Population Relative

Name of Species Number of Individual ln pi pi (ln pI) pi2

Density Density (pi)
Paper mulberry 2 0.001538462 0.00625 -5.07517 -0.03172 3.90625E-05
Bitaog 2 0.001538462 0.00625 -5.07517 -0.03172 3.90625E-05
Kapok 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Deiffenbachia sp. 195 0.15 0.609375 -0.49532 -0.30184 0.371337891
Red jacobinia 17 0.013076923 0.053125 -2.93511 -0.15593 0.002822266
Mahogany 10 0.007692308 0.03125 -3.46574 -0.1083 0.000976563
Narra 10 0.007692308 0.03125 -3.46574 -0.1083 0.000976563
Dao 3 0.002307692 0.009375 -4.66971 -0.04378 8.78906E-05
Pagoringan 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Anubing 2 0.001538462 0.00625 -5.07517 -0.03172 3.90625E-05
Fishtail 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Saguisi 2 0.001538462 0.00625 -5.07517 -0.03172 3.90625E-05
Taluto 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Spanish cedar 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Kalios 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Mango 2 0.001538462 0.00625 -5.07517 -0.03172 3.90625E-05
Anahaw 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Yaotia 52 0.04 0.1625 -1.81708 -0.29528 0.02640625
Heliconia sp. 5 0.003846154 0.015625 -4.15888 -0.06498 0.000244141
Aglaonema sp. 5 0.003846154 0.015625 -4.15888 -0.06498 0.000244141
Mabunot 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Fortune plant 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Kusibeng 2 0.001538462 0.00625 -5.07517 -0.03172 3.90625E-05
Magabuyo 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
Igyo 1 0.000769231 0.003125 -5.76832 -0.01803 9.76563E-06
TOTAL 320 0.246153846 1 -119.069 -1.532 0.4034375

‘
 1. Many of the plants found in the grassland and forest are also found in the area between the two ecosystems.
More obviously, the height of plants increases as you move closer from the grassland to the forest; the area
becomes denser too. Plants also begin to overtop each other as one moves towards the forest.

2. There are two types of succession: primary and secondary. The former takes place when organisms grow from a
“clean slate” or “from scratch”, while the latter happens when new species appear in the same geographical
area and replace those that came before them. In a tropical rainforest, both types could occur; usually, smaller
plants begin to appear and later on succeeded by larger ones. Factors that affect succession include climate and
weather, topography, altitude, and other external factors. These external factors include forest fires that disrupt
vegetation and may trigger the process of succession in the affected area. Similarly, human activities such as
clearing of forests and grasslands may affect succession.

3. The forest site could most likely be primary forest growth, and the non-forested areas might simply be a result
of human activity in the Forestry area of the Makiling Forest. The species composition of the forest area is also
more complex. Additionally, the tall growth of the trees indicate that these plants have been there for a long
time, since forests take decades or centuries to form, and human activity in the area would not be as long.

4. Characteristics of a primary forest growth include (1) full ceiling canopy, (2) several layers of understory, and (3)
biological diversity.

5. The tropical forest has higher diversity index, because of course, forests are generally have more organisms in it,
and more organisms provide more matter and nutrient to use and recycle. In the tropics, rainforests are even
more diverse because organisms have more advantages than disadvantages if they grow and reproduce in this
ecosystem – this includes better access to energy, carbon, water, and other nutrients.

6. Short grasses and shrubs are found in the grassland because they receive enough sunlight to grow and
reproduce, in comparison with the forest where they receive little to no sunlight because the canopy blocks
most of it.

7. Based on the data gathered, no species from the forest can be found in the grassland, probably because the
forest provides enough resources for these plants. Additionally, the sunlight that the grassland ecosystem
receives may probably be too much for the plants in the forest ecosystem.

8. Deiffenbachia sp. dominates the forest area because these plants are shade-tolerant. Even in household
settings, the plant grows fast and easy, especially due to its shade-tolerant characteristic.

Forest succession and regeneration. (n.d.). Te Ara. Retrieved May 2, 2019 from
https://teara.govt.nz/en/diagram/11898/stages-of-forest-succession

Rainforest ecological succession. (n.d.). Skyrail Rainforest Cableway. Retrieved May 2, 2019 from
https://www.skyrail.com.au/news/ecological-succession-barron-gorge/

Kinhal, V. (2017, April 25). What are the differences between primary and secondary forests. World Atlas. Retrieved May
2, 2019 from https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-differences-between-primary-and-secondary-
forests.html