughness parameters, friction
28. Li J, Zhou F and Wang X. Modify the friction between and wear. Wear 2009; 266: 482–487.
steel ball and PDMS disk under water lubrication by 34. Wang S, Hu YZ, Wang WZ, et al. Transition of fric-
surface texturing. Meccanica 2011; 46: 499–507. tional states and surface roughness effects in lubricated
29. Wang W-Z, Huang Z, Shen D, et al. The effect of tri- contacts. Proc IMechE, Part J: J Engineering Tribology
angle-shaped surface textures on the performance of the 2008; 222: 407–414.
lubricated point-contact. ASME J Tribol 2013; 135: 35. Dzierwa A, Pawlus P, Zelasko W, et al. The study of the
021503–1. tribological properties of one-process and two-process
30. Kovalchenko A, Ajayi O, Erdemir A, et al. Friction and textures after vapour blasting and lapping using pin-on-
wear behavior of laser textured surface under lubricated disc tests. Key Eng Mater 2013; 527: 217–222.
initial point contact. Wear 2011; 271: 1719–1725.

Tribological Behaviours of Textured Surfaces Under Conformal and Non-Conformal Starved Lubricated Contact Conditions-Annotated

Transféré par

Informations du document

Titre original

Copyright

Formats disponibles

Partager ce document

Partager ou intégrer le document

Options de partage

Avez-vous trouvé ce document utile ?

Ce contenu est-il inapproprié ?

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

Tribological Behaviours of Textured Surfaces Under Conformal and Non-Conformal Starved Lubricated Contact Conditions-Annotated

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Formats disponibles

XML Template (2014) [14.5.

Special Issue Article

Proc IMechE Part J:

non-conformal starved lubricated DOI: 10.1177/1350650114535759

Slawomir Wos, Waldemar Koszela and Pawel Pawlus

Date received: 25 November 2013; accepted: 17 April 2014

Introduction achieved by fabricating the micro-grooved crosshatch

2 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

0.81 mm to 2.12 mm for radial oil pockets layout.

4 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

6 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

8 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

10 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

12 Proc IMechE Part J: J Engineering Tribology 0(0)

Vous aimerez peut-être aussi