• Fully Restrained (FR): • Locally Restrained (LR):

- Most bell & spigot PVC and DI pipelines incl.

- High-pressure oil & gas welded pipelines,
above-ground pipelines, submerged pipelines,
pump stations, some low-pressure buried
sewage forcemains and watermains
- Rely on longitudinal pipe stress to carry thrust
loads.
- More reliable, more expensive
most low-pressure buried sewage forcemains
and watermains
- Transfer thrust loads to ground and rely on
soil bearing and/or soil friction capacity.
- Less expensive but less reliable (soil
properties, construction of other utilities,
seismic performance)

ADD = average day demand

MDD = maximum day demand
PHD = peak hour demand

BDD = base daily demand

SD= seasonal demand (outdoor usage)
OFFICIAL COMMUNITY PLAN (OCP)
 ACRONYMS.   ASTM: American Soc.forTesting&Materials  MISC. 
ACP: Asbestos Cement Pipe  AWWA - American Water Works Assoc.  Land Use Planning Horizons: Existing Land Use (now) • Approved Zoning (5-30 yrs) • Official Community Plan (5-20 yrs) 
CIP/CISP: Cast Iron/Cast Iron Soil Pipe  FUS - Fire Underwriters Survey  • Build-out / Saturation / Urban Containment (10-100yrs) 
CSP: Corrugated steel (Sewer)  NFPA - National Fire Protection Assoc.  Pop Equivalents(PE): calculated with residential pop's from Census Canada, equivalent pop's from ICI land uses, 
DIP: Ductile Iron (Water Pipe)  ARGSA - Agriculture&Rural Development  employment data & student enrollments, metered sewage volume from industrial land uses 
HDPE: High Density Polyethylene(S FMs & Water)  Subsidary Agreement  D Then Build  DB (Design-Build)  DBFOM (-Finance Op. Maintain)  DBOM(DB-op-maintain) 
PCCP: Prestressed Concrete Cylinder(Water)  ROW - Right of Way  +Gov has direct input  +Point of accountability for gov owner  All benefits DBFOM, plus:  All benefits DB, plus: 
PVC: Polyvinyl Chloride (Sewer)  AT - the thrust area required  -"pay for progress" not  +Can be "pay for performance"  +Due diligence of the lenders & investors  +Contractor also does O&M 
PVC (AWWA C900/C905): (Water)  FR - Fully Restrained  "performance"  +Multiple designs priced & compared  over the bid process  +Point of accountability for 
RCP: Reinforced Concrete (Sewer)  LR - Locally Restrained  -No single party  +Designer+builder integrated  +The financing provides security for  gov owner 
SP??: Steel (S FMs & Water)  WAR - Wedge action restraints  accountable  -Owner has no direct design input  construction completion; service delivery, &  - Little security over the 
ID - Pipe inside diameter  TDH - Total Dynamic Head  -Only one design is  -Designer beholden to contractor, not  handback condition -Contractor-provided $$  O&M period; payments 
OD - Pipe outside diameter    HL - Head Losses  fully priced  gov owner; Concerns w/ long term  more expensive than govt's cost of  relatively small, contractor 
SWI: Stormwater Inflow  HS - Static Head  quality+operability of asset  borrowing  can "walk" 
GWI Groundw. Infilt.0.85*min night flow,dry periodsVFD - Variable Frequency Drive  INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY (IRR). 
RII - Rainfall-Induced Infiltration  WC - Water Column  • Pollution prevention: avoid >reduce>reuse>recycle>recover>dispose 
RDI&I - Rainfall‐Dependent I&I= RII + SWI  (W)WTP - (Waste) Water Treatment Plant  • OMRR = Organic Matter Recycling Regulation 
I&I - Inflow & Infiltration= RDI&I + GWI  CV - Control Valve  Composition - aerobic  Digestion - anaerobic 
NAF - Net Area Factor (Ratio of total gross  MJ - Mechanical Joint 
↓solid mass by half; need 2:1 ratio of  ↓ total solid mass by 50-60% 
area to active lot area of catchment)  IE - Irrigation Efficiency 
“brown’’ to “green” biomass  heat + microbes+CH3COOH 
IDF - Intensity Duration Frequency  ILI - Infrastructure Leakage Index 
microbes+ CnHnN (biomass)+O2 →  (acetic acid) + H2→CO2 +CH4 
TIA - Total Impervious Area  L/c/d - Liters per capita per day 
CO2+H2O+NH3(ammonia)+heat  (methane) 
NRW - Non-revenue water (system losses,  SSO: Sanitary Sewer Overflows 
leakage, meter inaccuracies)  FSE: Food Service Establishment 
ET - Evapotranspiration  FOG: Fats, Oils, And Greases 
UARL - Unavoidable annual real losses  PPCPs: Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products
EWU - Estimated Water Use  BMP - Best Management Practice 

WATER. P = 1 m W.C. = ~1.4223 psi = ~9.81 kPa @STP-  SEWER. 

• Conduits up/s of WTP may be under pressure or free flow.Down/s are always under P.  Building ⇒ Lateral/Branch ⇒ Collector Sewer ⇒ Outfall or Trunk Sewer ⇒ Interceptor Sewer ⇒ WWTP 
• Main: All pipes in the distribution system. Starting from building: service pipe ⇒  Flow  L/d/c  Use 
service/distributor main⇒secondary feeders (+carry water for FF)⇒primary feeders.  Avg Dry Weather(ADWF)   PE ok; ADWF=ADF + GWI for design use=350*PE  350  min. velocity calcs 
• Form a grid w/o dead-ends to prevent sediment build-up + non-entry of disinfectant.  Peak Dry Weather(PDWF)  PSF + GWI; for design use: ADWF x PF  min. velocity calcs 
• To prevent infiltration: can’t have negative pressure, assume min 10-20psi.  Peak Wet Weather(PWWF)  PDWF + RDI&I ; for design use: ADWF x PF + I&I  system analysis wrt pipe capacity 
• Higher pressure can ↑leakage & stress on components. May require PRVs.  Peak Sanitary Flow (PSF)  PF*ADF = BSF * PF 
Normal demands: 28~35 m WC (40~50 psi min.); 105 m WC max (150 psi)  Peaking Factor (PF)  1+14/(4+ √population/1000 ) (Harmon) 
Fire demands: 14~21 m WC residual (20~30 psi); 14 m WC zone constraint  Avg Domestic (ADF) or (BSF)  ADWF-GWI  Aka Base Sanitary(BSF) = PE*unitload 
Per Capita Demands  L/c/d  Uses  I&I   RDI&I + GWI  11200L/Ha/d 
Base Day(BDD)   avg consumption Dec-Feb  300  low flows, pump stn design, water qlty  How to correctly specify I&I: Return Period, Averaging Period, and Type 
Avg Day (ADD)  avg consumption over 365 days  500  benchmarking, water supply/licenses  2/3 1/2
Q = AR n S Where: Q = pipe flow [m3/s]; A =cross-sectional pipe area[m2];R = (D/4) 
Max Day(MDD)  highest daily consumption  1000  infrastructure design 
hydraulic radius[m]; D = pipe diameter [m;] S = EGL slope[m/m]; n =Manning coeff= 0.013 
peak hr demand in last 10yr  
Peak Hr (PHD)  2000  supply/Max withdrawal, infrast. design  Sewer Loadings: 300 - 350 L/PE/day  
extrapolated to 24hr. 
Seasonal (SD)  outdoor usage  ADD=BD(indoor)+SD(Irrigation)+NRW(Leakage)  Pipe Capacity: Local Sewers (PWWF<40 L/s) Qpipe capacity =0.7 X Q full capacity, theoretical  
Peak SD (SD24)   MDD minus BD  MDD=BD(indoor)+SD24(Irrigation)+NRW 
Trunk and Interceptor Sewers (PWWF⩾ 40 L/s) Qpipe capacity =0.837 X Q full capacity, theoretical  
Design: Sanitary sewers will be designed as open channels with the depth of flow, under 
Fire Flow: Min 150 kPa must be maintained during FF. Min 2000 L/min 
the maximum design flow conditied 50% of the internal diameter of the sewer (e.g. d/D = 
QFF = 220 C √A -> round to nearest 1000 L/min then account for exposure/sprinkler/occupants  0.5).  
QFF = [Lpm]; A = total floor area exc. basements 50% below grade [m2]; C = 1.5 wood;  For interceptor and Trunk Sanitary Sewers, the depth of flow under the maximum design 
1.0 ordinary(brick, combustible); 0.8 non-combustible construction; 0.6 fire-resistant   flow condition, will not exceed 70% of the internal diameter of the sewer(e.g. d/D = 0.70).  
Total Demand: Qdesign = greater of {MDD+FF, PHD}  Min Manhole spacing: 150m +: every ᐃpipe size, junctions, …. 
Reservoir Size: Capacity = 1.25 × (QF F × t + M DDtotal × 6 hrs)   • Sewers take precedence over all other services in determining utility depths and 
QF F = highest FF in the district, M DDtotal = future MDD summed over entire district  corridors!!! 
t = required duration for the QF F (taken from table in FFS)  • Strength is governed by DR ratio DR 35, DR28 available in smaller diameters, Building sewer pipe is different. 
Sprinkler Fire Protection: 2.6 L/s (2 sprinkler heads) SFR – 13D, Required pressure, 
depends on sprinkler designer >20 psi req’d; 40 psi good. Evaluated on PHD  Predicting I&I Rates and Trends  
Water Loss [m3/day] = 5(0.4704Lm+0.0303Nc+0.8Lc)(P/49.26)1.5 RDI&I Rate100 = 12,355*e^(0.0325*(sewer age))  
Lm=mains length [km]; Nc=#service connections; Lc=length of serv connections [km]  Where RDI&I Rate100 is in L/Ha/d representing the peak one hour flow during a 100-year storm and sewer age is in 
Velocity: Min 0.754 m/s where silt is transported. Max 3~6 m/s max. Typ 1.2~1.8 m/s  years. Note: the I&I Rate would be the RDI&I rate plus GWI 
Main Sizing Distribution: 8” for most SFR; 12” for most ICI 
Main Sizing Transmission: 1m/s on design MDD   Terminology 
Water Quality: Don’t oversize pipes; Re-chlorinate for reservoirs  • Forcemains: carry ww from pump station to other pipes."Force"- pipe is under pressure, rather than relying on gravity 
Redundancy: Max. unlooped length 150m  • Siphons: vertical bends in bends when pipes need to go under rivers, others pipes, tunnels etc. 
Effects of reduced water use: Infrastructure could be oversized, Construction timing  • Manhole Rim: top elevation of frame, cover, and grate. 
(Build infrastructure before needed), ↑ O&M $(↓energy efficient), poor water quality  • Manhole Chimney: variable height cylinder part of manhole struc, to support/adjust finished grade of manhole frame 
Residential Criteria: All population based (L/ca/day) QMDD= qMDD • P  • Sewer Invert Elevation: lowest inside point of a pipe/sewer at a given location or benchmark 
Irrigation: Pop-based criteria not appropriate for assigning MDD. May undersize for  • Mitred Bends: connection - cutting pipe ends at an angle and joining the two pieces (often 2 @45° to make 90°) 
large lot areas. Area-weighting more accurate. QMDD=Qi+Qo=(qindoor• Population)+(qoutdoo•  • Sewer Wyes: lateral connection used to join a sewer line from a private property 
Area m2) qi = BD, use 300L/ca/day; qo = outdoor water use rate (L/m2/day or mm/day)  • Crown of pipe: must be at least 1m below basement elevations of lot serviced 
Outdoor Usage Qo = qo • A = IRt rc A / (S ns)   • Sewers installed nominal depth 2-3.5m from finished ground surface. 1-1.5m permitted if outside of road/drive way 
IRt = (Surrey - 23.8 mm/week); S = watering days per week (GVRD - 4); 
rc = pervious area ratio 40-60% = 0.4~0.6; ns = sprinkling efficiency 30% = 0.3  Odours in Sanitary Systems - Combo of: Organic waste materials and bacteria + Anaerobic conditions  
Head Losses: H = z + ρg + 2g
p v2 2 10.67L Q1.85
HLmajor = f D DL v2 or 1.85*4.87 • Odors are combination of organic waste mtrls&bacteria + anaerobic conditions (ie long hydraulic detention times) 
2
C d • H2S(typ. main issue), VOCs (systems w/ ICI connections); generally exist within the collection system headspace. 
H 1 = H 2 − HLminor − HLmajor HLminor = k 2g v
•Air movement caused by friction drag: Fr. b/w headspace air & moving ww, Resistance due to fr. b/w air & pipe wall 
Qn
hf = L( 1.486 AR2/3 )2
Qn
hf (f ull circular pipe) = L( 0.464 D8/3 )2 •Dynamic Pressurization: Occurs w/ abrupt changes in rate of air flow in the sewer. 
hf=friction HL [ft]; n = Mannings coeff; L = pipe length [ft]; Q = flow [cf/s] D = diameter [ft]; A=area of  •Odour control management study includes: monitoring programs, vent. Modeling, hydraulic modeling 
flow [sqft]; R=hydraulic radius [ft]  Developing Solution: Seal manholes or install passive carbon scrubbers. This results in ↑air pressurization of the 
------------------------------------------------Disinfection-----------------------------------------------  overall collection system and causes air to be expelled elsewhere.This is a reactive approach which can shift the 
CT(mg/L*min): concentration X contact time(exposure); min. concentration required  problem to another location rather than solving the problem. 
to harm pathogens; requirements vary based on temperature, pH   Development Planning:Size collection system for future flows (air+sewage). •Plan air release sites (set aside land for 
4 log (99.99%) inactivation or removal of viruses   infrastructure before development occurs).Plan infrastructure sites to minimize air release in densely populated areas. 
3 log (99.9%) inactivation or removal of Giardia and Cryptosporidium   1. Modify and/or design sewer geometry to minimize turbulence and changes in air space pressure (best done at the 
2 treatment processes for all surface water sources for multi-barrier protection   design stage, not during retrofits). 2.Design air extraction and odour treatment at strategic locations within the 
1 nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU) or less of turbidity in water   system. 3.Provide chemical treatment at long forcemains and siphons. 
O E. Coli or fecal coliform bacteria  
Free Chlorine: Liquid/pucks easy to obtain & handle vs. gases; secondary disinfection  
UV good for inactivating parasites; new, expensive 
Retrofitting Systems for CT: ↑ chlorine dose (C); add a contact pipe (T); dedicated line 
to reservoir (T); add baffles to the reservoir (T)  
 STORMWATER.  Culverts . 
• Natural enviro has 0.3% surface runoff; urban development has 30% surface runoff  • Most common material: corrugated steel 
• Suggested design criteria:  • Headwater (HW): depth of water on the entrance or u/s side,measured from inlet invert 
Flow Volume ReductionFlow Rate Control Water Quality Treatment  Flood Conveyance  • Tailwater(TW): depth of water on the exit or d/s side, as measured from the d/s 
Capture frequent  Slow runoff +  Reduce TSS &  Provide Safe  invert 
rainfall  reduce peakflows  contaminants  Passage  ** Steps 1)Assume inlet control, calculate HW depth  
• 72% of 2yr, 24hr  • 6-month  • 90% avg annual  • 5/10yr, 100 yr, 200  2)Assume outlet control, calculate HW depth for control at outlet 
event ( the estimated  • 2yr, 5yr, 10/100yr  runoff  yr, climate change  3)Pick the higher governing value 
6-month storm)  •Detention  • 80% of TSS  • Piping systems  1. Inlet Control: Culvert nomographs:   
• Source controls  storage & source  • Sediment ponds /   • Overland flood  • Identify culvert shape & use the relevant nomograph 
(rain gardens)  controls  wetlands  routes  • Start on pipe diameter scale line, draw a straight line through discharge scale line 
------------------------------------------SOURCE CONTROL----------------------------------------------  • Read value of HW/D from appropriate scale (usually ⅔ for diff entrance types)  
Basic LID Principles: Conserve natural areas, Min development impacts, Maintain site  Entrance’s flow ca.< barrel’s flow cap; water surface passes through crit. depth; varies w/ inlet geometry 
runoff rate, integrated, management practices, pollution prevention, proper  2.Outlet Control: flow cap. limited by d/s conditions(high TW)or by barrel’s capacity 
maintenance and public education programs  HW = (Zdown-Zup) + TW + hL where Zup/down = upstream/downstream inv elev; hL = total energy loss = hentrance + hf + hexit 
Source Controls: can include absorbent landscapes, bioretention facilities ( rain  Concrete Pipe Project from Fill (No Headwall)  ken    Concrete Pipe  ken 
gardens), vegetated swales, pervious/porous pavers & pavements, infiltration trenches,  Socket end of pipe  0.2    Mitered to conform to fill slope  0.7 
and green roofs. Source controls can also be referred to as onsite BMPs.  Square cut end of pipe  0.5    End section conformed to fill slope  0.5 
• Barriers to source control implementation: Our attachment to raised curbs with  Corrugated Metal Pipe or Pipe-Arch      Beveled edges (33.7~45°. bevels)  0.2 
gutters and catch basins; Rain garden maintenance; Reduced regulatory oversight; 
Projected from fill (no headwall)  0.9    Side slope tapered inlet  0.2 
Stormwater re-use regulation; Lack of understanding of design criteria; 
Headwall or headwall with wings, square edge  0.5    Concr. Pipe with Headwall or Headwall w Wings   
Confusing/mixed messages from municipal regulators; Green roofs & leaky condos 
Recommended raingarden Impervious/Pervious (I/P) Area Ratios  Mitered to conform to fill slope  0.7    Socket end of pipe (grooved end)  0.2 
Surface  I/P  End section conformed to fill slope  0.5    Square cut end of pipe  0.5 
General/major road/parking lots  20:1  Beveled edges (33.7~45° bevels)  0.2    Rounded entrance with rounding radius=1/12 D  0.2 
Local Road  30:1  Side slope tapered inlet  0.2       
Parking (<1 car/day)  40:1   
Low traffic areas w/o parking, SF Lot/roof  50:1  Weir Flow: Flow over the roadway can be computed as weir flow; check HW to see if weir flow occurs: 
– If HW elev > roadway elev, use iterative procedure, balancing weir and culvert flow. 
• Determine footprint size of rain garden based on I/P ratio of intended surfaces 
– Solution found when weir flow and culvert flow produce same HW elevations: Qtotal = Qweir + Qculvert = Qgiven 
• Determine rain garden rainfall capture target 
• Determine sub-surface size of rain garden to hold rainfall capture target 
• Ensure design is robust, low maintenance, and meets life expectancy expectations 
Input volume=Capture Volume; assume dry soils (moisture content @wilting point) 
Input Volume=Trib area*Capture rainfall amount 
Capture Volume=sum of (24hr evaporation * surface area)+(volume of growing 
medium * (field capacity-wilting point))+(volume of rock pit*available water 
content)+(24hr infiltration*surface area) 
----------------------STORMWATER MAIN DESIGN: RATIONAL METHOD------------------------------- 
1. Q = RAIN Q is pipe flow [m3/s]; R is runoff coef. (0~1); I is rainfall intensity [mm/hr]; from IDF 
curves; A is catchment tributary area [ha]; N is 0.00278 
Area  % Impervious  Runoff Coeff (5 yr)  Runoff Coeff (100 yr) 
ICI (Institution/School)  90  0.8 (0.75)  0.95 (0.9) 
Residential (RF)  65  0.6  0.72 
Parks  20  0.75 (0.13 for passive use parks)  0.90 
2. Solve for pipe diameter needed from this Q using rearranged Mannings eqn: 
4Qn 3/8
D=( 2/3 1/2 ) S = pipe slope; n = 0.013 smooth plastic & concrete, 0.024 corrugated steel) 
π(0.25) S
3. With known D, calculate Qcap and Vcap. Use these to calculate incremental travel time 
to downstream manhole: Tt i = pipe length/Vcap 
4. Time of concentration for this pipe segment is Tc i = 10+Tt i. Use this Tc i to calculate 
the rain intensity for the next downstream pipe, Ii+1 
0.6 0.6
6.92 L N
5. Calculate overland flow time for next pipe To i+1 using: T o = 0.4
I SL
0.3   
To [min]; L is longest overland flow path in this subcatchment area [m]; 
N is overland Mannings coeff (0.025 residential, 0.06 forested area); 
SL slope of the longest overland flow path 
6. Calculate next Tc i+1 = Tc i + Tt i+1. If this value is smaller than To i+1, then take To i+1 as 
the new Tc i+1. Calculate the next rain intensity Ii+2 using Tc i+1   

------------------------DESIGN STORMS & CONTINUOUS SIMULATION---------------------------------  TRANSPORTATION. 

• Rational method: for minor storms with development areas < 20Ha  • City’s Transportation 2040 key targets: ⅔ of all trips to be made by foot/bike/transit, zero traffic-related fatalities 
• Event method: for peak flow estimation & approximation of detention pond vol.  • Divert/calm traffic down to ≤ 500 vehicles/day and ≤ 30 km/hr for cyclists-shared roads (otherwise, separate!) 
• Continuous method: for environmental or BMP; accurate but complex analysis  • Metro Van places 4th in N America for most transit ridership per capita 
• Typical year: good compromise method - inexpensive, applicable to real world   • Transpo eng is v. political/big social impacts/complex causality&people’s behav./complex relationship w/ land use 
  • Major City projects: 
------------------------------------------------IDF CURVES------------------------------------------------  - protected bike lanes on Burrard bridge (2009) 
  - 1st protected intersection in N America at Burrard & Cornwall (2014) 
  - intersection redesign + removal of turn channels at Burrard & Pacific Blvd (2017) 
  - W10th Health Precinct street improvements (construction today) 
  - Gastown complete streets 
  • Future mobility trends: Automated, Connected, Electric, Shared (ACES) 
  • Complete street = basically consider/accomodate all modes/ppl/aspects 
  • Congestion = “the difference btwn users’ expectations of road network and how it actually performs” AND “level at 
  which transpo system performance is no longer acceptable due to traffic interference” 
  • City’s congestion management strategy: 5 goals 
1 Improve Monitoring 2 Road Safety 3 Smart Transpo 4 Coordinate Street Use 5 Prioritize People Movement 
-------------------------------------FLOW CONTROL STRUCTURES--------------------------------------  ATPEP = Active Transportation Promotion and Enabling Plan 
Orifice Equation: Q=CA(2gh)0.5 Q: desired release rate (m3/s);A=orifice area (m2);  ITS = Intelligent Transportation Systems 
h=net head on orifice plate (m); C=Coeff of discharge, 0.62   COST ESTIMATES. 
Weir Equation: Q=CLH1.5 L=: Effective length of crest (m), H=total head on crest (m)   •Class 'D' (Indicative): Unit cost analysis format (ex cost/ m²) – based on project scope & assumptions  
Min Orifice size is 100mm dia.   •Class 'C': Elemental cost analysis format(Canadian In. of Quantity Surveyors); based on project scope & assumptions 
--------------------------------------------------CATCH BASINS------------------------------------------ 
- Full description of preferred schematic design option, construction/design experience, & market conditions  
• Regular intervals along roadways, u/s of intersections, low points (sags).  
• Class 'B' (Substantive): Elemental cost analysis format; based on design development drawings & outline spes 
• Double catch basins: use at all low-points and where higher inlet capture is required 
– includes the design of all major systems & subsystems,+ the results of all site/installation investigations  
• Spacing based on 5-yr peak flow, more may be needed for 100-yr design flows 
• Class 'A' (Pre‐Tender): Elemental cost analysis format & trade divisional format; based on completed construction 
• Capacity of one CB: use orifice equations with coeff=0.4.  
drawings & specs prepared prior to calling competitive tenders. Generally expected to be within 5% to 10% of the 
• Maximum drainage area of CB is 500m2 on road grades <3%, otherwise, 350m2.  
actual contract award price for new construction. 
Factored Estimates: Develop function to relate total project cost to the major equipment cost (Lang factor) 
CapCAD=f*EUSD+ECAD ⇒ Cap is capital cost, E is Major Equipment Cost