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A TDR software program for measurements of soil volumetric water content and
bulk electrical conductivity compatible with Tektronix 1502C Metallic, TDR-100
Campbell Sci. and TRASE Soilmoisture Equipment Corp. cable testers.
By:
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Table of Contents
Page
1. Introduction 5
2. Principles of Time Domain Reflectometry: Concepts and methods 7
2.1. Theory 7
2.2. Estimations of soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity 11
2.2.1. Graphical methods 11
2.2.2. Modelling method 13
3. Software installation 17
4. User interface 18
4.1. Running the software 18
4.2. Creating a new project and selecting the cable tester 19
4.3. The TDR-Screen 21
4.4. TDR cable tester calibration 24
4.5. Coaxial cable and TDR probe settings 24
4.6. Connecting the TDR-Lab to the cable tester and acquiring a TDR 29
waveform
4.7. Calibration of the coaxial cable and TDR probe 32
4.7.1. Calculation of the effective length of the coaxial cable and 32
TDR probe
4.7.2. Measurement of the long-time reflection coefficient of the 35
coaxial cable and TDR probe, in air and short-circuited
4.7.3. Calculation of the TDR probe cell constant 36
4.8. TDR waveform analysis 37
4.8.1. Estimation of water content 37
4.8.2. Estimation of bulk electrical conductivity 42
4.9. Automated analysis 43
4.10. Analysis results manager 45
4.11. Automated readings 46
4.12. Export / import of data files 47
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
1. Introduction
The TDR-Lab software has been developed by the Group Física del Suelo y Laboreo de
Conservación of the Estación Experimental de Aula Dei (CSIC) in collaboration with the
Departamento de Materiales de Interés Tecnológico of the Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales
de Aragón (ICMA-CSIC) (Universidad de Zaragoza – CSIC), Zaragoza (Spain). This software
has been created with an easy Windows interface and includes the following characteristics:
· Compatibility with the Tektronix 1502C Metallic TDR, the TDR100 Campbell
Scientist and the TRASE Soilmoisture Equipment Corp. cable testers.
· TDR waveforms are expressed as a reflection coefficient as a function of time.
· The ability to use the computer’s internal clock to make timed readings.
· Self-calibration methods to increase accuracy.
· An open interface to make data visible, and make it possible to combine stored TDR
waveforms.
· Four different methods for water-content estimations (manual, derivative, tangents and
numerical methods) and two different procedures for electrical-conductivity
determinations (long-time analysis of TDR waveform and numerical method).
· Integrated project manager. All projects, measurements and analyses are stored in a
centralized database. All coaxial cables and TDR probes of the different projects are
saved in a single repository.
· Monitoring of automated waveform readings.
· Ability to change the coefficients of the third-order polynomial Topp (1980) equation.
· Option of calculating the dielectric constant from the water temperature.
· An easy procedure to calculate the probe impedance and cell constant.
This manual has been written to explain the concepts and the functionality of the TDR-Lab
application. Because it is constantly changing and because the manual is only updated at
intervals, items contained in this text may become inaccurate. If something is not contained
within this text, or is radically different, please email us your comments and questions. We
will answer any questions to the best of our ability. We hope this application proves to be of
benefit.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
TDR-Lab team:
Dr. David Moret-Fernández Project leader
José Vicente Head programmer
Dr. Francisco Lera Electromagnetic soil modelling
Borja Latorre Programmer and Analysis Algorithm Development
We are also grateful to Javier Álvarez and Axel Ritter Rodríguez (Ritter-Rodriguez, 2002)
for providing us with the Trasedata source code for connecting the TDR-Lab software to the
TRASE TDR cable tester.
Acknowledgments
This research was partially supported by the Ministerio de Ciencia e Inovación (Grants: PIE-200840I214;
AGL2007-66320-CO2-02/AGR; AGL2009-08501) and DGA- Obra social La Caixa (Grants: GA-LC-010/2008;
GA-LC-006-2008).
Grupo de Física de Suelo y Laboreo de Conservación (Soil Physics and Conservation Tillage Group)
Copyright © 2010 - FSLC, EEAD (CSIC),
Avda. Montañana 1005, 50059-Zaragoza. Spain
Registered:
Nº protocol: 177/11
Date: 04-02-2011
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
2.1. Theory
The TDR cable tester launches an electromagnetic pulse along a transmission line and
records a signal or TDR waveform, which is expressed by the voltage (V) or reflection
coefficient (ρ) as a function of time (t) (Figure 1). While the transit time of the TDR pulse
propagating one return trip along a waveguide of length L (tL) mainly depends on the TDR
probe geometry and the dielectric constant of the medium (εa), V is affected by the electrical
conductivity (σ) of the medium (Topp and Ferré, 2002).
The transit time, tL (ns), of the TDR pulse propagating one return trip along a transmission
line (e.g., a TDR probe) of length L (m) is represented by (Topp and Ferré, 2002)
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
2L ε *
tL = (2)
c
where c is the velocity of light in free space (3 108 m s-1) and ε* the relative dielectric constant
of the medium.
1.0
0.5
Reflection coefficient
Water
0.0
-0.5
tL
-1.0
Time (ns)
The relative dielectric constant, ε*, is treated as a complex form with a real part and an
imaginary part or dielectric energy loss component. The energy dissipation occurs through two
processes. The first process results from the polarization of dipolar molecules, which gives rise
to a phase lag between the imposed field and the material’s response to it. This phase lag is a
function of the angular frequency, ω, of the imposed field. Because of this lag, ε* must be
represented as a complex quantity with a real (in-phase) component, ε’(ω), and an imaginary
(out-of-phase) component, ε”(ω). The second process of energy dissipation arises from the σ.
The contribution of both polarization and conductivity to ε* is represented by (Kraus, 1984)
⎛ ⎛ σ 0 ⎞⎞
ε * = ε ' (ω ) − i⎜⎜ ε " (ω ) + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎟
⎟ (3)
⎝ ωε
⎝ 0 ⎠⎠
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
where i = − 1 , σ0 is the zero frequency electrical conductivity of the bulk sample, and ε0 is
the dielectric constant of free space. Over the TDR frequency range (≈ 1 GHz), most soils
show a negligible dielectric loss, and hence ε* ≅ ε’. In these cases, the term ‘apparent dielectric
constant’ (ε) can be used for the measured complex dielectric constant (Topp et al., 1980), and
hence ε* ≅ ε.
The soil bulk dielectric constant is mainly governed by four dielectric constituents that
compose the soil bulk: liquid water (εw ≈ 81), soil minerals (εs = 3 to 5), frozen water (εi = 4),
and air (εa = 1). The large disparity between εw and the ε of the other constituents means that
small changes in water content result in significant variations in the total soil bulk dielectric
constant. This characteristic makes the method relatively insensitive to soil composition and
texture and thus appropriate for soil water measurement.
Estimations of soil volumetric water content (θ) are typically calculated using a third-order
polynomial empirical equation (Topp et al., 1980) that relates ε and θ and fits quite well for a
large range of mineral soils
θ = −5.3(10 −2 ) + 2.92(10 −2 )ε − 5.5(10 −4 )ε 2 + 4.3(10 −6 )ε 3 (4)
This function, which assumes that calibration is conducted in a fairly uniform soil without
abrupt changes in soil water content along the wave-guide, provides an adequate description
for a water content range lower than 0.5 (which covers the entire range of interest in most
mineral soils), with an estimation error of about 0.013 for θ. However, this model fails to
adequately describe the ε-θ relationship for water contents exceeding 0.5, and for both organic
soils and mineral soils high in organic matter. This is due to the fact that Topp’s calibration
was based on experimental results for mineral soils and concentrated on the range of θ < 0.5.
In these cases, specific polynomial curves (Pepin et al., 1992; Jacobsen and Shjønning, 1993)
or physically based dielectric-mixing models (Dobson et al., 1985; Roth et al., 1990; Malicki
et al., 1996) should be adopted since these take into consideration the dielectric mixing of the
constituents (air, water and solid phases) and their geometric arrangement.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
the sample electrical conductivity, σ (S m−1), recorded with an uncoated twin-rod TDR probe,
can be related to the long-time attenuation of the TDR signal, where the effects of the
dielectric dissipation caused by polarization phenomena vanish. Lin et al. (2008) showed that,
the σ estimated with an uncoated probe is more accurately estimated according to
K P ⎛ 1 − ρ∞ ,Scale ⎞
σ= ⎜ ⎟ (5)
Z r ⎜⎝ 1 + ρ∞ ,Scale ⎟⎠
where ρ∞,Scale, is the scaled steady-state reflection coefficient corresponding to the ideal
condition in which there is no instrument error o cable resistance, Zr is the output impedance
of the TDR cable tester (50 Ω); and KP (m−1) is the probe-geometry-dependent cell constant
value, which can be determined by immersing the probe in different electrolyte solutions of
known conductivity (Wraith, 2002). The ρ∞,SC to be used in the usual Giese–Tiemann equation
is calculate according to
ρ∞ ,Sclae = 2
(ρ∞ ,air − ρ∞ ,SC )(ρ − ρ∞ ,air ) +1 (6)
(1 + ρ∞ ,SC )(ρ − ρ∞ ,air ) + (ρ∞ ,air − ρ∞ ,SC )(1 + ρ∞ ,air )
where ρ is the steady-state reflection coefficient of the sample under measurement, ρ∞,air is the
steady-state reflection coefficient when the probe is open in air, and ρ∞,SC is the steady-state
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Air
1.0
Reflection coefficient
0.0
ρf
-0.5
Short-circuited
-1.0
Time (ns)
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
The most frequently used graphical method of estimating the travel time (tL) (Eq. 2) (Figure
3) is known as the tangents method (Heimovaara, 1993). The calculation of tL needs to define
the first reflection or first peak, which should be set in an initial calibration phase by the user,
and indicates the time at which the electromagnetic signal enters the rods of the TDR probe.
The travel distance, back and forth, along the probe length is determined by finding the second
reflection point, which follows the first peak. This second reflection point refers to the
intersection of the tangent from the max inflection on the wave trace after the first peak, with a
tangent from the local minimum. The local minimum refers to the minimum encountered after
the first peak, and the max inflection refers to the maximum inflection point after the first peak
(Figure 3). Alternatively, the second reflection point can also be calculated from the
intersection of the tangent from the max inflection and a tangent of the averaged slope from an
anchored point between the local minimum and the first peak. The tL is finally calculated by
subtracting the first peak from the point of the second reflection. The dielectric constant is
calculated form Eq. (2) for a known value of probe length (L), and the corresponding
conversion into the volumetric water content is finally calculated by applying the Topp et al.
(1980) equation (Eq. 4) or an equivalent.
.
0.6
0.4
tL
Reflection coefficient
First peak
Water
0.2
0.0
-0.2
Second reflection point
-0.4
-0.6
Time (ns)
Figure 3. Location of the first peak and the second reflection point
used to calculate tL using the tangents method.
The tL can also be graphically estimated using the derivative method, in which the first
peak and the second reflection point correspond to the minimum and maximum of the
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
derivative of the TDR waveform (Figure 4) (Timlin and Pachepsky, 1996). The tL and the
corresponding θ value are then calculated as described in the tangents method.
2.0 2.0
tL
1.5 1.5
Reflection coefficient (ρ)
1.0 1.0
TDR waveform
dρ /dt
0.5 0.5
0.0 0.0
Derivative TDR waveform
-0.5 -0.5
-1.0 -1.0
Time (ns)
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
domain, and thus Fourier analysis will be used. This approach has already been applied to
TDR characterization of soil water content (Heimovaara, 1994; Heimovaara, 2004; Huebner
and Kupfer, 2007). As the TDR signal is discrete, discrete Fourier transforms implemented in
efficient FFT algorithms are used. The frequency domain excitation signal I(ω) is obtained
from the Fourier transform of the true measured cable tester excitation as
I(ω)=FT[I(t)] (7)
The frequency domain response is then calculated as:
ρ (ω)=I(ω) H(ω) (8)
The H(ω) parameter is the frequency-domain transfer function of the soil-probe-cable set,
and is simply that of a voltage divider constituted by the output impedance of the cable tester
(nominally 50 Ω) and the frequency-dependent input impedance of the cable-probe-soil set,
Zi(ω):
Zi (ω )
H (ω ) =
50 + Zi (ω ) (9)
Then we get the time domain signal ρ(t) by using an inverse Fourier transform:
ρ (t)=IFT[ρ (ω)] (10)
From these four distributed parameters one can obtain the characteristic impedance, Zo (Ω),
and the propagation constant γ (m-1)
R + jωL
Z0 = γ = α + jβ = (R + jωL ) (G + jωC ) (12)
G + jωC
where α is the attenuation constant (Np m-1) and β is the phase constant (rad m-1). For ideal
lossless lines, R=0 and G=0 and thus:
L ω
Z0 = γ = jβ = jω LC = j (13)
C ν
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
where ν is the phase velocity. Once these two parameters are known, the input impedance of a
transmission line of length L connected to a load ZL is calculated as
Z L + Z0 tanhγl
Zi = Z0 (14)
Z0 + Z L tanhγl
In our case of study, Zi is computed in a two-step process. Firstly, we apply (8) to obtain Zp,
the input impedance of the probe inserted in the soil as a transmission line of length l=lp
ending in an open circuit load (ZL->infinity), using the probe’s characteristic Zop, and γp values
corresponding to a given θ and σa pair. Secondly, Zi is obtained using (9) again to compute the
input impedance of the coaxial cable as a transmission line of length l=lc ending in the
previously calculated load impedance ZL= Zp, now using the coaxial cable’s characteristic Zoc,
and γc values.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Three-rod probes
The transmission line parameters for lossless three-rod probes in air – three identical
cylindrical rods of length lp, radius b and centre-to-centre spacing s – have been obtained from
the calculations of Ball (2002). The characteristic impedance in a vacuum, Zp0, is very well
approximated by (16), where d = b/s.
1 μ0 ⎛ 1 ⎞ (16)
Z p0 = ln⎜ ⎟
4π ε 0 ⎝ 2d 3 ⎠
From (5), (8) and (11) one can derive the expressions for the capacitance and inductance of
the probe in a vacuum, Cp0 and Lp0 respectively, as
4πε 0 μ0
C p0 = Lp0 = ln (1 / 2d 3 ) (17)
(
ln 1 / 2d 3 ) 4π
When the probe is inserted in a lossy soil with bulk conductivity σa, the distributed
conductance G is obtained by substituting ε0 with σa in the Cp0 formula. The dielectric effects,
including losses, are incorporated by again substituting in the Cp0 formula ε0 with the complex
permittivity of the soil εc= ε’– j ε’’. Το estimate εc we first compute the pure water frequency-
dependent complex permittivity εw(ω) at 16.2 ºC following Meissner and Wentz (2004). For a
soil with water content θ we obtain εa using the Topp formula (4) and finally:
ε a − ε a0
ε c = ε a0 + (ε − ε ) (18)
ε a1 − ε a 0 w a 0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
where εa0= εa (θ=0) and εa1= εa (θ=1). The effect of the finite conductivity of the probe rods is
negligible for short lengths. If longer lengths are to be used, a procedure similar to the one
outlined for the coaxial cable losses should be followed. However, short probes need a
correction of their actual length to an apparent, longer one. This is due to the fringing of the
electromagnetic field at the open end of the probe, neglected in basic transmission line theory,
which in fact assumes infinitely long lines. We have incorporated this correction by adding an
extra length, double the one estimated by Green (1986) for two-rod probes.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
3. Software installation
To install the TDR-Lab software the following items are required
• The TDR-Lab manual
• The TDR-Lab installation program
• A PC Pentium class or equivalent, with VGA display, running under Windows XP
or higher.
• The SQL Express 2008 (SQLEXPR32_x86_ENU.exe) and Windows Installer 4.5
applications should be previously installed in the computer.
To acquire data, the following items (not required during the installation process) are needed:
• A Tektronix 1502 B/C (or 1503 B/C) Metallic TDR, Campbell Sci. TDR 100 or
TRASE Soilmoisture Equipment Cable Tester.
• A RS232 cable for the Tektronix 1502C Metallic instrument (see Appendix, section
App. 1) or the corresponding cable for the TDR-100 Campbell Sci. cable tester.
• A PC with a RS232 port or USB port with a USB-RS232 adaptor.
• A coaxial cable and a three-wire (or equivalent) probe.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
4. User interface
4.1. Running the software
• The TDR cable tester does not need to be connected to the computer to start TDR-
Lab.
• Run TDR-Lab by clicking on the TDR-Lab.exe application, which (by default) is
located in the TDR-Lab folder of the Programs section of the Start Menu, or by
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
4.2. Creating a new project and selecting the TDR cable tester
The data files are organized in projects, which in turn are saved in folders that should be
created in the TDR-Lab Project manager window (Figure 6). To create a folder:
• Click on the New folder command located in the Project menu of the menu bar, or
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
• Write the name of the project in the Project name box and select the TDR cable
tester listed in the TDR Model box. Four TDR model options are so far available:
the Tektronix 1502C, TDR100 Campbell Sci. and TRASE Soilmoisture Equipment
Corp. cable testers, as well as a virtual TDR cable tester that allows users to work
with simulated TDR waveforms (Figure 8).
• By clicking on the selected cable tester displayed in the TDR device box, a second
column is opened on the right-hand side of the New project window. This describes
the characteristics of the TDR cable tester and the communication settings (Figure
8). These data, which should not be manually changed, are automatically calculated
by TDR-Lab in the calibration process of the cable tester (see section 4.3).
• Click on the Create project button and the name of the new project will appear in
the right column of the Project manager window (Figure 6).
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Projects and folders can be deleted by clicking on the and icons, respectively,
displayed in the menu bar of the Project manager window (Figure 9).
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
The results obtained from the TDR waveform analysis are also displayed in an output
analysis box located at the top of the TDR-Screen (Figure 10).
The icon located at the top-left of the window allows the user to hide or display the
TDR-Screen (Figure 10). The TDR-Screen can also be hidden or displayed by clicking on the
Display command located in the TDR menu of the TDR-Screen menu bar
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 10. TDR-Screen window showing the (a) analysis, (b) results and (c) display pages,
respectively.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 11. Steps to open the window to define the characteristics of the coaxial cable and the
TDR probe.
• This opens a first window (Figure 12a), named Cable and Probe Set, for defining
the characteristics of the coaxial cable.
o Click on the icon located on the right of the Cable box, enter the name
and characteristics of the coaxial cable in the corresponding boxes, and click
on the Next button (Figure 12a). The program automatically asks if the user
wants to save the new settings.
o The VP (propagation velocity) Impedance and DC Impedance (direct current
impedance) should be defined by the coaxial cable manufacturer.
o The Infinite values box defines the long-time reflection coefficient values at
the end of the coaxial cable in air and short-circuited. In this case, values of 1
and -1 are defined by default. To measure these values go to Section 4.7.
• The next window (Cable and probe set wizard) allows users to define the type and
characteristics of the TDR probe (Figure 12b). To this end:
o Click on the icon located on the right of the Probe box, and enter the
TDR probe characteristics in the corresponding boxes:
Probe type: for the moment only three-wire probes are available.
Probe: this displays a list of the stored TDR probes.
Name: write the name of the TDR probe.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
a b
Figure 12. Windows for defining the characteristics of (a) the coaxial cable, and (b) TDR probe.
• The following window (Figure 13a) defines the settings of the recorded TDR
waveforms:
o Name: this defines the coaxial cable plus TDR probe set. Different names of
TDR probes can be defined for the same cable tester and coaxial cable set.
o Cursor position: this indicates the position of the TDR waveform. The TDR
waveform position can also be modified by moving the pointer located below
the TDR-Screen (Figure 10)
o First peak: this denotes the time when the TDR trace enters the TDR wires.
o Dist / Div: this indicates the scale of the TDR-Screen.
o Num. of points: this defines the points for each TDR waveform, which
depends on the TDR cable tester. While different numbers of points are
accessible for the TDR100, only 251 points are available for the Tektronix
1502C cable tester.
o Acquire second TDR waveform: this command allows the user to record and
save a second TDR waveform, which will be subsequently used to calculate
the bulk electrical conductivity (go to Section 4.8.2). To this end, a second
scale or Dist/Div should be defined. A Dist/Div value equal to 10 is defined
by default.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
a b
Figure 13. (a) Window defining the settings of the recorded TDR waveforms, and (b) window
summarizing the characteristics of the coaxial cable, TDR probe and TDR measurement
settings.
NOTE: The Dist/Div and Cursor position settings should be constants for a defined coaxial
cable plus TDR probe system. Variations in these values, once a TDR waveform has been
saved, will lead to errors in the estimation of tL (Figure 1).
• By clicking the Next button, a final window is opened that summarizes the settings
of the coaxial cable plus TDR probe system and the configuration of the TDR
measurements (Figure 13b).
• Click on the Finish button, and the name of the configured TDR probe will appear in
the Diagram Column of the TDR-Screen window (Figure 16).
A table summarizing all the coaxial cable and TDR probes saved in the TDR-Lab can be
opened by clicking on the Repository command located in the menu bar of the Project
manager window (Figure 14a and b), or clicking on the Repository command located in the
Sets menu of the TDR-Screen menu bar.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 14. Window showing (a) the steps to open the repository table that contains all
the coaxial cables and TDR probes, and (b) the repository table.
4.6. Connecting TDR-Lab to the cable tester and acquiring a TDR waveform
To start the communication between TDR-Lab and the cable tester, proceed as follows:
• Connect, with the corresponding cable, the cable tester to the computer.
• Check that the cable tester is on.
• Click on the Connect command that is located in the TDR menu of the TDR-Screen
menu bar (Figure 15). TDR-Lab takes some seconds to connect with the cable tester.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 16. (a) A single, and (b) a series of TDR waveforms recorded and saved by TDR-Lab.
TDR-Lab also makes it possible to compare two different TDR waveforms in the same
TDR-Screen. To this end, click on a TDR waveform displayed in the Diagram Column and
move it to the TDR-Screen (Figure 17). The second TDR waveform will be displayed in the
TDR-Screen in a different colour (Figure 17).
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
4.7.1. Calculation of the effective length of the coaxial cable and TDR probe
The effective length of the coaxial cable is calculated as follows:
• Switch on the TDR cable tester and connect it to TDR-Lab.
• Select the coaxial cable to be calibrated, and open the Cable-Probe calibration
window by clicking on the Calibrate probe command located in the Sets menu of
the TDR-Screen menu bar (Figure 18).
• Open the Cable Calibration page, click on the Calibrate length button (Figure
18), and follow the instructions provided by the software.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 18. Window for calibrating the effective length and the long-time reflection coefficient of the
coaxial cable.
The effective length of the TDR probe can be calculated by the graphical or the numerical
method.
To calculate the effective length:
• Switch on the TDR cable tester and connect it to TDR-Lab.
• Submerge the wires of the TDR probe in distilled water, Refresh a new TDR
waveform and fix the first peak of the TDR waveform.
• Click on the Calibrate probe command located in the Sets menu of the TDR-
Screen menu bar, and open the Probe Calibration page displayed by the Cable-
Probe calibration window (Figure 19).
• Click on the Calibrate length button (Figure 19), and the software will ask if the
user wants to calibrate the effective length by the numerical method (Figure 20).
o If NO is clicked, the software will automatically calculate the effective
length of the TDR probe by the tangents method, and will save the results in
the TDR probe settings window (Figure 12b). To this end, follow the
instructions provided by TDR-Lab.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 19. Window for calibrating the effective length and the long-time refection coefficient of the
TDR probe.
Figure 20. Option of calibrating the effective length by the numerical method.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
4.7.2. Measurement of the long-time reflection coefficient of the coaxial cable and TDR
probe, in air and short-circuited
Before calibrating the long-time reflection coefficient, the scale (Dis/Div) of the long-time
TDR waveform should be fixed. To this end:
• Open the Cable-Probe calibration window by clicking on the Calibrate probe
command located in the Sets menu of the TDR-Screen menu bar, and select the
Settings page (Figure 21).
• In the Dis/Div window, select the scale defined to acquire a second TDR
waveform for electrical conductivity estimations (Figure 13a).
Figure 21. Settings window for defining the Dis/Div value to calibrate the long-time reflection
coefficient, in air and short-circuited.
To determine the long-time reflection coefficient of the coaxial cable, in air and short-
circuited (Eq. 5):
• In the Diagram Column, select the TDR probe to be calibrated, and open the
Cable-Probe calibration window by clicking on the Calibrate probe command
located in the Sets menu of the TDR-Screen menu bar.
• Select the Cable Calibration page, click on the Calibrate Rho button, and follow
the instructions provided by the software (Figure 18).
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Similarly, the long-time reflection coefficients of the coaxial cable plus TDR probe system,
in air and short-circuited (Eq. 5), are calculated as follows:
• Select the TDR probe to be calibrated, and open the Cable-Probe calibration
window by clicking on the Calibrate probe command located in the Sets menu of
the TDR-Screen menu bar.
• Select the Probe Calibration page, click on the Calibrate Rho button (Figure
19), and follow the instructions provided by the software.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 22. Window for measuring the long-time reflection coefficient of the TDR probe for
different conductive water solutions.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
o Manual method, where the first peak and the second reflection point of the
TDR waveform are manually chosen by the user (Figure 23a). To this end,
move the vertical lines of the first peak and second reflection point to the
desired locations (Figure 22a).
o Tangents method: a semiautomatic method in which the first peak is defined
by the user and the second reflection point is automatically fixed by the
computer using the tangents method (Heimovaara, 1993) (Figure 23b). The
tangent slope of the second reflection point can be modified by clicking on
the Use slope, Tan at min. window size and Tang. at inflec. window size
commands located at the bottom-left of the TDR-Screen. These commands
are also summarized in the Analysis Settings window (Figure 23a).
o Derivative method: an automatic method in which the first peak and second
reflection points are automatically fixed by the software, by looking for the
minimum and maximum of the derivative function of the TDR waveform,
respectively (Figure 23c).
o Numerical method for homogeneous profile media: an automatic method that
interactively calculates θ and σ by inverse modelling of the TDR waveform
using numerical methods (Figure 23d). In this case, the first peak needs to
have been previously fixed in the calibration of the effective length of the
TDR probe (see section 4.7).
• Once the method of waveform analysis has been selected, click on the Execute
button.
• The results are displayed in the top box of the TDR-Screen and are saved in the
Analysis results manager application (see section 4.10).
NOTE: While the tangents method gives accurate estimations of water content for TDR
probes greater than 5 or 10 cm in length (Dalton and Van Genuchten, 1986; Zegelin et al.,
1992), the numerical method is optimal for shorter TDR probes (i.e. between 0.7 and 3 cm in
length) (Moret-Fernández et al., 2011).
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 23. TDR waveform analysis using the (a) manual, (b) tangents, (c)
derivative, and (d) numerical methods.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
In order to optimize the calculations with the numerical method, a pre-analysis of θ has
been included in the software. To check these pre-analysis characteristics:
• Open the Analysis Settings window by clicking on the Settings button located on
the left of the TDR-Screen (Figure 23), and click on the Advanced button
(Figure 24a).
• The TDR waveform pre-analyses (manual, tangents or derivative) are defined in
the Initial values from box (Figure 24b). In this case, the tangents method is
selected by default. The initial values of θ and σ can also be modified by the
user (Figure 24b).
• By clicking on the Use longtime waveform analysis (Fig. 24b), the TDR-Lab run
the numerical method taking the σ calculated with the Lin et al. (2008) method
(Eq. 5)
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
The estimations of θ can also be applied to previously saved TDR waveforms. To this end:
• Open a TDR-Screen-type window that displays the saved TDR waveform by
clicking on a TDR waveform saved in the Diagram Column of the TDR-Screen
(Figure 16).
• Select the waveform analysis to be used and click on the Execute button.
• The results are displayed in the top box of the TDR-Screen and are saved in the
Analysis results manager application.
The Topp equation coefficients used to calculate θ (Eq. 4) are defined in the Coefficients
page of the Analysis Settings window (Figure 25a). These coefficient values can be changed
by clicking on the Advanced button (Figure 25a and b).
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 26. Long-time TDR waveform (yellow trace) for calculating the bulk electrical
conductivity.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
• The .csv file created by TDR-Lab contains the following information (Figure 31):
o Name of the TDR probe.
o Settings of the TDR waveforms.
o Pairs of points of travel time and reflection coefficients for the different TDR
waveforms.
o Results and method used to calculate the water content, dielectric constant
and bulk electrical conductivity, if estimated.
NOTE: To export TDR waveforms, the projects should be saved in a folder previously created
in the Project manager window (Figure 6)
The import files application is not yet operative in this version of TDR-Lab.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Figure 32. TDRDB.mdf and TDRDB_log.ldf files saving all TDR data.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
REFERENCES
Ball, J.A.R. 2002. Characteristic impedance of unbalanced TDR probes. IEEE Trans. Instr. Meas. 51,
532-536.
Dalton, F.N., Van Genuchten, M.Th. 1986. The time-domain reflectometry method for measuring soil
water content and salinity. Geoderma 38, 237-250.
Dobson, M.C., Ulaby, F.T., Hallikinen, M.T., El-Rayer. Microwave dielectric behaviour of wet soil, II,
Dielectric mixing models. Geol. Surv. Pap. Geol. Surv. Can. 75, 361-365.
Green, H.E., Cashman, J.D. 1986. End effect in open-circuited two wire transmission lines. IEEE
Trans. Microwave Theory Techniques 34 180-186.
Giese, K., Tiemann, R. 1975. Determination of the complex permittivity from thin-sample time domain
reflectometry: Improved analysis of the step response waveform. Adv. Mol. Relax. Processes 7,
45-49.
Heimovaara, T. J. 1994. Frequency domain analysis of time domain reflectometry waveforms 1.
Measurement of the complex dielectric permittivity of soils, Water Resour. Res. 30, 189-199.
Heimovaara, T.J. ,Huisman, J.A, Vrugt, J.A, Bouten, W. 2004. Obtaining the spatial distribution of
water content along a TDR probe using the SCEM-UA bayesian inverse modelling scheme.
Vadose Zone J. 3, 1128-1145.
Heimovaara, T.J. 1993. Design of triple-wire Time-Domain Reflectometry probes in practice and
theory. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 57, 1410-1417.
Huebner, C. Kupfer, K. 2007. Modelling of electromagnetic wave propagation along transmission lines
in inhomogeneous media. Meas. Sci. Technol. 18, 1147-1154.
Jacobsen, O.H., Shjønning, P. 1993. A laboratory calibration of time domain reflectometry for soil
water measurement including effects of bulk density and texture. J. Hydrol. 151, 147-157.
Jones, S.B., Wraith, J.M., Or, D. 2002. Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) Measurement Principles
and Applications. Hydrol. Process. 16, 141-153.
Kraus, J.D., 1984. Electromagnetics. Third ed. McGraw-Hill, New York.
Lin, C-P., Chung, C.C., Huisman, J.J., Tang, S.H., 2008. Clarification and calibration of reflection
coefficient for electrical conductivity measurement by Time Domain Reflectometry. Vadose
Zone Journal 72, 1033-1040.
Malicki, M.A., Plagge, R., Roth, C.H. 1996. Improving the calibration of dielectric TDR soil moisture
determination taking into account the solid soil. J. Soil Sci. 47, 357-366.
Meissner, T., Wentz, F.J. 2004. The complex dielectric constant of pure and sea water from microwave
satellite observations. IEEE Trans. Geosci. Remote Sensing 42, 1836-1849.
Moret-Fernández, D., Lera, F., Vicente, J., Latorre, B, López, M.V. 2011.Comparison of different TDR
waveform analysis for soil water content and bulk electrical conductivity measurements using
short-TDR probes (in preparation).
Nahman, N.S., Holt, D.R. 1972. Transient analysis of coaxial cables using the skin effect
approximation A+ B √s. IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory 19, 443-451.
Pepin, S., Plamondon, A.P., Stein, J. 1992. Peat water content measurement using time domain
reflectometry. Can. J. For. Res. 22, 534-540.
Ramo, S., Whinnery, J.R., Van Duzer, T. 1984. Fields and waves in communication electronics. John
Wiley and Sons, New York.
Roth, K., Schulin R., Flühler, H., Attinger, W.1990. Calibration of time domain reflectometry for water
content measurement using a composite approach. Water Resour. Res. 26, 2267-2273.
Ritter-Rodríguez, A. 2002. Simulación del transporte de agua y solutos en suelos volcánicos, basada en
técnicas de optimización inversa, para la evaluación del efecto de las prácticas agronómicas. Tesis
doctoral. Universidad de Córdoba.
Timlin D.J., Pachepsky, Y.A. 1996. Comparison of three methods to obtain the apparent dielectric
constant from Time Domain Reflectometry wave traces. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 60, 970-977.
Topp, G.C., Ferre, T.P.A. 2002. Water content, In, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4. (Eds. J.H. Dane
and G.C. Topp), SSSA Book Series No. 5. Soil Science Society of America, Madison WI.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Topp, G.C., Davis, J.L., Annan, A.P. 1980. Electromagnetic determination of soil water content:
measurements in coaxial transmission lines. Water Resour. Res. 16, 574-582.
Topp, G.C., Yanuka, M., Zebchuk, W.D., Zegelin, S. 1988. Determination of electrical conductivity
using time domain reflectometry: soil and water experiments in coaxial lines. Water Resour. Res.
24, 945-952.
Wraith, J.M. 2002. Time Domain Reflectometry. p. 1289-1297. In, Methods of Soil Analysis. Part 4.
(Eds. J.H. Dane and G.C. Topp), SSSA Book Series No. 5. Soil Science Society of America,
Madison WI.
Zegelin, SJ., White, I., Russell, G.F. 1992. A critique of the time domain reflectometry technique for
determining field soil-water content. p. 187-208. In, Advances in measurement of soil physical
properties: bringing theory into practice. (Eds. G.C. Topp et al.) SSSA Spec. Publ. 30. SSSA,
Madison, WI.
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APPENDIX
App. 1. RR232 cable configuration for communicating TDR-Lab to the Tektronix 1502C
cable tester
The connection between the computer and the Tektronix 1502C cable tester is established
with a 9 to 25 pin connector that connects the PC serial port to the cable tester, respectively.
Details of the connector configuration are summarized in Figure 33.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
App. 2. Calculation of the TDR probe cell constant from measured long-time reflection
coefficient values
The cell constant is numerically calculated in an external spreadsheet (Figure 34) by looking
for the best fit between the measured (σexp) and the modelled (σmod) bulk electrical
conductivity. The σexp parameter is the electrical conductivity measured with a conductive cell
immersed in different conductive water solutions. The σmod factor is the bulk electrical
conductivity calculated from Eq. (5) for different values of KP and the measured ρf, ρair and ρsc
values, respectively.
Figure 34. Example of table to calculate the TDR probe cell constant.
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User Guide. TDR-LAB V.1.0
Main menu
ALT + P Project
ALT + T TDR
ALT + S Sets
ALT + F Waveforms
ALT + W Windows
TDR display
ALT + X Execute
ALT + E TDR screen settings
ALT + A Save
ALT + R Refresh
ALT + N None
ALT + M Manual analysis on refresh
ALT + N Tangents analysis on refresh
ALT + D Derivative analysis on refresh
ALT + L Results manager window
ALT + C Clear
ALT + O Stop on numerical method analysis
ALT + B Calibration
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