(a) Figure 1 shows a girl standing on a diving board.

9
Figure 1

Calculate the total clockwise moment of the weight of the diving board and the weight of
the girl about Point A. Give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Total clockwise moment about Point A = __________________________________

(4)

Rossett+School Page 17 of 63
 (b) Figure 2 shows the girl standing at a different place on the diving board.

The support provides an upward force F to keep the diving board balanced.

Figure 2

$"

Figure 3 shows how the upward force F varies with the distance of the girl from Point A.

Figure 3

Distance of girl from Point A in metres

$"

Explain, in terms of clockwise and anticlockwise moments, why the upward force F
increases as shown in Figure 3.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Rossett+School Page 18 of 63
 ___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 7 marks)

Forces have different effects.

10
(a) (i) Use the correct answer from the box to complete the sentence.

slowing stretching turning

The moment of a force is the ________________________________ effect of the

force.
(1)

(ii) What is meant by the centre of mass of an object?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(b) Some children build a see-saw using a plank of wood and a pivot.
The centre of mass of the plank is above the pivot.

Figure 1 shows a boy sitting on the see-saw. His weight is 400 N.

Figure 1

Calculate the anticlockwise moment of the boy in Nm.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Anticlockwise moment = ____________________ Nm

(2)

Rossett+School Page 19 of 63
(c) Figure 2 shows a girl sitting at the opposite end of the see-saw. Her weight is 300 N.

Figure 2

The see-saw is now balanced.

The children move the plank. Its centre of mass, M, is now 0.25 m from the pivot as shown
in Figure 3.

Figure 3

The boy and girl sit on the see-saw as shown in Figure 3.

(i) Describe and explain the rotation of the see-saw.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(3)

Rossett+School Page 20 of 63
 (ii) The boy gets off the see-saw and a bigger boy gets on it in the same place. The girl
stays in the position shown in Figure 3. The plank is balanced. The weight of the
plank is 270 N.

Calculate the weight of the bigger boy.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Weight of the bigger boy = ____________________ N

(3)
(Total 10 marks)

(a) The diagram shows a pendulum.

11

Draw an X on the diagram above, so that the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of
the pendulum bob.
(1)

Rossett+School Page 21 of 63
(b) A large clock keeps time using the swing of a pendulum.

(i) The frequency of the swinging pendulum is 0.5 hertz.

Calculate the periodic time of the pendulum.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Periodic time = _______________ seconds

(2)

(ii) Calculate the number of complete swings the pendulum would make in 60 seconds.

Use your answer from part (b)(i) in your calculation.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Number of swings in 60 seconds = _______________

(2)

Rossett+School Page 22 of 63
(c) The diagram shows a clock on a trolley.

The trolley is being used to move the clock.

Calculate the moment of the 64 N force about the pivot.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment of the force = _______________ Nm

(2)

Rossett+School Page 23 of 63
(d) The design of the trolley is now changed to make it taller.

How does making the trolley taller affect the moment produced by the 64 N force about the
pivot?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 8 marks)

Rossett+School Page 24 of 63
 The diagram shows a man standing in an airport queue with his wheeled bag.
12

(a) The man applies an upward force to the handle of his bag to stop the bag from falling.
The moment of this force about the pivot is 36 Nm.

Calculate the upward force the man applies to the handle of his bag.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Force = ______________________________ N
(2)

Rossett+School Page 25 of 63
 (b) When the man lets go of the bag handle, the bag falls and hits the floor.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

The diagram shows a gardener using a steel bar to lift a tree stump out of the ground.
13

When the gardener pushes with a force of 300 N, the tree stump just begins to move.

(a) Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment produced by the 300 N force.

perpendicular distance from the line of action

moment = force ×
of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = _________________________ newton metres

(2)

Rossett+School Page 26 of 63
 (b) Using a longer steel bar would have made it easier for the gardener to lift the tree stump
out of the ground.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 4 marks)

The diagram shows a design for a crane. The crane is controlled by a computer.
14

The purpose of the motors and gears is to change the pulling force in the steel cable.
This is done so that the jib stays horizontal whatever the size of the load or the position of the
load.

(a) Calculate the moment caused by the load in the position shown in the diagram.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = ____________________________________
(3)

Rossett+School Page 27 of 63
 (b) Calculate the pulling force that is needed in the steel cable to keep the jib horizontal.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Pulling force = _________________________ N

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

A company makes a wheel wrench with an extending handle. The company claims that the
15 extending handle makes it easier to loosen the wheel nuts on a car.

The diagram shows the wheel wrench being used without the handle extended.

(a) (i) Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment produced by the force on the
wrench.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force ×
action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Moment = _______________________________ newton metres

(2)

(ii) Units can be written in words or symbols.

Which of the following is the unit for a moment written using symbols?

Draw a ring around your answer.

nm Nm nM NM

(1)

Rossett+School Page 28 of 63
 (b) The wheel nut will not move and so the handle of the wrench is extended.

It is now easy to loosen the wheel nut using the same force as before.

Explain why.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

The diagram shows a father and his two children sitting on a playground see-saw.
16 The see-saw is not moving.

Rossett+School Page 29 of 63
 (a) What is the total clockwise moment of the two children about the axis of rotation?

___________________________________________________________________

Explain the reason for your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) (i) What is the clockwise moment of the boy, B, about the axis of rotation?

______________________________________________________________

Moment = _________________________ Nm
(1)

(ii) Use the information in the diagram to calculate the weight, W, of the boy, B.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Weight of boy B = _________________________ N

(2)
(Total 6 marks)

The diagram shows someone starting to lift the end of a heavy wooden pole.
17

Rossett+School Page 30 of 63
(a) Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment produced by the weight of the pole.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force ×
action of the force to the axis of rotation

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = _________________________ Nm
(2)

(b) (i) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.

bigger than

The smallest force needed to lift the end of the pole will be the same as

smaller than

the weight of the pole.

(1)

(ii) Give a reason for your answer to part (b)(i).

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(c) How could the person lifting the end of the pole increase the moment?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)
(Total 5 marks)

Rossett+School Page 31 of 63
 The diagram shows a device called a current balance.
18

(a) (i) When the switch is closed, the part of the wire labelled XY moves upwards.

Explain why.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) What is the name of the effect that causes the wire XY to move?

______________________________________________________________
(1)

(iii) An alternating current (a.c.) is a current which reverses direction. How many times
the current reverses direction in one second depends on the frequency of the
alternating supply.

Describe the effect on the wire XY if the battery is replaced by an a.c. supply having a
frequency of 5 hertz.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 32 of 63
 (b) The diagram shows how a small weight can be used to make the wire XY balance
horizontally.

Use the data in the diagram and the equation in the box to calculate the force, F, acting on
the wire XY.

perpendicular distance from the

moment = force × line of action of the force to the axis
of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Force = ______________________________ N
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

(a) A student holds a ruler at one end and slides a weight along the ruler.
19

Rossett+School Page 33 of 63
 At which point, A, B or C, will the turning effect of the weight feel greatest?

Write your answer, A, B or C, in the box. Point

(1)

(b) Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct word in the box.

axis

The turning effect of a force is called the equilibrium of the force.

moment

(1)

(c) In a human arm, the biceps muscle provides the force needed to hold the arm horizontal.
A student uses a model in which a rubber band represents the biceps muscle.

Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.

To hold the model arm horizontal, the pull from the rubber band will be

bigger than

smaller than the force caused by the weight.

the same as

(1)

Rossett+School Page 34 of 63
 (d) The diagram shows a long spanner.

Use the equation in the box to calculate the moment, in N cm, being produced.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force ×
action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = _________________ N cm
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

The diagram shows a fork-lift truck with a load of 2.4 kN. The clockwise moment caused by this
20 load is 2880 Nm.

Rossett+School Page 35 of 63
 (a) Use the equation in the box to calculate the distance d.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force ×
action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out the answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Distance d = ____________________________
(3)

(b) This warning notice is in the driver’s cab.

Explain in terms of moments why the maximum load must not be exceeded.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

(a) A student investigates the moment of a force.

21
(i) What does the word moment mean in this sentence?

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 36 of 63
(ii) The diagram shows how she sets up her apparatus.

Suggest the purpose of the G-clamp.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 37 of 63
(iii) A horizontal rod fits into a hole at the centre of the metre ruler. This is the axis of
rotation. The student changes the load Y and adjusts the distance X until the metre
ruler is horizontal. She takes six pairs of measurements which are shown in the table.

Load Y Distance X
in newtons in centimetres

1 7

2 14

3 21

4 28

5 35

6 42

Explain fully how distance X varies with load Y.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(iv) The weight of the ruler can be ignored in this experiment.

Which statement gives the reason why?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

The weight of the ruler is so small it is negligible.

The centre of mass of the ruler is at the axis of rotation.

The ruler is a symmetrical object.

(1)

Rossett+School Page 38 of 63
(b) In the summer, a town council fits hanging baskets to some of its lamp posts.

Use the information in the diagram and the equation in the box to calculate the moment
produced by the weight of the hanging basket about an axis through point A.

perpendicular distance from the line of

moment = force ×
action of the force to the axis of rotation

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment =________________________________________
(3)
(Total 8 marks)

Rossett+School Page 39 of 63
 The diagram shows a back view of a computer monitor.
22

(a) In normal use, the monitor is stable.

(i) Explain the meaning, in the above sentence, of the word stable.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(2)

(ii) State the relationship between the total clockwise moment and the total anticlockwise
moment about any axis of the monitor when it is stable.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 40 of 63
 (b) The instruction booklet explains that the screen can be tilted.
It also includes a warning.

Caution

The monitor can tip over if the screen is tilted too far back.

Explain why the monitor will tip over if the screen is tilted too far back.

Include the words centre of mass, weight and moment in your explanation.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

Two children visit a playground.

23
(a) The diagram shows them on a see-saw. The see-saw is balanced.

Rossett+School Page 41 of 63
 Complete the following sentences by drawing a ring around the correct word or line in the
box.

force.

(i) The turning effect of the girl’s weight is called her load.

moment.

(1)

balance

(ii) Point P is the axis of rotation of the see-saw.

turning

(1)

the boy moves nearer to point P.

(iii) To make end A of the see-saw go up, the girl moves nearer to point P.

the girl moves nearer to end A.

(1)

(b) In another part of the playground, a tyre has been suspended from a bar.

(i) Draw an X on the diagram so that the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the
tyre.

(1)

Rossett+School Page 42 of 63
 (ii) Complete the sentence by using the correct word or phrase from the box.

above below to the left of to the right of

If the suspended tyre is pushed, it will come to rest with its centre of mass

directly _________________________ the point of suspension.

(1)
(Total 5 marks)

The diagrams show two concrete mixers.

24

Concrete mixer A Concrete mixer B

On each diagram, the centre of the white X marks the centre of mass of the concrete mixer and
its contents.

(a) Complete the sentence to explain what the term centre of mass means.

The centre of mass of a concrete mixer and its contents is ___________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 43 of 63
(b) Both diagrams are drawn to the same scale.

Concrete mixer B is more stable than concrete mixer A.

The two features which make concrete mixer B more stable are:

1. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) Use the terms ‘line of action of the weight’ and ‘resultant moment’ to explain why a stable
concrete mixer does not fall over when it is given a small push.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Rossett+School Page 44 of 63
 The diagram shows a design for a crane. The crane is controlled by a computer.
25

The purpose of the motors and gears is to change the pulling force in the steel cable.
This is done so that the jib stays horizontal whatever the size of the load or the position of the
load.

(a) Calculate the moment caused by the load in the position shown in the diagram.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment = _______________________________
(3)

(b) Calculate the pulling force that is needed in the steel cable to keep the jib horizontal.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Pulling force = _______________________________ N

(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Rossett+School Page 45 of 63
 The diagram shows a small mobile crane. It is used on a building site.
26

The distance, d, is measured to the front of the cab.

The table shows information from the crane driver’s handbook.

Load in kilonewtons (kN) Maximum safe distance, d, in

metres (m)

10 6.0

15 4.0

24 2.5

40 1.5

60 1.0

(a) What is the relationship between the load and the maximum safe distance?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

Rossett+School Page 46 of 63
(b) The crane driver studies the handbook and comes to the conclusion that a load of 30 kN
would be safe at a distance, d, of 2.0 metres.

Is the driver correct?

Explain your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(c) What is the danger if the driver does not follow the safety instructions?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

(d) How should the data in the table have been obtained?

Put a tick ( ) in the box next to your answer.

average results from an opinion poll of mobile crane drivers

copied from a handbook for a similar crane

results of experiments on a model mobile crane

results of experiments on this mobile crane

(1)
(Total 6 marks)

Rossett+School Page 47 of 63
 The drawing shows a sign which hangs outside a shop.
27

(a) Draw an X on the sign so that the centre of your X is at the centre of mass of the sign.
(1)

(b) Use a ruler to draw one axis of symmetry on the sign.

(1)

(c) One force which acts on the sign is its weight.

Complete the following sentence by drawing a ring around the correct line in the box.

an accelerating
The moment of the weight produces a balancing effect.
a turning

(1)
(Total 3 marks)

A spanner gives a turning effect to undo a nut.

28
(a) Complete the sentence.

The turning effect of a force is called the ________________________ of the force.

(1)

Rossett+School Page 48 of 63
(b) The diagram shows a spanner being used.

Calculate the spanner’s turning effect in newton metres.

Show clearly how you work out your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Turning effect = _______________ Nm

(2)

(c) Give two ways in which you can increase the spanner’s turning effect.

1. _________________________________________________________________

2. _________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Rossett+School Page 49 of 63
 Tractors are often used on sloping fields, so stability is important in their design.
29
On the diagram, the centre of the X marks the centre of mass of the tractor.

(a) Explain why the tractor has not toppled over. You may add to the diagram to help you to
explain.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) Give two features of the tractor which affect its stability and state how each feature could
be changed to increase the tractor’s stability.

Feature 1 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Feature 2 ___________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)
(Total 5 marks)

Rossett+School Page 50 of 63
 The diagram shows a crane which is loading containers onto a ship.
30

(a) Calculate the moment of the container which is being loaded.

Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Moment of the container = ____________________________

(3)

(b) Suggest and explain the purpose of the large concrete blocks.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)
(Total 6 marks)

(a) Every object has a centre of mass. What is meant by the centre of mass?
31
___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(1)

Rossett+School Page 51 of 63
 Only one of the toys balances on the rod, the other two fall over. Which one of the toys is
balanced? Explain the reason for your choice.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(3)

(b) The diagram shows a simple toy. Different animal shapes can be positioned so that the 50
cm rod balances horizontally.

(i) Calculate the moment exerted by the elephant shape of weight 2N about the pivot P.
Show clearly how you work out your answer and give the unit.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Moment = __________________
(3)

Rossett+School Page 59 of 63
 (ii) Use the following relationship to calculate the weight of the monkey shape.

total clockwise moment = total anticlockwise moment

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Weight = ________________ N
(2)

(c) The graph shows how the length of the spring changes as the total weight of the different
animal shapes change.

Use the graph to find how much the spring extends when the elephant shape and the
monkey shape are hung from the rod. Show how you get your answer.

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Extension of spring = __________ cm

(2)
(Total 10 marks)

Rossett+School Page 60 of 63
 The diagram below shows an outline of a balance. The balance is used to weigh lorries. A
37 fraction of the weight of a lorry is used as the load on the right side of the pivot.

A standard weight W is moved along the arm until the weight of the load is balanced.

(a) As the weight W is moved away from the pivot it can support a heavier load.
Why is this?

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(2)

(b) (i) The weight W is 100 N. When it is 0.2 m from the pivot it balances the load.
Calculate the moment of the weight W about the pivot.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Answer ___________________ Nm
(2)

(ii) The load is one hundredth of the weight of the lorry and is 0.02 m from the pivot.
Calculate the weight of the lorry.

______________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________

Answer ___________________ N
(2)
(Total 6 marks)

Rossett+School Page 61 of 63
 The diagram shows a simple machine for lifting water from a river.
38

(a) Calculate the turning force (moment) of the bucket of water.

(Show your working.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

Answer _____________________________ Nm (newton metre)

(2)

(b) What can you say about the size of downwards force the operator must use to balance the
moment of the bucket of water?

(Explain your answer, using numbers if you can.)

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________
(4)
(Total 6 marks)

A spanner makes it a lot easier to loosen a bolt.

39

You cannot usually loosen It is easier

a bolt with your fingers. with a spanner.

Rossett+School Page 62 of 63
Choose words from this list to complete the sentences below.

lever piston pivot pulley turning effect

The spanner is a simple ______________________________

You use it to produce a bigger ______________________________ on the bolt.

A longer spanner works better.

This is because there is a bigger distance between your force and the _______________
(Total 3 marks)

Rossett+School Page 63 of 63