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Week 3
Petra Bonfert-Taylor
f (x) − f (x0 )
lim
x→x0 x − x0
exists. If so, we call this limit the derivative of f at x0 and denote it by f 0 (x0 ).
f (x) − f (x0 )
is the slope of the secant
x − x0
line through the points (x0 , f (x0 )) and
(x, f (x)).
In the limit, the slopes approach the slope of the tangent line to the graph of f at x0 .
Definition
A complex-valued function f of a complex variable is (complex) differentiable at
z0 ∈ domain(f ) if
f (z) − f (z0 )
lim exists.
z→z0 z − z0
0 df d
If this limit exists, it is denoted f (z0 ) or (z0 ) or f (z) .
dz dz z=z0
Example:
f (z) = c (a constant function, c ∈ C). Let z0 ∈ C be arbitrary. Then
Theorem
Suppose f and g are differentiable at z, and h is differentiable at f (z). Let c ∈ C.
Then
1 (cf )0 (z) = cf 0 (z).
2 (f + g)0 (z) = f 0 (z) + g 0 (z).
3 (f · g)0 (z) = f 0 (z)g(z) + f (z)g 0 (z).
0
f g(z)f 0 (z) − f (z)g 0 (z)
4 (z) = , for g(z) 6= 0.
g (g(z))2
5 (h ◦ f )0 (z) = h0 (f (z))f 0 (z).
f (z) = 5z 3 + 2z 2 − z + 7. Then
f 0 (z) = 5 · 3z 2 + 2 · 2z − 1 = 15z 2 + 4z − 1.
1
f (z) = . Then
z
0 z ·0−1·1 −1
f (z) = 2
= 2.
z z
2 n
f (z) = (z − 1) . Then
f 0 (z) = n(z 2 − 1)n−1 · 2z.
f (z) = (z 2 − 1)(3z + 4). Then
f 0 (z) = (2z)(3z + 4) + (z 2 − 1) · 3.
z
f (z) = 2 . Then
z +1
(z 2 + 1) − z · 2z 1 − z2
f 0 (z) = = .
(z 2 + 1)2 (1 + z 2 )2
f (z + h) − f (z) (x + hx ) − x hx Re h
= = = .
h h h h
Does this have a limit as h → 0?
h → 0 along real axis: Then h = hx + i · 0, so Re h = h, and thus the quotient
evaluates to 1, and the limit equals 1.
h → 0 along imaginary axis: Then h = 0 + i · hy , so Re h = 0, and thus the
quotient evaluates to 0, and the limit equals 0.
(
in Re hn Re i n 1 if n is even
hn = , then = n = has no limit as n → ∞.
n hn i 0 if n is odd
f is not differentiable anywhere in C.
h
If h ∈ R then h = 1 → 1 as h → 0.
If h ∈ iR then hh = −1 → −1 as h → 0.
h
Thus h does not have a limit as h → 0, and f is not differentiable anywhere in C.
Fact
If f is differentiable at z0 then f is continuous at z0 .
Proof:
f (z) − f (z0 )
lim (f (z) − f (z0 )) = lim · (z − z0 ) = f 0 (z0 ) · 0 = 0.
z→z0 z→z0 z − z0
Note however that a function can be continuous without being differentiable (we’ll
see an example shortly).
Definition
A function f is analytic in an open set U ⊂ C if f is (complex) differentiable at each
point z ∈ U.
A function which is analytic in all of C is called an entire function.
Examples:
polynomials are analytic in C (hence entire).
p(z)
rational functions are analytic wherever q(z) 6= 0.
q(z)
f (z) = z is not analytic.
f (z) = Re z is not analytic.