Time Period 1

Until 600 BCE

• Civilization (farming) leads to disease, women
inequality
• 8000 BCE – Neolithic Revolution aka
Agricultural Revolution
• First crops = wheat/barley in Middle East
• Then rice/China, yams/Africa, maize/Americas
• Farming brings surplus of food
– More food = security = specialization = pop
increase
 8000 BCE to 600 BCE: Intro
• Period 1 8000 BCE - 600 BCE
• Starts @ Neolithic Revolution
• First human-like creature (Lucy)
Australopithecines
• Out of Africa Theory
– All people come from Africa
– Bering Strait Land Bridge
• Domesticated animals start in Middle East
– Lambs, goats, cows
• Only Llamas in Americas
– Columbian Exchange?
• Most civilizations develop independently
– Especially Americas
• Agricultural settlements (not civs)
– Jericho 8000 BCE (Israel)
– Chatel Huyuk 7000 BCE (Turkey)
• What is a civilization?
– Food surplus
– Job specialization
– Writing
– Art
– Trade
– Stratification
– Army
– New Tech
• Metals during this time are very important
• First Bronze (copper + tin)
– 3000 BCE
• First Iron
– 1300 BCE
• Themes
• Environment altered by humans
– Irrigation
– Indus, Nile, Yellow all flood
• Developments from cultural interaction
– Trade among empires
• As civilization progresses, woman’s status declines
– Hunters/gatherers egalitarian
Ancient River Valley Civilizations, Part
1
• River Valley Civs:
• Mesopotamia
• Flooding = angry gods
• Travelers = causing trouble, less stability
• Sumer
• Cuneiform = earliest known writing
• Epic of Gilgamesh
– Flood found in other stories
• Govs less centralized
– City states
• Sumerian Advancements
• Wheel, calendar, 60 base number system
• Babylonians take over Sumer
• Code of Hammurabi
– Diff rules for diff classes
– Super strict
– Gender inequality
• Mesopotamia highlights
• Polytheistic
• Not centralized gov
• Hammurabi’s Code
• Cuneiform
• Wheel
• Gilgamesh
• Hittites bring iron to Mesopotamia
• Diffusion – getting something from another
culture
• Major Mesopotamian cultures:
• Sumer
• Acadians
• Babylon
• Hittites
• Assyrians
• Persians
• Egypt
• Nile predictable flooding
– Less angry gods?
• 3 kingdoms (“time” periods)– old, middle, new
• Pyramids in old
• Interact w/ Nubians in middle
• More militaristic in new
• Pharaoh at top
• More centralized than Mesoamerica
• Pyramids show stratification (slave labor)
• Hieroglyphics (probably borrowed from
Mesoamerica)
• Papyrus = paper
Compare Zigs, Pyrs, AME pyrs
Compare Cuneiform, Hieroglyphics,
Mayan Glyphs
• Hatshepsut – women ruler
– Then Egypt has more status for women than other
civs
– But she was represented as a man to demonstrate
her power
• Diffusion of bronze into Egypt from Hyksos
• Egyptian Highlights:
• Polytheistic
• Social Strat
• Centralized (more than Mesoamerica)
• Higher status for women
• Pyramids
• Hieroglyphics
Ancient River Valley Civilizations, Part
2
• Indus (Pakistan) (N. India)
– Cities: Mohenjo Daro, Harappa
• Indoor plumbing(!), peaceful
• Social stratification
• Proof of long distance trade
– Indus seals found in Meso/China
• Aryans take over end Indus Civ
• Start Hinduism/Caste System
• China (Shang Dynasty) first “real” dynasty
– Xia may just be a mythical story
• Oracle bones
– Scratch questions, fire, get answers from
ancestors
• Zhou (Joe) – Longest dynasty
– Create mandate of heaven
• God gives emperor right to rule if he is good
• Used Mandate of Heaven as justification to overthrow
Shang
• Exceptions to river valley rule
– Americas
– Olmec in Central America
– Chavin in Peru
• Important groups
• Indo-Europeans
– Rode horses
– Spread from C. Asia
– Aryans/Huns
• Bantu migrations (2000BCE)
– Sub Saharan
– Spread their language, farming and iron
• Hebrews (first monotheists)
• Phoenicians
– Phonetics (becomes modern alphabet)
• Religion in Time Period 1
• Animism – “animating” giving objects spirits
– Africa, Asia
• Hinduism
• Judaism
• Zoroastrianism
– Good and evil starts here (first “dualistic” religion)
– Arguments for this was first monotheistic religion
– Good god/bad god maybe polytheistic
– Maybe archetype for God/Devil
Time Period 2

600 BCE - 600 CE

 600 BCE to 600 CE:
• Why 600 BCE?
– Rise of classical civilizations (Rome, Han, Gupta)
– development of major world
religions/philosophies
• Why 600 CE?
– Islam
• Gains power that no religion has had before
• Big Picture Events:
– Rise and fall of EMPIRES (larger than civilizations)
– Development and spread of world religions and
belief systems
– Major development and expansion of large trade
networks
• Rise and fall of Empires
• China
• Zhou dynasty ends in 256 BCE
– Longest lasting dynasty, develop the Mandate of
Heaven
• Warring States Period
• Qin dynasty (221 BCE-209 BCE) Really short
period
• Shi Huangdi- known as the first emperor of
China
– Unifies China after the warring states period
– Uses legalism to straighten everyone up
• People are evil by nature
• Super strict
• Government is there to keep people from chaos
• Burned Confucius’ works
• Builds tomb guarded by Terra Cotta warriors
and starts the Great Wall
– Modern wall is Ming Dynasty
• Standardizes weights, measurements,
currencies, laws and written language
• Han dynasty (206 BCE to 200 CE)
• Legalism out, Confucianism back in
• Golden Age of China
– Golden Age anywhere = Peace, culture, art
• Established the Silk Road
– Han (silk) and Romans (precious metals) trade
• “creepy silk boxers” comment
– Tons of diffusion on the Silk Roads
– Buddhism spreads to China via silk road
• From India to China
• Civil Service Exam begins w/ Han
– Based on teachings of Confucius
• (Analects) his book
– Government should be highly educated
– Created a government bureaucracy skilled and
stable
• Based on merit
– Possibility of social mobility through the test
 – Society is male dominated due to Confucianism
• Husband-wife, older brother-younger brother etc…
– Technology
• Paper manufactured, sun dials, calendars,
compass, rudder, seismograph, water
powered
• India
• Mauryan Empire (322- 185 BCE)
– First to unify the Indian subcontinent
– Ashoka
• First super-violent, then converted to Buddhism
• Spread Buddhism and kept it from dying out
– Probably would have died out without him
• Larger geographically than Gupta
• Traded with outsiders
• Taken down by invaders
• Time of dis-unification
• Gupta Empire (320- 550 CE)
• G=Golden
• Hinduism reemerges from south (Buddhism in
north)
• Buddhism moves to China
• Golden Age of India: Number system developed
(Arabic numerals), concept of zero, concept of pi,
Sanskrit flourishes, predicted eclipses, inoculation,
surgeries and bone setting
– Maya also have “zero”
 – Gupta Not as centralized, smaller than the
Mauryan
– Hinduism reasserted
• Major continuity throughout India
• Sati a strong example of patriarchal society in
India
– Way of women to purify her soul
 600 BCE to 600 CE: Mediterranean
Empires
• Persian Empire
• Cyrus the Great starts the Empire (Iran)
• Zoroastrian religion
• Known to take ppl over, but let them worship how
they pleased
• Leader known as “King of Kings”
• Royal Road (1600 miles of roads comparable to
eventual Roman roads)
– Led to trade and ease of governing
• Capital Persepolis (comparable to Chang’an, Athens,
Rome, Teotihuacan)
– Really rich city, lots of gold
• Persian War
– Battle of Marathon “Nike!”
– Battle of Thermopylae
• Athens/Sparta come together w/ 300 soldiers to defeat millions
of Persians
• Defeated by Greeks in Persian War (this developed the
concept of East and West) and finally defeated by
Alexander the Great of Macedonia
• Greece
– Adopted Phoenician alphabet
– Geography makes them unique
• Mountains, islands makes them isolated
– City-states develop due to isolation
• Athens- democracy, science, arts, philosophy,
architecture (Parthenon)
• Sparta- military
• Join together to fight in the Persian War
• Culture- Olympics, mythology, epic poems of the
Odyssey and Iliad (Homer), drama and comedy,
development of philosophy (Socrates, Plato,
Aristotle, Alexander) X taught Y
– Aristotle model of Greek thought by use of logic
• Reason, logic, scientific method
• Peloponnesian War
– Athens v. Greece (Civil war)
– Sparta wins
– Weakened
– Taken over by Alex
• Alexander the Great
• Conquered Greece and spread Greek culture (Hellenism)
– Awesome @war
– Empire facilitated interaction and spread of culture (Greece,
India, Persia, and Egypt)
– Hellenistic Empire
– Golden Age
• Library of Alexandria in Egypt center of learning (good
comparison to later Timbuktu, Mali)
– Geometry, medicine, anatomy, circumference of the earth,
Pythagorean theorem, geocentric thought of Ptolemy
• Rome (Greatest achievements are law and
engineering)
– Roman Republic
• Senate, Twelve Tables (comparable to Hammurabi’s
law code)
• Patricians (rich) and Plebeians (poor)
• Military domination and expansion with the Punic wars
v. Carthage (North Africa)
• Empire
• First Emperor: Julius Caesar killed (44 BCE), Octavian
Augustus becomes emperor
• Empire stretches from England to Middle East
– Constantine did the spreading
• Pax Romana (Roman peace)
– Golden Age
– Comparable to Golden age of Athens, later Pax Mongolica and
Pax Tokugawa of Japan
– Law- innocent unless proven guilty by court
– Engineering (Coliseum), aqueducts (for clean water all over the
city)
– Roads (comparable to Persian royal road and later Incan roads)
• Roman culture influenced by Greek cultural
diffusion
– Roman/Greek gods the same
• Slavery- Both Greek and Roman society heavily
dependent on slavery (comparison to Chinese
dependency on the peasants)
– China had peasants, not slaves
– Slaves did all jobs, not just regular labor
• Silk Road
– Rome traded precious metals with the Han for silk
 600 BCE to 600 CE: The Americas
• Americas
– Maya (300-1100 CE)
– Much later than Mediterranean and Chinese
classical civs
• Warring city states under one ruler (Tikal, Chichen Itza)
• Writing system-glyphs (comparable to Egyptian
hieroglyphics)
– Picture writing
– Means “carving”
• Calendar is really close to measuring days/years
• Developed zero as a placeholder like Gupta India
• Astronomical observations and development of
calendar
• Steppe pyramids of Tikal (Guatemala) and Chichen
Itza (Yucatan, Mexico)
– Compare with ziggurat in Mesopotamia and Egyptian
pyramids
• Teotihuacan
– City in valley of Mexico (later model for Aztec
capital of Tenochtitlan)
– Based on grid
– Similar time as Mayas
• Moche of South America in the Andes
(100-700 CE)
– Extensive irrigation, complex culture
• Comparisons
– Maya and Gupta develop the concept of zero
independently
• Rome and Han
• Politically centralized but Han had bureaucracy based on
merit
• Economically both used the silk road to exchange goods
• Religiously Rome was first polytheistic later adopted
Christianity (380 CE) while the Han relied on Confucianism
and later adopted Buddhism
– Both adopted foreign religions
• Social: Rome used slaves, Han used peasants
• Intellectual: Roman law and engineering/ Han civil service
exam, roads, compass
• Artistic: state sponsored art
• Greeks and Romans much more dependent on
slavery than the Han
• Maya were warring city states similar to that of
Greece
• Classical empire capitals
– (Athens, Persepolis (Persia), Teotihuacan, Chang an,
Rome)
• Golden Ages(Rome Han Gupta)
– Peace
– Art/Science
– Trade
• Fall of Empires
• Maya- possible exhaustion of the environment
– Mystery of how they fell
• Han China- (220 CE)
– Internal - population increases, land problems,
corruption, peasant rebellion called Yellow Turban
(184 CE), disease
– External- conflict with nomadic Xiongnu
• People from north w/ good horses
• Roman Empire (Western Rome falls in 476 CE,
East survives as the Byzantine Empire)
– Internal- tax revolts, poor leaders, division of empire,
violent death of emperors, over expansion, decrease
in trade, reliance on mercenaries, disease
– External- Huns and Goths
• From north
• Gupta- Invasion by the White Huns- cost
weakened state and eventually overrun
– Hinduism and caste system survived
 600 BCE to 600 CE: Belief Systems,
Part 1
• Polytheism- most early civilizations were
polytheistic (belief in many gods)
– Animism- Africa, Americas – objects can have
spirits (animism)
– Shamanism- Americas, Central Asia (Shaman goes
between real and spirit world)
 Hinduism
• Began with Aryan (Near Iran) invaders and is
the oldest of the major religions
• No founder
• Caste system established and priests are at
the top of the social hierarchy
• Like a ladder
 Hinduism
• Follow dharma (rules of your caste) next life
determined by karma
• Karma – what you do this life will determine
your caste next life
• Reincarnation- cycle of life and death
• Moksha- release from the cycle of life and
death
 Hinduism
• Hinduism keeps India together through
different empires
• Vedas and Upanishads sources of prayers that
guide Hindus
– Rig Veda
– Baghavad Gita
 Hinduism
• Patriarchal
– Sati
– Women could not achieve moksha
• Always will serve as a continuity in India
(especially in the south)
• Traveled to SE Asia- Angkor Wat (Malaysia)
– On sea roads (600-1450)
 Buddhism
• Symbols include the endless knot and the
wheel
• Spawned out of Hinduism like Christianity out
of Judaism
– Reaction to Hinduism
• Can reach nirvana in this life (anyone can)
• Not about castes
• Appeals to the poor
 Buddhism
• Founder was Siddhartha Gautama (6th
century BCE)
• Four Noble Truths-
– life is suffering
– Suffering is caused by attachment to stuff and ppl
– There is a way to end suffering
– It is the Eightfold Path
 Buddhism
• Follow the Eightfold path-right
conduct/meditation (being good and nice)
• Nirvana (peace/bliss)- comparable to Moksha
in Hinduism
• Appealed especially to the poor since nirvana
could be achieved in one lifetime
• Offers a monastic life for men and women
(like Christianity)
 Buddhism
• Universalizing Religion (like Christianity and
Islam)
– Easily adapted to other cultures
• Monastic (like Christianity) – monks and nuns
– Escape society to worship
 Buddhism
• Split Theravada (old, monks) (lesser vehicle)
and Mahayana (new, all people) (greater
vehicle)
• Ashoka- spread Buddhism and kept it from
dying out
• Silk Road spread Buddhism to China and on to
Korea and Japan
• Also spread to Southeast Asia- Angkor Wat
(both Hindu and Buddhist)
 Confucianism
• China
• Confucianism
• Developed during the Warring State period
– Need to bring order during this time
• Emphasis on education, respect, reciprocity,
virtue and order
• Filial (family) piety (respect)
– Respect for elders, respect a child should show for
parents
 Confucianism
– Five Relationships: Mutual respect keeps both in
harmony
• Superior and inferior
• Ruler to ruled, Father to Son, Husband to Wife, Elder
brother to younger brother, friend to friend
– Gov and dads love it
• Embraced by governments as ruler superior to
ruled
• Civil Service Exam based on Confucian Analects
– Government bureaucracy based on merit
– Allowed for the possibility of social mobility
 Confucianism
• Patriarchal society develops as a husband
superior to wife
– Eventually see foot binding
• Eventually combines with Buddhism to form
Neo-Confucianism during the Tang dynasty
 Daoism
• Daoism (Yin Yang)
– Founder Laozi
– Harmony with nature (escape to the forest!)
– Influence on Chinese culture with chemists,
botanists and astronomers
 Legalism
• Legalism
– Philosophy of Shi Huangdi and Qin dynasty
(221BCE)
• Terra cotta warriors and great wall
• Axial Age – means “pivot” or “turning point”
– Confucius, Buddha, Socrates and Laozi all around
the same time
• Jesus around 400 years after these thinkers
• Mohammed around 1000 years after these thinkers
 Judaism
• Middle East
• Judaism (Star of David)
• First great monotheistic faith
• Influenced Christianity and Islam
• Covenant with God
– Contract says Jews are His special people
• Founder Abraham
• Follow the laws of Moses in the Torah
• Not universal because it stays in the same area
 Christianity
• Christianity
• Developed out of Judaism
• Jesus
– Crucified under the Roman Empire
• Universalizing religion (like Buddhism and
Islam)
• Offers a monastic lifestyle (like Buddhism)
 Christianity
• Most populous religion today
• Spread of Christianity
– Paul, Roman roads, Roman dominance
– Spread through Mediterranean world through
trade, war, migration
 Christianity
• Roman Empire embraces Christianity
• Constantine issued the Edict of Milan (stopped
persecution)
• Theodosius makes it official religion in 380 CE
• Too late to save and unify Rome
• Western Rome falls in 476 CE, Christianity will be
a continuity in Europe (like Hinduism in India)
• Christianity keeps Western Europe together
through Dark Ages
 600 BCE to 600 CE: Trade Networks
• Interactions of the Classical period (Silk Roads, Sea
Roads and Sand Roads)
• Silk Road
• Three Golden Ages of the Silk Road
– Started with the Rome and Han
– Tang/Song in China with the Abbasid dynasty
– Pax Mongolica
• Silk a wanted commodity throughout the silk road
• Facilitates diffusion of disease, technology, beliefs and
ideas
– Buddhism from India to China
• Indian Ocean (Sea Roads)
• Route linked India, East Africa, Middle East,
Southeast Asia and China in flourishing trade
– Arab merchants and India early leaders of the trade
• No motors for boats
– Knowledge of the monsoon winds vital
– Lateen sail
• Silk, salt, metals and spices a trading continuity
• Diffusion of beliefs
– Hinduism and Buddhism to Southeast Asia
• Trans-Saharan (Sand Roads)
• Camel (ship of the desert) in first century BCE
significant
• Camel saddle in 300s CE greatly increases
trade across the Saharan
• Trade connects Sub-Saharan Africa with North
Africa and Mediterranean
• Mediterranean
– Carthage, Phoenicians, Greeks, Berbers, Romans and Egyptians
all traded
• Sub-Saharan
– Bantus inspire trade
– Connect Sub-Saharan Africa with East Africa and the Indian
Ocean
• Americas
– Trade during this time is limited and is regional unlike
Afro-Eurasian world
– Vertical unlike Afro-Eurasia (Horizontal)
• Different crops
• Crops can’t spread north to south as easily
• Mountains, climates, bad times
• Review
• Rise and fall of classical empires
– China- Qin/Han, India- Mauryan/Gupta,
Mediterranean- Persian/Greek/Roman, Americas-
Mayans
• Compare Rome, Han and Gupta
• Development of world belief systems
– Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Daoism, Legalism,
Judaism and Christianity
• Trade Routes
• Silk Road, Indian Ocean, and Trans-Saharan
Time Period 3

600 CE - 1450 CE
• Why 600?
• Islam bursts on the scene
• End of the Post Classical Era
• Trade dramatically increases
• Why 1450?
• Cut off before the world becomes globally
connected
– European exploration
• Big Picture snapshots of this time period
• Trade increases on the Silk Road, Indian Ocean and Trans
Saharan
– Silk, Sand, Sea
• Technology increases trade
– Saddles, ships, gold
• Trade impacts new cities (Swahili City States, Timbuktu)
– Major cities are made by trade
• Calicut
• Malacca
• Tenochtitlan
• Baghdad
• Islam dramatically effects history
– Consider the breadth of the empire
• Mongols
– Largest land empire in history
• Western Europe turns feudal and is compared
to feudal Japan
– Decentralized
• Byzantine Empire
– Highly centralized
• China and its second golden age (Sui, Tang,
Song dynasties)
• Aztec and Inca comparison in the Americas
– Not connected to global trade
– Will receive the Europeans
• Mali in Africa
• Oceana
– Polynesian migrations
• Catalysts of Change during this time period
• Catalyst = something that causes a change
• Islam
• Schism in Christianity
• Manufacturing in Song China
• Chinese and Middle Eastern technology
• Mongols
• Camels
• Black Death
• Comparisons
• Justinian Code/Hammurabi’s Code
• Aztecs/Incas
• Turks/Vikings/Mongols
• Eastern/Western world development
 Islam
• Islam symbol (crescent moon)
• Monotheistic religion like Judaism and
Christianity
– Super-monotheistic
– Challenges Christianity as being really
monotheistic
 Islam
• Accepts Abraham, Moses and Jesus as prophets
– Accepts prophets of the past (Jesus was a prophet)
• Joins Buddhism and Christianity as a universalizing
religion (easily adapted to other cultures)
• Islam means “submission”
– Muslim means “one who submits”
• Started by Muhammad (600s)
• Place of worship: Mosque
• Holy book: Koran
 Islam
• Five Pillars
– Prayer (5 times)
– Fasting during Ramadan (Holy month)
– Give charity
– Confess there is one God
 Islam
• Make trip to Mecca (Pilgrimage)
– Moves people to a new place
– Makes lots of interactions
– Mansa Musa from Mali (Africa)
• Goes to Mecca and gives tons of gold
• Turns Mali (Timbuktu) into a great Muslim learning city
– Ibn Battuta (Morocco)
• Went to Mecca, all over Muslim areas
• Can compare him to Marco Polo
 Islam
• By 711, (80 years) Islam reaches both India and
Spain
– Think of how far that is
• Spread by merchants, missionaries and
conquering due to weaker surrounding areas
• Dar Al Islam
• House of Islam
– Islam is not just in one area, the house is everywhere
• Territory of Islam includes the Middle East, North
Africa and Spain
 Islam
• When Muhammad dies, Abu Bakr is named Caliph
(in charge of Muslim religion and government)
– Ali becomes Caliph
– Sunni (majority) Muslims must select the next Caliph
– Shia (minority) Caliph must be related to Muhammad
• Spread to Southeast Asia by Indian Ocean trade
– Indonesia is the most populated Muslim country in
the world today
• Islam is a perfect example of religious diffusion
Islam
 Islam
• Umayyad Dynasty (661-750 CE)
• First Islamic Dynasty
• Islam expands and the capital is Damascus
– Spiritual capital is always Mecca
• All Islamic areas share Arabic Language
 Islam
• Jizya is a tax on non-Muslims used in Islamic empires
• “Head tax”
• Shows religious tolerance
• Al-Andalus:
• Means “Islamic Spain”
• Spanish Muslims = “Moors”
• Mosque at Cordoba, Spain great example of diffusion of
culture
• Center of Islamic learning with free education, medicine
and preservation of Greek and Roman learning
• Later turned into a Christian church
• Really good example of diffusion
 Islam
• Charles Martel defeated Muslims at the Battle
of Tours
– Islam was moving through Spain and into France
– What if Muslims won?
• Would you be Muslim today?
• Followed by the Reconquista
– Catholic Church made all Jews and Muslims get
out of Spain
– Very different than Jizya, right?
 Islam
• Abbasid Caliphate (750-1258 CE)
• Golden Age of Islam
• Capital moves to Baghdad
– Other major cities
• Cordoba, Spain and Cairo, Egypt
• Trade flourishes on Silk Road
 Islam
• Credit used by merchants
– Bills, receipts
– Helps trade grow
• Abbasid = Trading and Learning
• Accomplishments include: Arabic numerals,
advancements in algebra, geometry and
trigonometry, perfection of the astrolabe,
astronomical observatories, optic surgery, medical
encyclopedias, and literature like the Arabian
Nights.
 Islam
• Arabesques
– Mosques use of geometric patterns
– No pictures
– Never pictures of Muhammad (against Koran)
• Mosques
– 4 minarets
• Towers where someone goes to the top and calls for
prayer five times a day
 Islam
• Sufis
• Mystical Muslims
• Mix of Islam w/ tribal religions
• Spread a lot of Islam
 Islam
• Women in Islam
• Better treatment under the Quran
– Equal protection under religion
– Not like Hinduism (women not getting moksha)
• Society takes a lot of those protections away
– Harem, 4 wives,
– Veiling
– Show patriarchal society
• End unit 3 part 1
600 to 1450 CE: Byzantine Empire and
Western Europe, Part 1
• Byzantine Empire
• Eastern part of the Roman Empire
• Why split? Too big to rule
• Other part is Holy Roman Empire
– West falls to the Goths (476)
• East will survive until 1453
• Justinian (Most important Byzantine Emperor)
– Gotta compare Justinian’s Code to Hammurabi’s
• Influenced later law codes
– Builds Hagia Sophia (church)
• Converted to mosque by Muslims
• Started making silk
– Outside of China
• Well defended by walls, forts
• Highly centralized while western Europe is
very decentralized
• 1054 Holy Roman Church splits with Byzantine
Church (Great Schism)
– Because of icons used by Byzantine Church
– Becomes the Eastern Orthodox Church
– Compare Schism to Sunni/Shia split and
Catholic/Protestant split (Luther)
• Eastern Orthodox Church
– Icons
– Bible in vernacular
– Priests could marry
• Compare all of that to Luther
• Huge influence on Russia
– EO moves to Russia after Muslims take over
– Moscow becomes “Third Rome” (After Rome and
Constantinople)
• Western Europe
• Decentralized
– Roman Empire never comes back
• Charlemagne tries in 800, fails
• Stays completely divided into separate countries
• Compare to India/China
• Franks most powerful group to emerge
– Charles Martel stopped Muslims at Tours
• Charlemagne’s grandpa
• Charlemagne attempts to bring back the
Roman Empire in the 800s.
– Can't control the land
• Loose connection
 Feudalism
• Comparison of European and Japanese feudalism:
• Knight/Samurai
• Chivalry/Bushido
• Lords/Daimyo
• Women in Europe mainly midwives and healers/ Some
Japanese Samurai
– European women were damsels in distress, in the home
• SEPPUKU! (Hari-kiri) – ritual suicide if you dishonor the
daimyo
• Chivraly only for knights, bushido for men and women
600 to 1450 CE: Byzantine Empire and
Western Europe, Part 2
• Western Europe
– Decentralized government but centralized religion
• Glue that holds it together
• Gothic Architecture
– Tall spires, flying buttresses, stained glass
• Pointing up to God, look @ heaven
• Churches
– Places of learning
• Not allowed to dissect like Muslims
– Banned by Church
• Vikings:
• From Scandinavia, (Norway, Sweden) raided
coastal areas not large urban centers
• Use of longships to raid coastal areas
– They were sea-fairing
– Longship with dragon head on front
• End up converting to Christianity and become
docile
• William the Conqueror 1066
– Viking that took over England
• Crusades:
• Catholic Church wants to get the Muslims out of Holy Lands
– After 1054 Schism
• Wants to show that the Church was powerful and together
• Wouldn't let Muslims hurt the Church like EO did
• Won the first Crusade, lost all the others
• Began in 1095 CE, tried but failed to bring unity to the
Christian world
• Lasting impact was the return of knowledge from the
Middle East to Europe
– Antiquity works
– Astrolabe, compass
– Will spark the Renaissance
• Black Death:
• Began in China and spread through trade routes
– Silk Roads
• Big part of spreading disease
• Mongols played a big part
• Killed 1/3 of European population (circa 1348 CE)
• Collapses feudalism because serfs become more
valuable
• Nation states develop:
• England: William the Conqueror -1066 , Magna Carta -1215 and
Parliament
– King can’t raise taxes w/o consent of ppl
• Germany and Italy are city-states (NOT COUNTRIES UNTIL 1880s)
• France: 100 Years War
– ENG v. FR over ENG taking FR land
• FR wins w/ help of Joan of Arc
• Spain: Ferdinand and Isabella, Reconquista and their use of
Catholicism
– Country completely based on religion
• Russia: Mongol Horde eventually lose power, Moscow emerges
• Economics
– Hanseatic League
• North Sea (Atlantic) trading alliance of countries
• Leads Netherlands and England to become strong due
to trade
• Reasons why Europe is lifted from the Middle
Ages into the Renaissance
– Gunpowder, longbow, Crusades, Marco Polo’s
Travels, Black Death and the Printing press.
 600 to 1450 CE: China
• Spread of Buddhism from India to China, Korea and
then to Japan
• China:
• Sui Dynasty (Grand Canal)
• Tang Dynasty (618-907 CE)
– Expands Chinese territory
– Kowtow shows Chinese dominance over places like Korea
– Second Golden Age of the Silk Road
– Letters of Credit (Flying money)
– Gunpowder developed
– Champa rice from Vietnam fuels population surge
• Song Dynasty:
• Iron manufacturing makes China manufacturing
giant of the world at this time
• Largest cities in the world
• Golden Age of innovation with the compass and
printing
• Neo-Confucianism combines both Buddhism and
Confucianism
• Foot binding shows patriarchal society
• Yuan Dynasty
– Mongol rule in China (prejudice towards the
Chinese )
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644 CE)
– Kicked out the Mongols and Chinese culture
reemerges
• Japan
– Shinto
– Feudal Japan and Feudal Europe comparison
– Shogun held all the power while the Emperor was a
figurehead
• India
– Delhi Sultanate
• Islamic rule in Northern India
– Hinduism remains a constant especially in Southern
India
 600 to 1450 CE: The Mongols

• Mongol Must Know Information:

– Largest continuous land empire in world history
• Loss to Japan (tsunami) in East
– JPN never attacked again until 1945
– Thought gods protected them with Kamikaze (Divine Winds)
• Ogedei died in Austria in West
– All Mongols have to return to Mongolia to choose new Khan
• Nomadic and pastoral
– Stunts Mongol culture (religion, written language
etc)
– Because w/o crops, culture is harder to foster
– Think of culture as flowers growing in a garden
• No garden = no flowers
• Facilitated the 3rd Golden Age of the Silk Road
(Pax Mongolica)
– Mongol peace
• Religiously tolerant
• Government = meritocracy
– High positions come from good works, (nepotism)
not who you know
• Mongol Khanates
– Golden Horde- Russia
– China- Yuan dynasty
• Forbade the Chinese from marrying Mongols and
learning the Mongol language
• Important Mongols
• Genghis Khan (Chinggis)
– Started it
– Kahn means “Ruler of the universe”
• Ogedei Khan
– Genghis’ son
– Died in Austria
• Kublai Khan
– Genghis’ grandson
– Focused on taking China
• Yuan Dynasty
• Receives Marco Polo
•
 600 to 1450 CE: Africa
• Two areas where Christianity remained in Africa was
Egypt and Ethiopia
– Coptic Christianity
• Remember gold and salt as the major products of
Africa
– Salt for flavor and to replenish your body from sweating
• See, it’s hot in Africa and you sweat a lot.
• East Africa
– Swahili is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic language
– Swahili city states thrived due to trade (gold, salt, ivory)
• Kilwa, Mombasa, Sofala, Mozambique
• Trans Saharan trade
– Camel saddle in the 300s CE and the motivation of
gold accelerated trade
• Sub Saharan Africa
– Bantu migrations
• Iron technology, farming techniques, influence of
language
• Stateless societies (kinship groups)
– Civilizations w/o formal governments (IMPORTANTE`!)
• Diffusion of bananas from Malaysia increases population
– Major food
• Ghana
– Islam and Gold
• Mali
– Sundiata
– Mansa Musa (pilgrimage)
– Mosque at Jenne-Jenno
• Songhai
– Sonni Ali (Founder)
– Took large area
– Took Timbuktu
 600 to 1450 CE: The Americas &
Oceania
• Americas
– Llama: only large domesticated beast of burden
• Kept Americas from large scale agriculture and trade
– Plows, transportation
• Lack of agriculture stunts culture growth
– See Mongols
• Maya (1000 BCE – 1500CE)
– Very southern Mexico and Guatemala
– Warring city states
– Major cities
– Tikal and Chichen Itza
• Aztec (1200 – 1500)
– Capital Tenochtitlan
– Central Mexico (Mexico City)
– Expansionistic, warriors prized
– Very capitalistic
• Trade encouraged by government
• Few trade restrictions
– Chinampas showed agriculture advancement
• Floating gardens in lakes
• Like growing plants on lily pads
– Like Mongols, collected tribute from conquered
groups
• Incas (1200 – 1500)
• In Peru
• Major city: Machu Picchu
• No written language (Quipu instead)
– Like Mongols
• Terrace farming
– Because the land was mountains
• Expansionistic
• Established a bureaucracy unlike the Aztecs
• State controlled all commerce (communistic)
• Like Romans, built many roads and bridges
• Oceania
– Polynesian migrations (600 CE)
• Fiji, Tahiti, Hawaii and New Zealand
– People migrating around these areas
– Not connected to the rest of the world
• Agricultural and fishing based
• Regional kingdoms established
Time Period 4

1450 - 1750 CE
 1450 to 1750 CE: Intro
• Why 1450?
– Printing press invented, Fall of Constantinople to
Ottoman Turks, America enters the global world
(Columbian Exchange)
• Why 1750 CE?
– Cut off right before impact of the Industrial
Revolution
– Cut off right before major world revolutions based
on Enlightenment principles
• Big Picture Events:
• The Old World (Afro-Eurasia) and New World become connected
– Columbian Exchange
• China withdrawals from the world and becomes isolationists
– Zheng He expeditions stopped in 1433/ Ming policy shift
• Europe comes back strong and becomes the
– Renaissance, exploration and powerful maritime empires (Portugal,
Spain, England and the Dutch)
• Maritime empires dominate over land based empires
• Labor systems are transformed
– Indentured servants, encomiendas, mita system and African slaves
• Gunpowder empires emerge and then weaken
– Ottomans, Mughals, Safavids
• Byzantine empire falls to Ottoman Turks and Russia emerges
• Europe becomes the most dominant region
• Reasons why Europe emerges from the Middle Ages
– Gunpowder, longbow, Crusades, Marco Polo, Black Death and printing
press
• Renaissance (influence of Ancient Greece and Rome)
– Humanism
– Art (Perspective, emotions, individuality, realism, bright colors)
• Michelangelo (David, Sistine Chapel), Da Vinci (Mona Lisa), Raphael (School of
Athens)
– Literature
• Paper learned from Arabs who learned it from Chinese (Talas River)
• Shakespeare
– Queen Elizabeth strong patron of the arts
– Comparison: Shakespeare with Cervantes (Don Quixote) and Journey to
the west written in Ming Dynasty (1500’s)
 European Exploration
• European Exploration
– Diffusion of technology from China and the
Middle East
• Magnetic compass, sternpost rudder, lateen sail, more
accurate maps, the astrolabe
• Better shipbuilding with the caravel
– Compare European caravel to the gigantic Ming Treasure Ship
• Motivation:
• Fall of Constantinople (1453 CE) to the Ottoman Turks
– Europe needed to find a way to the riches of the East
without paying the taxes of the Ottoman
• middle men
• Religion
– Reconquista in Spain with Ferdinand and Isabella
– Strong Catholic missionary thrust
• Especially after the Protestant Reformation (1517)
• Wealth (Trade)
– Silk (China), spices (India and Southeast Asia), gold
• Why did China not dominate?
– They did from 1405-1433 under Zheng He (Ming
Dynasty)
– Confucian scholars convinced the Ming emperor
to end exploration and turn attention inward
(Great Wall built and China becomes isolationist)
• Portugal first to dominate in exploration
– Prince Henry, Dias (Cape of Good Hope)
– DaGama (1497) around Africa reaches Indian Ocean
– Portugal takes out the Swahili City States (cannons)
• Spain
– Location, size and newly united nation state under
Catholicism
– Columbus 1492 connects Old World and New World
• Columbian Exchange
• Environmental and demographic (population) changes
– Transfer of diseases, plants, animals and people
• From Old World (Afro-Eurasia) to New World
(Americas)
– Small pox, sugar, bananas, rice, horses, pigs, cattle, chicken
– Only large beast of burden in America was the llama
• From New World (Americas) to Old World
(Afro-Eurasia)
– Syphilis, tomatoes, potatoes, chocolate, maize, chili
peppers, manioc, tobacco
• Columbian exchange of food led to higher world
population
– China introduced to sweet potatoes, peanut
– Africa introduced to manioc
• Despite the slave trade taking 16 million Africans during the
16th-19th centuries, the population of Africa increases
significantly
• Small pox the largest epidemic by percentage in
world history
• Due to the introduction of sugar to Americas-need
for workers and forced migration of African slaves
resulted
• Labor systems
• Indentured servants from Europe at first
• Encomienda system (Spanish labor system put in
place in the Americas)
• Mita system borrowed by Spanish from Incan
system already in place (Potosi silver mine)
• Slavery (From 1500-1800’s, 16 million slaves taken
from West Africa)
– 90% of slaves going to Latin America (sugar
plantations)
• Religion spreads
– Jesuits
– Christianity to the Americas
• Brazil (Christ the Redeemer), Mexico
• Global Flow of silver
• Potosi mine (Bolivia)
• Silver going back to Spain caused inflation in
Europe (Price Revolution)
• Most of the silver used to purchase Chinese
goods (silk, porcelain)
– Ming Dynasty hordes silver (causes inflation in
China)
• Spanish Manila Galleons
 Spanish Empire in America
• Spanish Empire
• Treaty of Tordesillas divides New World between
Spain and Portugal
• Overseas maritime empire united by Catholicism
– Cortez (conquers Aztecs with the aid of smallpox,
horses, guns, steel weapons and the Native Americans
that allied against the Aztecs)
– Pizarro (conquers Incas in 1533 in the same manner as
Cortez)
• Encomienda system
• Mita system (Peru)
• Social hierarchy in Latin America
– Penisulares (born in Iberian peninsula)
– Creoles (European parents born in Americas)
– Mestizos (mix between European parent and indigenous parent)
– Mulattos (mix between European parent and African parent)
– Indigenous and slave
• Mix between African parent and indigenous parent (Zambos)
• Eventually Creoles will kick out the Penisulares in Latin
American revolutions and take their place at the top of the
social hierarchy
• English
– North America
• Compare race relations with indigenous vs. Spanish Americas
• Much more confrontational and less mixed than Spanish Americas
• Dutch
– Spice Islands (Dutch East India company)
• Triangle Trade
– Guns to Africa for slaves, Slaves to Americas for sugar, Sugar to
Europe for money to start the process again
• Mercantilism
– Raw materials provided by colonies to produce manufactured
goods in the mother country sold back to the colonies
 Gunpowder Empires
• Ottoman Empire
– Osman founder (united Turkish tribes)
– Mehmet knocks out the Byzantine Empire in 1453
CE
• Fall of Constantinople (later renamed Istanbul)
• Hagia Sophia converted to mosque
• Suleiman the Magnificent
– Patron of the arts and Ottoman empire at its height
– Used civil service exams and had a skilled bureaucracy
• Control of trade forced Europeans to find new
routes to the East
• Strong army in the beginning
– Janissaries and the process of recruiting them
(devshirme)
• Culturally diverse empire yet religiously tolerant
– Jizya- tax on non-Muslims but able to keep religion
• Mughal Empire
• Unified India after the Delhi sultanate
• Islamic rule in a majority Hindu India
• Babur was the founder
• Akbar the Great most famous Mughal ruler
– Religiously tolerant- got rid of the jizya
– Outlawed sati and allowed widows to remarry
• Shah Jahan
– Built the Taj Mahal (Islamic architecture in India)
• Warfare and lack of central authority led British to
take over
• Safavid Empire
– Buffer between Mughals and Ottomans
– Lost to Ottomans at the Battle of Chaldiran
– Shia Islam and its impact today
 China
• China
• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)
• Replaced Yuan dynasty (Mongols)
• Brought back the Civil Service examinations, Confucian principles
and Chinese culture
• Sponsored 7 expeditions of Zheng He (dominated the Indian
Ocean)
– Ming fleet technologically superior
• Reversal of policy due to Confucian scholars
– Zheng He expeditions stopped in 1433 (China turns inwards)
• Emperor seen as “Son of Heaven”
– Emperors often grew lazy in the Forbidden City
• Peasant uprising and piracy weakened Ming
– Put down by Manchus who then replaced the Ming in 1644
• Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
– Comparison to Mongols (forbid Chinese to learn
language and marry)
– Civil Service examinations expanded
– Controlled trade (Canton only port open to
European trade)
• Tea, silk and porcelain traded for silver
• Japan
– Tokugawa Japan
• Tokugawa ended fighting in feudal Japan
• Centralized authority in Japan
– Capital in Edo (Tokyo)
• By 1640, only Dutch and China allowed in Nagasaki
• Emperor “reigned but did not rule” as shogun held the
power
• Africa
• Songhai Empire
– Founded by Sunni Ali, Islamic, Timbuktu center of learning, traded gold and salt
– Fell to Moroccans with muskets
• Kongo
– Converted to Catholicism to enhance trade with Portugal
– King Afonso I
• Catholic King who wrote a letter to the King of Portugal to end slave trade in Kongo
– Kongo eventually destroyed
• Angola
– Set up as a slave colony by the Portuguese
– Queen Nzinga resisted Portuguese control but overcome by superior weapons
• Swahili City States
– East African city states controlled by the Portuguese with canons
 Russia
• Russia emerges
• Peter the Great
– Westernization
• Capital Peterhof modeled after Versailles, western math
and science, modernized the navy, western clothes and
fashion
• Catherine the Great
– Proclaims Russia a western nation
• Serfdom continues until next time period
– Serfdom abolished in 1861 comparable to the US
slavery (1865)
• European Nation States develop maritime (sea based) empires
• Portugal
– slave trade, sugar plantation (Brazil), control of Swahili city states and Indian
Ocean
• Spain
– Reconquista under Ferdinand and Isabella, unify behind Catholicism, slave trade,
control in Latin America (encomiendas and mita)
• France
– North America
• England
– Colonization of North America, mercantilism system brings wealth and power
• Netherlands (Dutch)
– Banking and Business/Worked to monopolize the spice trade in Southeast Asia
– VOC (Dutch East India Company)
• Cultural and Intellectual Changes in Europe
• Protestant Reformation (Martin Luther, 1517)
– Responsible for Anglican Church in England (Henry VIII)
– Ignited the 30 Years War in Germany
• Counter Reformation
– Jesuits, Mateo Ricci in China, Strong missionary work in Latin America
• Scientific Revolution
– Europe gains a lead on Chinese and Muslim scholars
• Copernicus, Galileo, Bacon, Harvey, Newton
• Enlightenment
– Locke, Rousseau, Voltaire, Montesquieu development of rights,
freedoms and the role of governments
– Thoughts lead to Revolutions of the next period:
• American Revolution (1776), French (1789), Haitian (1804)
 Labor Systems
• Labor Systems
• Indentured Servants
– Agricultural work, most from England
• Encomienda system
– Crown granted Native American workers to Spanish
landowners (encomenderos)
– Natives treated harshly and eventually replaced by African
slaves
• Mita system
– System that was borrowed from the Incas by the Spanish
– Forced but compensated Natives to work for Spanish
primarily used in the mines of Potosi
• Slavery
• Europeans exported slaves from West Africa (replaced other labor
systems)
– 16 million slaves taken (12 million survived the Middle Passage) from
1500-1800
– 90% of the slaves end up in Latin America
– Sugar plantations created the need (very harsh treatment)
• Islamic slave trade exported millions from the East Coast of Africa
• Effect in Africa
– Women took on new roles, polygamy developed from loss of males
• Population in Africa as a whole increased due to the high caloric
food brought from the Columbian exchange (especially manioc)
– Peasant Labor
• Serfs made up a large labor force in Russia
• Peasants make up a large labor force in China (silk
production)
• Indian workers produced cotton fabric
• Comparisons
– Elites in the world still held the power
– Europeans supplanted culture in the Americas but
different results seen in North America compared with
Latin America (more multicultural mix)
– Land (Russian, Ottoman) versus Maritime Empires
(Spanish, English, Dutch)
– Status of women virtually unchanged (exceptions of
Isabella, Elizabeth, Catherine)
– Ottomans and Mongols (rise, military, use of religion)
– Reaction of countries to European expansion (India,
China, Japan)
Time Period 5

1750 - 1900 CE
• 1750 to 1900 CE: Intro
• Why 1750?
– Industrial Revolution
– European Imperialism
– Revolutions – based on Enlightenment principles
• Why 1900?
– Cut off before World War I
– (Used to be 1914 (WWI))
• Big Picture snapshots of this time period
– Top events of this time period are Industrial
Revolution, Imperialism and Revolutions
•Remember I, I and R
– Must know specifics includes:
•Opium War, Meiji Restoration, Simon Bolivar,
Haitian Revolution and the Scramble for Africa
– All examples of imperialism
– The West dominates this time period
• Industrial Revolution
– Causes, political, economic and social effects
– First is England > Western Europe > America > Russia
(kinda) > Japan (Meiji)
– 2 Industrial Revolutions
• 1st- Coal, iron and steam
• 2nd- Electricity, steel, oil and chemicals
• Imperialism
– Scramble for Africa
– British in India
• Chinese and Japanese reactions differ as a result of
European imperialism
– China falls to Europeans
– Japan has state-sponsored industrialization, becomes a
major world trader
• Enlightenment thought leads to Revolution/End of
slave trade
– American, French, Haitian and Latin America
• Economic theories develop
– Capitalism (Adam Smith) vs. Communism (Karl Marx)
• Major Changes
– Spain and Portugal lose their empires while the Ottoman Empire becomes the
“sick man of Europe”
– Technologies develop in the fields of communication (telegraph),
transportation (railroads)
– Serf/Slave systems come to an end (Russia and America in the 1860’s)
– Revolutions and independence movements (Haiti)
– Major migrations to North and South America
• Work, gold rushes, famine in home country
• Major Comparisons
– State sponsored industrialization of Japan, Russia and Egypt
– Reactions of China and Japan to European imperialism
– Qing and Ottomans resist change
• Continuities
– Majority of the world still rural
– The strong control the weak
• Economic Imperialism
– Mercantilism, colonization, coerced labor
• Industrial Revolution, Part 1 – Video 2
• Greatest change in world history since the Neolithic
Revolution
• Effects felt in the following areas:
– Family life – factories (dad at work, not on the farm)
– Communication
– Transportation – Trains, steam ships
– Technology, environment, growth of cities, populations
– Social classes – proletariat/bourgeoisie
– Science, art.
• Leads to:
– Imperialism, war, migration, political philosophies
(capitalism/communism)
• Industrial Revolution in Great Britain
– Why was Great Britain the first?
• Natural resources (coal)
• Stable government (that stays out of economy)
• Government involvement in the economy can halt
experimental attitude
• Leads to entrepreneurial competition
• Growing population
• New foods, crop rotation, chemical fertilizers leads
to big population growth
• Compare to when China got champa rice from
Vietnam
• Geography
• Metals, coal, rivers for steam power
• Cities grow – everyone in one place, diffusion of ideas
• Enclosure Acts – peasants moved off of formerly public land
(fencing in)
• First time Great Britain has power in history
• By 1900, 90% of most populated cities in Europe/US
• James Watt and his steam engine
• Textile industry first
• Spinning Jenny (makes thread)
• Cotton Gin (deseeds cotton)
• India becomes a place for cotton to be harvested and a market
to sell cotton for England
• Transportation impacted (steamboat, locomotive)
• 1st Industrial Revolution was steam, coal and iron
(1750 CE)
• Interchangeable parts
– Leads to mass production
– Makes it easier
• Transportation
– Steamships
• Allow for Europeans to go up the rivers into central Africa
– Steam Locomotive
– Transcontinental railroads in US and Russia
• Moves from coal and steam to oil in Second IR
• 2nd Industrial Revolution was oil, electricity,
chemicals and steel (1850 CE)
• Spread of Industrial Revolution from Great Britain
to western Europe, America, Russia and Japan
– US and Russia both build transcontinental railroads
– US most powerful industrial nation at the end of this
time period
• Copied British industrialization
• Government becomes pro-industry
• Industrial North beats Agricultural South in Civil War
• Industrial Revolution, Part 2 – Video 3
•
• State sponsored Industrialization
• Japan: Meiji Restoration
– Embarrassed by US, Perry
– Silk factories
– Women workers
• Egypt: Muhammed Ali
– European advisors
– Cotton industry
• Russia: Sergei Witte and the transcontinental railroad
– Slower industrialization
– Shown in Russo-Japanese War (Japan wins, shocks world)
• Other regions in the world become suppliers of
goods and raw materials for the industrialized
– Latin America (sugar, coffee, bananas, meat)
• Argentina has a lot of beef
• Guano (bat poop) fertilizer from Peru
– Africa (palm oil, rubber, diamonds)
• Palm oil – lubricant for machines
– China – silk, porcelain, tea
• Leads to imbalance of trade (all British silver going to China)
• Result of Industrial Revolution
• Financial (stock market, gold standard)
– International standardized prices of gold
• Transnational businesses (United Fruit company)
– US owns land in Central America – sells fruit back to us (BANANA
REPUBLIC_
• Social Effects (gap between rich and poor dramatically increases, family life
altered, child labor, less kids than rural areas, cities become crowded and
unsanitary)
– Women as homemakers and factory workers
– Bad conditions in Japanese silk factories for women
– New Social Classes – Industrial working class (conflict between workers
and owners (Marxism))
– Social status more determined by wealth than by family background
• Unions, reforms, and mandatory schooling is initiated
– Higher wages
– Leisure time (theater, sports)
– Weekends
• Philosophies
• Adam Smith and Capitalism (Wealth of Nations 1776)
– Government stays out of economy
– Lassiez faire – hands off
• Karl Marx and Communism (Communist Manifesto 1848)
– Workers will react and overthrow the bourgeoisie
– Classless, stateless society
– Government, and everything else is a way for the rich to keep the poor down
– Luddites – protested industry, smashed equipment, hanged by government
• Feminism (Wollstonecraft, Stanton and Seneca Falls Convention)
– Wollstonecraft – equal education is key to equal rights
– De Gouges – French Revolution left out women
– Seneca Falls – US convention for equal rights, suffrage
• Social Reforms
– Universal compulsory education
• Environment
– Pollution
• Transportation and communication developments
– Steamships and railroads
– Telegraph to telephone
– Canals (Suez)
• Connects Africa to Asia
• Easier for Europe to get to Asia and East Africa
– Panama (1910ish)
• Advances in medicine like smallpox vaccines and
sterilization made for longer life expectancy in
industrialized world
– Lower infant mortality rate
• Nationalism becomes a strong force
• Pride in your country (not a leader)
• Started by Napoleon (pride of being French)
– Caused the people he conquered to become nationalist
against him
• Napoleon, unification of Italy and Germany all
contributed to intense pride
– Nationalism is a big impact on unification
• Germany’s nationalism is going to lead to WWI
• France’s imperialism is going to lead to WWI
• US Manifest Destiny – nationalism saying that US should be
coast to coast
• Austrian, Russian and Ottoman empires all very culturally
diverse
– Ottoman Empire loses some areas due to nationalism
– Greece, parts of Russia
– Keeps shrinking
• Egypt
– Muhammad Ali – father of Modern Egypt
– Suez Canal
– Modeled after Britain
– Britain and France try to control Suez Canal, eventually
nationalism makes Egypt take it back
• Imperialism
• British empire largest empire of all time
– “The sun never sets on the British empire”
• Causes of imperialism
• Search for raw materials and markets from the Industrial Revolution
– India, England is example
– Palm oil from Africa for machines
– Rubber from Africa for tires
• Nationalism and competition
• Social Darwinism
– Survival of the Fittest applied to races – some races are better
than others and will industrialize
– White Man’s Burden – poem saying it is the burden of the
Europeans to civilize the barbarians
– Superior attitude of European race
• Imperialism in India
• India the crown jewel of British empire
• Pattern of centralization followed by decentralization
• Turn over from Mughals to British
– After Seven Years’ War/French and Indian War
– British East India Company takes over trading in India
• Need for pepper, spices leads British there
• Sepoy Rebellion (1857) a reaction to British imperialism in India – rumor of pig/cow fat
– Leads to the takeover of British government into India
– Indians failed because Hindus/Muslims couldn’t get a long
• British occupied the highest position in Indian society
• Brought railway and telegraph lines to India
– good for India, but put in place to maintain power
• English official language (today, India has the 2nd most English speakers in the world)
• Eventually an educated class of Indians start the Indian National Congress (1885) to rid
India of British control
– Western learning becomes a constant for independence movements
– Haiti, India, Africa, Mexico, South America
• Imperialism in China
• China was amassing silver in exchange for their goods of silk,
porcelain and especially tea
– Didn’t want non-Chinese stuff
• Qing Dynasty controls trade (only opens one port)
• Britain tried to reverse this imbalance of trade by selling opium
to China which caused the Opium war
– Used steamships to enter China through India
– Indians grew the Opium under British rule
– Emperor writes letter to Queen Victoria to stop opium
imports
– Opium war was lost by China which resulted in unequal
treaties and China being divided into spheres of influence by
Europeans (places where they could trade)
• More China
– Example of economic imperialism
– Took control of Hong Kong (keeps it until 1997)
– Vietnam lost to French (French Indochina)
• Spread of Christianity
• Western tech massacres China (gunships through
canals)
• Major repercussion of them not industrializing
• Chinese Reaction to Imperialism
• White Lotus Rebellion (Buddhist rebellion over
taxes)
• Taiping rebellion
– Almost took down Qing Dynasty
– Most deaths in a war to-date (20 Million)
• Self-Strengthening Movement – try to reform,
modernize, industrialize, education
– Too little too late (like Tanzimat Reforms)

• Boxer Rebellion
– Killing outsiders, Japanese, Europeans
– Rad boxers who could punch bullets out of the sky
– Took 5 countries to stop them
• Eventually foreign intervention will bring about the
end of the Qing dynasty in 1911
– Foot binding banned
– Civil service exam banished
– Corruption
– Tax evasion
– Will lead to the republic taking over and ending 4000
years of dynastic rule
• Revolutions

• Enlightenment thought led to revolutions and the

eventual elimination of slavery
– Voltaire, Rousseau, Locke and Montesquieu
– Natural Rights (life, liberty and property) – job of the
government is to protect these rights
– American Revolution (elites still in power) – inspired
other revolutions
• Revolutions are in the name of the poor, but the elites keep
power
• French Revolution
– Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen similar to
Declaration Independence
– Both did not give women rights
– King Louis XVI is executed
– Much bloodier revolution than American
– Reign of Terror – Robespierre killing dissentors (1000s
dead)
– Led to rise of Napoleon – leads to French nationalism
and nationalism of enemies
– Latin American countries used Napoleon’s drama in Europe as a time
to start revolutions
– Napoleonic code
• Haitian Revolution
– Led by Toussaint L’Ouverture – overthrew the French
– Inspired by enlightenment thinkers (L’Ouveture read
owner’s books)
– Only successful slave revolt in the history of the world
– First revolution in Latin America
– 1804: a free republic with a constitution was established
– French loss in Haiti led to the sale of Louisiana Purchase
• Latin American Independence (Spain and Portugal
lose their empires)
• Napoleon causing trouble in Spain and Portugal,
leads to revolutions in colonies
• Social pyramid consisted of peninsulares at the top,
then creoles, mestizos, mulattoes, indigenous and
finally slaves
• Latin American Revolutions replaced the
peninsulares with the creoles
• Elites remain in power
• Women gain no rights
• Simon Bolivar (The Liberator)
– Educated on enlightened ideas
– Used military to free Gran Columbia (Columbia, Ecuador
and Venezuela) from Spanish rule
– Saw himself as the George Washington of South America
– Jamaica Letter – justifies independence from Spanish
(like Declaration of Independence)
• Jose San Martin (Creole liberator of southern South
America)
– Followed Bolivar’s example
• Pedro II
– King fled from Portugal to Brazil
– Son, declared Brazilian independence from Portugal
– Makes Brazil more stable than other Latin countries,
gets a Republic
• Mexican independence from Spanish in 1821
– Father Hidalgo – El Grito de Delores
– Landowning elites follow him to get Spanish out
• All Latin Independence movements are more about
independence than freedom
– Elites keep power, poor still poor
– Economies remain dependent on Europe
– Export economies
• Migrations
• Reasons for migrations:
• high population regions (China, India, Japan) to less populated
regions
• Work is offered in less population areas
• Revolutions, persecutions, famine (Irish potato), need for
agricultural workers after elimination of slavery (Sugar plantations
in Caribbean), gold rushes (Australia and Alaska)
• Seasonal workers – Italians in Argentina, Japanese in Pacific
• Jews are persecuted
• Travel is much easier (steam ships)
• Slavery ending leads to need for low-paid workers
• Gold rushes in Russia, California
• Italians in Argentina and Japanese in the Pacific
• Effects of migrations:
– America as a melting pot, Chinese culture in Southeast Asia,
North and South America, Italian culture in Argentina
– Chinese Exclusion Act in America and White Australian Act of
1901
• Spain and Portugal lose their empires
– Britain and France become the biggest empires in Indian Ocean
• Ottoman Empire is “the sick man of Europe”
– Reforms:
• Tanzimat reforms (movement towards constitutional
government, banks, railroad) ended in 1876
• Too little too late
• Young Turks (western educated, sought nationalistic reform)
• Overthrow Ottoman Empire during WWI
• Qing dynasty resists change and falls (1911)
– Stays agricultural
– Corruption
– High taxes on poor, low on rich
• Aggressive West Passive Rest!
– Japan is the exception
• Change:
– Industrial Revolution, technologies, revolutions, end of serfdom in
Russia and slavery in America
• Continuity
– Africa and its resources are controlled, the West is aggressive,
majority of the world is still rural, elites remain in power
• Comparisons:
– Chinese and Japanese differing responses to European imperialism
– State sponsored industrialization in Japan, Egypt and Russia
– Russia and US comparisons (slavery, transcontinental railroad)
Unit 6 Review from Getafive
Time Period 6
1900 - Present
• Why 1900?
• The cut off right before the build-up of World
War I
– Used to be 1914 (start of WWI)
• New technologies, sciences and the modern
age
– Cars mass produced
– Airplanes
– Radio
• World War I
• Causes of WWI
• Imperialism, Nationalism, Militarism, Alliances
• Imperialism
– Fighting for land to take (Africa, Asia, islands)
– Once its all taken, they take from the other takers
• Nationalism
– Pride in your country, need for self-rule
– Austria-Hungary, Serbia
• Militarism
– Rapid building up of military
– Happens because of fears of others’ powers
– Easy to do because of the new technology (industrial revolution)
• Maxim Gun (machine gun)
• Alliances
• European countries unite, making an attack on one an
attack on all
• Immediate cause
• Assassination of Franz Ferdinand and his wife
• Hanging out in a part of AH that was just taken
from Serbia
• Killed by nationalist terrorist, Gavrillo Princip
of the Black Hand
• The Great War (1914-1918)
• Trench warfare, new weaponry (machine gun,
submarine, tank)
– Trench foot
– Mustard Gas
– Barbed wire
– Tanks
– Machine gun
– Submarines (by Germany)
• Trench Warfare
– Conditions in the trenches were poor, and common infections
included dysentery, typhus, and cholera.

– Many soldiers suffered from parasites and related infections.

– Poor hygiene also led to fungal conditions, such as trench mouth

and trench foot.

– Another common killer was exposure, since the temperature

within a trench in the winter could easily fall below freezing
• Mustard Gas (Yperite) was first used by the German Army in September 1917. It
was one of the most lethal of all the poisonous chemicals used during the war. It
was almost odourless and took twelve hours to take effect. Yperite was so
powerful that only small amounts had to be added to high explosive shells to be
effective. Once in the soil, mustard gas remained active for several weeks. The skin
of victims of mustard gas blistered, the eyes became very sore and they began to
vomit. Mustard gas caused internal and external bleeding and attacked the
bronchial tubes, stripping off the mucous membrane. This was extremely painful
and most soldiers had to be strapped to their beds. It usually took a person four or
five weeks to die of mustard gas poisoning. One nurse, Vera Brittain, wrote: "I wish
those people who talk about going on with this war whatever it costs could see the
soldiers suffering from mustard gas poisoning. Great mustard-coloured blisters,
blind eyes, all sticky and stuck together, always fighting for breath, with voices a
mere whisper, saying that their throats are closing and they know they will choke."
• Soldiers from colonies fought (India, Australia,
Africa)
– Gives natives an opportunity to see “the world”
and get a western education
– Some will return to run out their colonizers
• British convince the Arabs to unite against
Ottomans (Lawrence of Arabia)
• Nationalism in Turkey
• Russia withdrawals due to Russian Revolution/
US enters and dominates!
• Effects
• Treaty of Versailles – ends the war
– Austria Hungary separated, Germany needed to
pay reparations, League of Nations created
– Germany had to admit guilt for starting the war
and pay for the entire war
• The government in charge of Germany stinks, and
thinks it can print tons of money to pay the debt after
the stock market crashes
• This causes ultra inflation (1 US dollar =
1,000,000,000,000 marks)
– This will make Hitler angry and you wouldn’t like
him when he’s angry.
• President Woodrow Wilson (14 Points) calls for
self-determination inspires decolonization
movements
– Self-determination – when a country creates its own
government
• Example: Vietnam (Ho Chi Minh)
– Should be ruled by Vietnamese, not French
– League of Nations – a treaty group created by Wilson
to stop a war from happening again. It doesn’t work,
hence the name World War II.
• Women in west get the right to vote
– Because they help in the factories while the men are
at war
• Happens in US in WWI
• Other countries in WWII
• Ottoman empire gone
– Ataturk overthrows sultan and becomes first
president of Turkey
• Super example of nationalism
• Becomes secularized
• Western legal code
• Democratic government
• Pretty weird in the Middle East, even for today
• Disillusionment with war
– People are pro-war before WWI
– After, they see the realities of it
– Books and art show how horrible it can be
(Guernica)
• Mandate system in place in the Middle East:
• Set up so Middle East countries are controlled by
European countries
• France in Syria and Lebanon
• Britain in Palestine, Jordan and Iraq
– Can you see even more building drama between the
West and the Middle East?
• France also takes Vietnam back (French
Indochina)
• More West v. Vietnam drama brewing
– Goes all the way back to the Crusades
• Between the Wars
– Notion that WWI, interwar period and WWII are
one big war
– Boom in the 1920s/ Worldwide depression in the
1930s
• US stock market crashes, makes world stock market
crash
– Because US lent money to Germany, other European
countries to pay war debt
– Everyone defaults on their loans
• US tries to fix the economy with FDR and the
New Deal
– Government gets really involved in the economy
– Creates a welfare system
– Social Security
– Government work and unemployment programs
• Reorganized governments:
– Fascism in Italy (Mussolini) and Germany (rise of
Hitler)
• Extreme nationalism
• Usually about restoring some past glory
– Italy with ancient Rome
– Germany with the Holy Roman Empire (Third Reich)
• The good of the country is more important than the
good of the individual
• Government can take rights away from individuals if it
serves a purpose
• Other reorganized governments
• Weimar Republic in Germany (put in place by
the allies)
– Super weak, screws up the great depression
– Leads to the need for a strong leader, AKA the
Hitler
• Mussolini in Italy
– Wants to restore the power of ancient Rome
– Takes back Ethiopia (past loss)
• Japan becomes an aggressor
– Invades Manchuria (northeast China) in 1931
• Is this really when WWII began?
– Invades China in 1937 (Rape of Nanking)
• Why China hates Japan even today.
• Increased Wartime Casualties
• The Rape of Nanjing
• Chinese massacre during the Second Sino
(Chinese) - Japanese War in 1937.
• 250,000 to 300,000 Chinese civilians and
unarmed soldiers were killed by the Japanese
Imperial Army.
• Widespread rape and looting also occurred.
 Japanese
Empire map
1932-1942
• Japan is acting like Hitler without the
anti-Semitism and the mustaches
– Mukden Incident
•Japanese soldiers dressed as Chinese
attacked railway in Manchuria (Northeast
China)
– Uses French Indochina (Vietnam) for
oil and iron
•US threatened sanctions
Know your WWII Charismatic Evil
Villains!
Lenin/Stalin (USSR)
Mussolini – Italy
Hitler: Germany
Hirohito -
Japan
• A. World War I and World War II were the first
“total wars.”
• Total war = entire country is part of the war
– Factories making weapons
– Women sewing uniforms
– Children collecting cans to donate to war effort
– War bonds = giving money to gov for the war, will
be paid back in ten years
• Governments used all resources for war
– Forced conscription = “the draft”
– Propaganda (radio, television, film, posters)
– Colonial holdings
• Africans, Indians forced to fight in WWI
– Pushed nationalism, communism and socialism as
reasons to fight
• World War II

• When did WWII begin?

– Asian answer: When Japan invaded Manchuria
– European answer: When Hitler takes Poland
– American answer (correct answer): When Japan
bombed Pearl Harbor

• Policy of appeasement towards German

aggression
– Appease a baby with a pacifier
– Because no one wants to go to war again
– Chamberlain – Letting Hitler take some Russian land
means “peace for our time”.
• Hitler invades Poland (1939)
– Axis (bad guys) and Allies (good guys)
– Uses blitzkrieg (planes bombing and tanks on the
ground for cleanup)
– Steamrolls through France

• Hitler and Stalin had a non-aggression pact

– Hitler breaks pact and invades the Soviet Union
– Now Germany is fighting on two fronts
• France to the east, Russia to the west
– Russia wins by retreating, just like they did with
Napoleon
• Pearl Harbor
– Sleeping giant is awakened
– Brings US into the war against both Germany and Japan
• b/c Germany and Japan have a pact

• D-Day
– The turning point in WWII
– Allies storm the beaches in France, take it back and march to
Hitler in Germany

• Pacific
– Allies firebomb Tokyo
– FDR is dead, so Truman decides to use the A Bomb instead of
invading Japan
• Thought it would last forever and more would die
– Only two atomic bombs ever dropped
– The Bomb
• Truman takes over when FDR dies. Decides whether to
use the nuke or not.
• Japanese invasion would be hard. Japan fortified their
main islands.
• First bomb “little boy” over Hiroshima, 3 days later “fat
man” over Nagasaki

• August 14th, 1945 VJ day.

• Effects of World War II:
• Staggering loss of life (over 50 million)
– Soviet Union loses 20 million civilian and soldiers
(most deaths in the war)
• Holocaust
– 6 million Jews, 12 million all together
– State of Israel created 1947 by Allies
– Hitler killed Jews, then they deserve their own country
– Muslims living there already (Palestinians) are ticked
• UN replaces League of Nation and headquarters
moved to US
– Shows that US has a high status in the world
• More on The Holocaust:
• Heinrich Himmler – Forced ppl from occupied
countries to be slaves to Germans
• Hitler thinks Aryans created culture and Jews had
always tried to destroy it.
• Convinces many that Jews worked with Americans to
keep Germany in a depression after Black Tuesday
• Final solution was ethnic cleansing – started by
Reinhard Heydrich
• Mobile killing units – go to towns, kill Jews, mass
graves
• 6 concentration camps in Poland. Auschwitz biggest.
• 30% to work camps, some medically experimented on.
Twins, salt-water.
• 6 mil Jews killed. 2 out of every 3 EUR Jews killed.
• 10 mil non Jews killed. Roma (gypsies also killed)
• Allies thought Holocaust accounts were over
exaggerated. They were mainly focused on ending the
war
• More effects of WWII:
• New tactics in war (fire bombings Tokyo by US, atomic
bombs)
• Nuclear age begins
– Nuclear power
– Environmental damage
– Japan earthquake in 2012 leads to nuclear waste in ocean
• More rights for women after WWII
– Suffrage around most of the world
• Colonies get independence (From 1945-1980, 90
countries get independence)
• US and Soviet Union emerge as superpowers and the
Cold War begins
– Drama of the Cold War moves from 1945-1990
– Ends with the fall of the USSR in 1990
• Cold War

• Russian, Mexican, Chinese Revolutions all

regard land redistribution
– Super-communist
• Revolt of the proletariat to take land from the
bourgeoisie
• Russian Revolution (know this)
– Ends 300 year Romanov Dynasty
– WWI showed Russia how behind they were
– Czar Nicholas II was a bad leader
• More worried about war than Russian people
– Also, Rasputin!
 Also,
Rasputin.
• Bolsheviks (means more) led by Lenin’s call for
Peace, Land, and Bread!
– Starts as a labor union
• Organizes the workers to revolt
• Just like Marx said
• Civil War between Red (communist) and
White (anti-communist) armies
– White fails because it is helped by outsiders (ENG,
US)
– Nationalism joins communism here
• USSR eventually established
– Union of Socialist Soviet Republics
• Different versions of communism:
• Marx used the industrial workers in his
revolution
• Lenin believed that professionals should lead
the revolution
• Mao in China used the peasants in his
revolution
– China was not industrialized, so there was no
working class to use
• Both basically follow Marx
• Lenin’s New Economic Policy (communism
with a little capitalism like Deng in China)
– Farmers grow crops to provide for the country
– Could sell off any extra
– Should make an incentive for them to grow more

• Lenin spreads communism with Comintern

(Communist International)
– Convinces North Korea, China, Vietnam to become
communist
– All with the idea of nationalism behind it
• Why should we be controlled by outsiders?
• Lenin dies and Stalin takes over
– 5 year plan (call to industrialize)
– Collectivization (took over farm land)
• Government collects crops strictly
• Some monoculture here
• Starvation across USSR
• Makes Stalin the leader responsible for the second
most deaths in history
• Behind Mao Zedong who did the same thing
• Hitler and Stalin comparison:
• Both had kill counts in the top 10 in history
• Both used camps
– Gulags in USSR
• Punishment for enemies of the state
– Concentration camps in Germany
• Leaders of totalitarian states
– Total control by a dictator over economy, religion,
culture
• Stalin used collectivization and Hitler did not
• Cold War (US versus USSR):
• Capitalism versus Communism (Iron curtain
speech by Churchill)
– Iron Curtain map
• Germany split into communist east, capitalist
west
• Berlin Wall (1961)
– Symbol of the Iron Curtain
– East is communist (Controlled by USSR), West is
capitalist (Controlled by Allies)
• Marshall Plan (US) versus Comecon (USSR)
– Marshall Plan – plan to contain communism
• Aide to rebuild Europe and Japan
• Catch was that you could get money, unless you
became communist
– Comecon - a plan to spread communism
• Later development of Comeintern
• NATO versus Warsaw Pact
– NATO – North Atlantic Treaty Organization
• All the capitalist countries protect each other
– Warsaw Pact
• All the communist countries protect each other
• Cold War
– Space (Sputnik, race to the moon)
• Race for military superiority
– Could launch missiles from space, maybe nuclear bombs
• Sputnik was the first satellite in space
• USSR puts first man in space, animal in space
• USA puts first man on moon
• Who really won the space race?
• Both spent tons of money on the space race
– Was it worth it?
– Some say USSR went bankrupt and ended up losing the Cold
War over it
• Today, US and Russia both work on the International
Space Station
Poor Laika!
• Proxy Wars
– When one country fights in place of the important
country
– USSR and US never fought each other
– They just fought a bunch of proxy wars
• Korean War (1950-53)
– UN (mostly US) fight with China who was pushing
communism into Korea
– North wanted to be communist, south wanted to
stay capitalist
• Leader was Kim Il Sun
– Kim Jung Un’s grandpa
– Outcome was a stalemate and two new countries
– Still that way today
• Vietnam:
• Remember, Vietnam was controlled by China,
Japan, and France in the past
• US containment versus Ho Chi Minh
• North Vietnam invades South Vietnam
• Nationalistic
– Saw capitalism as an outside force
• Vietnamese use guerilla warfare to win
– Sabotage, unorthodox fighting, booby trapping
• 1975 Vietnam becomes a united communist
nation
• Afghanistan
– Comparison between USSR in Afghanistan and US in
Vietnam
– USSR loses to guerilla warfare
– US helps Afghanistan by sending weapons, tanks
– Defeat of USSR/eventually Taliban win out
• Major anti-western hate
– After 9/11, US will invade Afghanistan, a country they
once helped

• Nonalignment
– Egypt (Nasser) and India (Nehru) played both sides
during the Cold War
– Both end up benefiting from it
• Cold War in Latin America
• Cuba Revolution (1959)
– Fidel Castro
– Bay of Pigs and Cuban Missile Crisis
– Bay of Pigs
• JFK secretly hires ex-Cubans to overthrow Castro
– Because he made Cuba communist
– Too close to home (90 miles from Miami)
• They fail and leak the plan
• Cuban Missile Crisis
– After Bay of Pigs, Castro is nervous
– Borrows nukes from Brezhnev
– US sends blockade ships in Atlantic
– 13 day stand-off
– Deal is made
• USSR takes back the nukes, US will leave Cuba alone
• Che Guevara
– Argentine Marxist who called for socialist
revolutions throughout Latin America and the
Congo in Africa
– Protested capitalism and neo-Colonialism
– US helps kill him in Bolivia
• Women are part of the Cuban and communist
revolutions in Latin America
– They gain a lot of rights out of it
• End of the Cold War:
• Satellite countries (Eastern European countries
controlled by USSR) start to break free from USSR
• USSR is shrinking (Iron Curtain moves further east)
– Remember, USSR is supposed to be an alliance of different
“Socialist States”
• Berlin Wall comes down (1989)
– Germany becomes one country again
– Will become all capitalist and very strong by 2015
• USSR
– Reagan versus Gorbachev
• Reagan: “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall!”
– USSR policy of perestroika (restructuring) and glasnost
(openness)
• Democracy in USSR today. Sorta.
• Communism in China
• Chinese Revolution of 1911 (end of Qing dynasty)
– Led by Sun Yat-sen (promoted nationalism, more
equality, land redistribution)
– Land was taken from the upper-class and given to the
peasants
– Becomes more westernized
– Wanted to get foreigner control out of China
– End of 4000 years of dynasties
• Successor to Sun Yat-sen was Chiang Kai-shek
(nationalist)
– Sun does the revolution
– Chiang fights off the communists after the revolution
(fails)
• Communism comes to China (Chinese Communist
Revolution):
• Nationalists under Chiang Kai-shek fight both Japan
and communists in China
• Long March of communists led by Mao Zedong
– 6000 miles (map)
• Japan tries to take over
– Communists and nationalists fight together to oust the
Japanese (common enemy)
• Mao emerges as leader and proclaims The People’s
Republic of China in 1949
• Chiang retreats to the island of Taiwan (proclaims it is
the real China)
• US doesn’t recognize mainland China until the 1970s
• Mao Zedong:
• Lenin and Marx used the industrial workers while
Mao used the peasants
• Used the Soviet Union as a model
– both Mao and Stalin used collectivization
• 1950s Great Leap Forward (village based
industrialization)
– Failed as many died (30 million) – body count winner!
– Great stumble backward in real
• 1960s Cultural Revolution (policy to erase all
classes, erase western influence)
• Deng Xiaoping
– Introduces some capitalism into Chinese economy
• But not civil rights
• Democracy
– Tiananmen Square shows how the government
stopped free speech
– Women seem to have more rights in communist
revolutions/countries
• Shang
• Zhou
• Qin
• Han
• Sui
• Tang
• Song
• Yuan
• Ming
• Ching
• Republic
• Mao Zedong
• DENG!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
• !!!!!!!!!!!
• !!!!!!!!!
Decolonization

• Decolonization – when countries run out their

colonizers and become independent
– MAJOR AP TOPIC
– Motivated by nationalism
– Sparked by natives learning about the freedoms
the west has
• Western education, WWI/WWII experiences
– World is smaller now
• India
• Indian National Congress 1885 and Muslim
League 1906
– Both wanted the British out
• Gandhi- nonviolent leader for Indian
independence
– Inspired Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
– Hunger strikes
– Salt March – illegal for Indians to use their own
salt. Had to buy it from England.
– India independence 1947
• Partition of India
– Jinnah advocated for a Muslim state- Pakistan
• Because of Muslim north/Hindu south
– Gandhi wanted one big India
– Instead, they got India, Western Pakistan and
Eastern Pakistan
• Eastern Pakistan breaks off to become Bangladesh
– Felt mistreated by bigger, stronger Western Pakistan
• Migration period
– Hindus moving from Pakistan to India
– Muslims moving from India to Pakistan
– 5000 people killed during the migration
• Kashmir
– Northern part fought over by India and Pakistan
– Still disputed today
– Lots of murder
• Africa
• All colonies in Africa are free by 1980
– Some peacefully
– Some violently
• South Africa free from England in 1910 but
apartheid system in place
– Apartheid (Apartness/Aparthood)
• State sponsored segregation and restriction of black
rights
• Lasts until 1994
• Nelson Mandela of South Africa, 27 Years in
prison for speaking out against British
– Released due to international boycotts and
pressure
– Becomes president of South Africa
– Ends Apartheid
• Similar to Mughal India
– Ethnic majority people are ruled by an ethnic
minority
– Muslims/British – Hindus/Black Africans
• Algerians fought for independence from France in
1962
– Crazy bloody war
– Large migrations of Algerians to France

• Egypt
– Economically colonized by England and France b/c
they couldn’t pay the loans for the Suez Canal
– Nasser uses nationalism to take back the canal and get
all the profits in the 50s
• Congo gains independence from Belgium
– Finally!
• Colonial boundaries a cause for violence:
– Europeans didn’t care about tribes/ethnic violence
when they drew the borders
• Rwanda gains independence in 1962
• Genocide in 1994
– 1800s Germany and Belgium occupied Rwanda
• After they left, they made the Tutsi (lighter skinned) people
in charge
– 15% of population
• Hutu (darker skinned) staged a coup and took over the
government in 1972
– Civil war (1994) led to Hutu killing 800,000 Tutsi in 100
days
 Decolonization

• Southeast Asia:
• Vietnam (1975 independence complete)
– Ho Chi Minh of Vietnam an educated enlightened
political leader that sought independence
• Western educated like so many other revolutionaries
– Ho Chi Minh used guerilla warfare and the military to
gain independence like Simon Bolivar of Latin America
• Indonesia (1965) – largest Muslim nation in the
world today
– Dutch were still in control by the 1960s
• Controlled them since 1600s (Spice Islands)
– Fought for self-rule
• Hong Kong (1997)
– England gives it back to the Chinese in 1997
• 99 year lease
– Originally taken in the Opium Wars
• Asian Tigers (mildly racist)
– Countries in Asia with booming capitalist
economies in the late 1900s
• Hong Kong
• Taiwan
• Japan
• Middle East
– Egypt
• Gained independence from Ottoman Empire in 1922
but established a republic in the 1950’s
• Nasser of Egypt nationalized the Suez Canal
– Ottoman Empire broken up (Turkey, Syria, Jordan
and Arabia)
• Israel
– Balfour Declaration – Allies from WWII said that
Jews deserve to be let back into Palestine (Israel)
• Muslims don’t like it, end up violating the demand
– Zionist movement – Jewish nationalism. All Jews
should return to Mt. Zion (Israel)
– 1948- UN declares Israel as a nation
• Because of the Holocaust
• England was the main pusher for Israel
• Religious differences (comparison to India/Pakistan):
• India/Pakistan is a two state solution
• Israel/Palestine only one state and not a solution
– Today, the one state/two state debate is huge
• US Democrats like two state, Republicans like one
state
• Conflict/Violence
– Muslims and Jews fighting over who should be in Israel
– Muslims in Palestine have a lot of Muslim friends in the
area
• 1948 Arab-Israeli War
• 1967- Six Day War
– PLO – Palestine Liberation Organization
• Used some terrorist tactics
• Israel has done the same
• Iran/Iraq War
– US backs Iraq
– Sadaam Hussein uses guns and tanks given to him
by the US when the US invades in the 1990s
Persian Gulf War and 2000s after 9/11
• Just like in Afghanistan when we supported them
versus USSR
• Latin America:
• Neocolonialism
– Economies of Latin America dependent on exports
to industrialized nations (coffee, sugar, fruit, oil)
• Mexico
– Revolution of 1910
• People are trying to get rid of the rule of caudillos
(military dictators)
– Caudillo at the time: Diaz
• Led by Mexican heroes Zapata and Poncho Villa
– Starts as a revolt of the elite, but peasants get involved
• Created a constitution based on land reform
– Government ownership of church lands
– Distribution of land to the peasants
– Government control of natural resources (like
PEMEX) Petroleum of Mexico
• Ran by the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary
Party)
– Takes over after the Second Mexican Revolution
– Rules as a one-party political system until 2000
• In 2000, another party joins and wins out over the PRI
– Now Mexico is a two party system
• Neocolonialism (new colonialism):
• Banana Republics are an example
• Native lands are dependent so much on exporting products to
much larger countries, they are actually controlled by their
market country
– Leads to a weak domestic economy
– If they aren’t selling to outsiders, their economy crumbles
• US buys lands in Central America and creates plantations on it
– Not with slaves, but with natives who are paid poorly
– This is why bananas are still so cheap
• US can exploit Latin America because of the Monroe Doctrine
which forbade European interaction with Latin American
countries
– “Big brother policy” – no one can pick on our little brother
(Latin America) except the big brother (US)
• BRICS – Brazil, Russia, India, China and South
Africa
– Rapidly growing economies today
• Major communist/socialist countries today
– Today, many people use socialist/communist
interchangeably
– The truth is, they are all really socialist
– China
– Cuba
– Laos
– Vietnam
– Venezuela
– North Korea
• 4 in Asia, 2 in Latin America
 Science and the Environment

• Development of technologies at an unprecedented

pace:
• Communication – phone, radio, television, internet
– Spread cultures – leads to globalization, westernization
• Transportation – airplanes, cars
– Cars let people move out of the city into suburbs
• Sort of a backlash of the rush to the cities in the Industrial
Revolution
• Military – airplane bombings, nuclear bombs, tanks,
chemical weapons, drones
• Space exploration
– USSR – Sputnik (satellite)
– US – moon mission
• Power
– Oil (OPEC) and Nuclear Energy (Chernobyl USSR, 3
Mile Island (US))
• Science
– Freud – psychology – how the mind works
• Our subconscious really controls us
• Repressed thoughts
– Einstein – relativity, modern physics
– Big Bang – actual age of universe (14.7 billion
years old)
• Makes humans seem insignificant
• Also supports Darwinism
– Cold War anti-nuclear movement
• Against nuclear weapons
– Mass killings, environmental damage, MAD
• Against nuclear power
– Three Mile Island (Pennsylvania)
» Minor meltdown that released as much radiation as an
x-ray
– Chernobyl (USSR)
» Nuclear meltdown that leaked four times the radiation of
Hiroshima
• Medicine
– Polio vaccine, antibiotics and transplants combine to give
this period in history the highest life expectancy
• Polio killed a ton of people in the first part of the 1900s
• Population growth 7 Billion in 2015
– In this century, the population has doubled
• Green revolution provided more food with chemicals, fertilizers,
pesticides
– Has led to environmental protests (Ex. Greenpeace)
– China and India develop child policies (both over 1 billion
population)
• Gap between the rich and poor continues to widen
– Income inequality
– In the past, it has generally led to revolutions and the
overthrow of the rich
• Diseases
• Spanish influenza – spread by contact of soldiers
in WWI
• HIV/AIDS – starts in Africa, to the West by 1980s
– Still huge killer in Africa
• Poverty diseases (malaria, cholera)
– Diseases that could be prevented with some
money/vaccines
– Still huge in Africa
• Lifestyle diseases – diabetes, heart disease
– From sedentary lifestyle and overeating
– First real occurrence of this in history
• Globalization – big thing AP really likes
• The spread of cultures so much that the world
is becoming one big culture
• Disney, Rock n Roll, McDonalds, Coca Cola,
Nike, Starbucks
• Many smaller cultures are losing their cultures
– It is being replaced by a western or “American”
culture
• International Organizations
– Humanitarian (Red Cross/Red Crescent, World Health
Organization)
– Economic (World Bank, World Trade Organization)
– Political (United Nations, EU, NAFTA, OPEC)
• EU – European Union – one currency (Euro) for most of
Europe
• NAFTA – North American Free Trade Agreement
– Easier trade between US, Mexico and Canada
– Cultural (FIFA, International Olympic Committee)

• Cultural diffusion
– Reggae music – Jamaican. Mix of African, Caribbean
and American music
– Bollywood – India’s version of Hollywood
– International sports – World Cup, Olympics
• Human Rights Movements:
• Civil Rights Movement in America
– Gandhi influenced King’s non-violence techniques
• End of apartheid in South Africa
– Due to boycotts from the West
• UN publishes “The Universal Declaration of Human
Rights”
– Used as an international Bill of Rights
• China still fighting for human rights
– Tiananmen Square
– Tank Man
• Genocides
– Armenian, Holocaust, Cambodia, Rwanda, Darfur
• Terrorism
– Black Hand – starts WWI by killing Ferdinand and wife
– IRA (Irish Republican Army) – fought to free Ireland
from British rule
• Used guerilla tactics (like liberators in South America and
Africa)
• Was successful in southern Ireland, but Northern Ireland
stayed part of the UK
• Later, they began to fight the Protestants in Northern
Ireland using guerilla tactics
– Al Qaeda
• Leads the West to take a stance against terrorism
• Comparisons
• Different kinds of communism
– Marx – starts it
– Lenin – agriculture, starts in USSR (spreads it using
Comintern)
– Stalin – Makes it industrial, starves people, collectivization
– Mao – Starves more people, collectivization
• Collapse of land empires (Ottomans, Russia, Qing
dynasty)
• Revolutions (Mexico 1910, Russian 1918, Chinese
1911) all involving land reform
– Around the same time
• Two revolutions in China
– Chinese Revolution 1911 – Sun Yat-sen
– Communist Revolution 1949 – Mao Zedong
• Pan Africanism (Marcus Garvey) with Pan Arabism
(Egypt and Nasser)
– Pan = across
– Bringing together an ethnic group as a “nation” across
different country borders
– Garvey wanted all black people from around the world
to return to Africa
• Changing role of women in Iran, China, western
Europe/US
– Iran – moved back to veiling, strict Islamic control
• b/c Iran had a revolution that led to a strict Islamic
theocracy in the 1900s
– China – began to get rights
– Western Europe/US – suffrage, employment equality,
birth control
• Economic developments in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
– Africa (as a whole, resource depletion and little industry)
– Asia (Tiger economies and emphasis on consumer goods for
export)
– Latin America (Brazil one of the fastest growing economies in the
world)
• Neocolonialism in other areas
– US and banana republics
• China and USSR (Communist allies and then their
disagreements)
• US and USSR (policies and strategies during the Cold War)
– Vietnam and Afghanistan
• Cold War effects on Latin America, Africa
– Nonalignment in Egypt and India
– Decolonization around the world