Philippine Society of Mechanical Engineers

State of Kuwait Chapter

Affiliation No. 103

ME SPLBE Review 2018

Subject: TRIGONOMETRY/SYSTEM UNITS AND CONVERSION 02-26-2018
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TRIGONOMETRY - is the study of triangles by applying the relations between the sides and
the angles.

Plane Trigonometry – deals with the triangles in the two dimensions of the plane.

Trigonometric functions to right triangle:

𝑎 𝑐
1. sin θ = 4. csc θ =
𝑐 𝑎
𝑏 𝑐
2. cos θ = 5. sec θ =
𝑐 𝑏
𝑎 𝑏
3. tan θ = 6. cot θ =
𝑏 𝑎

Pythagorean Theorem:
a2 + b 2 = c 2

Example:
1. A wire supporting a pole is fastened to it 20 feet from the ground and to the ground
15 feet from the pole. Determine the length of the wire and the angle it makes with the
pole. Ans – 25ft,36.87°

2.A man standing on a 48.5 meter building high, has an eyesight

height of 1.5m from the top of the building, took a depression
reading from the top of another nearby building and nearest
wall, which are 50° and 80° respectively. Find the height of
the nearby building in meters. The man is standing at the edge
of the building and both buildings lie on the same horizontal
plane. Ans – 39.49m

Solution to Oblique Triangle.

Law of Sines: Law of Cosine:
𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= = a2 = b2+c2 – 2bc cosA
𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝐶
b2 = a2+c2 – 2bc cosB
c2 = a2+b2 – 2bc cosC
Example:
1. A pole cast shadow 15m long when the angle of elevation of the sun is 61°. If the
pole is leaned 15° from the vertical directly towards the sun, determine the length of
the pole? Ans – 54.23m

2. Points A and B 1000m apart are plotted on a straight highway running east and west.
From A, the bearing of a tower C is 32°W of N and from B the bearing of C is 26°N of E.
Approximate the shortest distance of tower C to the highway. Ans – 374m

Trigonometric Identities:
1 1
1. sin θ = 4. csc θ =
csc θ sin θ
1 1
2. cos θ = 5. sec θ =
sec θ cos θ
1 sin θ 1 cos θ
3. tan θ = = 6. cot θ = =
cot θ csc θ tan θ sin θ

sinθ +cosθ tanθ

1. Find the value of
cos θ
A. 2 sin θ B. 2 cos θ
C. 2 tan θ A. 2 cot θ

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2. Simplify the equation sec θ -(sec θ)sin2 θ
A. cos2 θ B. cos θ
C. sin θ
2 D. sin θ
2sinθ cosθ−cosθ
3. Evaluate:
1−sin θ+sin2 θ−cos2 θ
A. sin θ B. cos θ
C. tan θ D. cot θ

SYSTEM UNITS AND CONVERSION

MASS – The quantitative measure of the amount of matter in a given body.

Mass = W/g

1lb = 16oz
1kg = 1000g English System: SI system
1kg = 2.2lbs oz – ounce g - grams
1slug = 32.2lbm lbm – pound-mass kg - kilogram
1slug = 14.59kg sl – slug Ton
1metric Ton = 1000kg
1short Ton = 2000lbs

FORCE - an object's mass multiplied by its acceleration

Force = m(a)

1N = 105 Dyne
1N = 1kg(9.81m/s2) English System: Metric system
1lbf = 1lbm(32.2ft/s2) N – Newton lbf – pound force
1lbf = 1slug(1ft/s2) (a=32.2 ft/s2) (a=9.81m/s2)
1N = 0.2248lbf Dyne

DENSITY – is a mass per unit of volume of a substance.

ρ = m/V Density of water:

English System: Metric system
1.940 slug/ft3 1000 kg/m3
62.4 lbm/ft3

Density of air: 1.2 kg/m3

SPECIFIC WEIGHT – Is the weight of fluid per unit of volume.

y = W/V Specific weight of water:

English System: Metric system
62.4 lbf/ft3 9.81kN/m3

SPECIFIC VOLUME – is the volume occupied by the fluid per unit of mass

v = V/m

SPECIFIC GRAVITY – is the ratio of density or specific weight of a substance to the

density or specific weight of standard substance. SG = ρfluid/ρwater or yfluid/ywater

PRESSURE - continuous physical force exerted on or against an object by something in

contact with it.

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P = F/A – force/Area Standard Atmospheric Pressure:
P = ρ.g.h English System: Metric system
P = y.h 14.7 lbf/in2 (psi) 101.325 kpa or 1.013 bar
29.92 in Hg 1.032 kg/cm2 or 29.92 mmHg
Example:
1. An Iron block weighs 5 N and has a volume 200 cm3. What is most nearly the density of
the block?
A. 875 kg/m3 C. 1250 kg/m3
B. 988 kg/m 3 D. 2550 kg/m3

2. If the density of the gas is 0.003 slug/ft3. What is most nearly the specific weight
of the gas?
A. 9.0 N/m3 C. 76 N/m3
B. 15 N/m 3 D. 98 N/m3

3. The specific gravity of mercury relative to water is 13.55. What is the specific
weight of mercury?
A. 82.3 kN/m3 C. 133 kN/m3
B. 102 kN/m 3 D. 151 kN/m3

4. If the specific weight of a liquid is 58.5 lbf/ft 3, what is the specific volume of
the liquid.
A. 0.532 cm3/g C. 0.950 cm3/g
B. 0.675 cm /g
3 D. 1.07 cm3/g

5. A cylinder weights 150lbf. Its cross-sectional area is 40in2. When the cylinder stands
vertically on one end, approximately what pressure does the cylinder exert on the floor?
A. 14 kPa C. 63 kPa
B. 26 kPa D. 90 kPa

6. A column of water 100 cm high is equivalent to what pressure?

A. 9800 dyne/cm2 C. 0.10 bar
B. 9800 Pa D. 0.10 atm

ENERGY or WORK – force or weight x distance / KINETIC ENERGY - directly proportional to

the mass of the object and to the square of its velocity.

Work = W x distance or m.g.distance (Joule/ft-lbs)

Kinetic Energy = ½ mv2 (Joule/ft-lbs)

1BTU = 778(ft-lb) English System: Metric system

1BTU = 1.055kJ ft-lb Joule/kJ
1BTU = 252 cal BTU Calorie
1Kcal = 4.187kJ

POWER – Work Per unit of time

1hp = 550 ft-lb/sec English System: Metric system

= 33,000 ft-lb/min BTU/hr Watts
= 2545 BTU/hr ft-lb/min J/s
= 42.2 BTU/min
= 746 watts
= 746 J/s

7. A boy pulls a sled with the mass of 20 kg horizontally over a frictionless surface.
It takes him 10 minutes to pull the sled 100 yd. What is his average power output over
this 10 min?
A. 27.9 W C. 28.3 W
B. 29.9 W D. 30.4 W

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8. A 1500 kg automobile accelerates from 15 km/hr to 140 km/hr. How much work in kJ does
this require?
A. 1788.23 C. 1121.23
B. 2455.23 D. 1566.43

9. The generator is able to produce 15 kW of power and the losses in the form of heat
due to line resistance and battery heat transfer are 2 Kw. Determine the total amount of
energy in BTU, stored during 12 HR period.
A. 861x103 BTU C. 661x103 BTU
B. 761x10 BTU
3 D. 532x103 BTU

10. A. 24 volts DC electric motor draws a current of 20 amps. How much work in kJ does
the motor produce over 20-minute period of operation?
A. 497 C. 216
B. 576 D. 318