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Where
Design Strength = Strength Reduction Factor (ϕ) x Nominal Strength
ϕ = Strength reduction factor that accounts for
1- the probability of understrength of a member due to variations in
material strengths and dimensions.
2- inaccuracies in the design equations.
3- the degree of ductility and required reliability of the loaded member.
4-the importance of the member in the structure.
Notations
Required strength:
Mu = factored moment (required flexural strength)
Pu = factored axial force (required axial load strength)
Vu = factored shear force (required shear strength)
Tu = factored torsional moment (required torsional strength)
Nominal strength:
Mn = nominal moment (required flexural strength)
Pn = nominal axial force (required axial load strength)
Vn = nominal shear force (required shear strength)
Tn = nominal torsional moment (required torsional strength)
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
Design Strength:
Φ Mn = design moment (required flexural strength)
Φ Pn = design axial force (required axial load strength)
Φ Vn = design shear force (required shear strength)
Φ Tn = design torsional moment (required torsional strength)
3.2 Loads
Loads that act on structures can be divided into three broad categories :
dead loads , live loads , and environmental loads.
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assessed, the variation which may be expected in the load during the
lifetime of a structure and the probability of simultaneous occurrence of
different load types. Hence, dead loads, because they can usually be more
accurately determined and are less variable, are assigned a lower load
factor (1.2) as compared to live loads (1.6). Also, weight and pressure of
liquids with well-defined densities and controllable maximum heights are
assigned a reduced load factor of 1.2 due the lesser probability of
overloading. A higher load factor of 1.6 is required for earth and
groundwater pressures due to considerable uncertainty of their magnitude
and recurrence. Note that while most usual combinations of loads are
included, it should not be assumed that all cases are covered. Section 9.2
contains load combination as follows:
Where:
D = dead loads, or related internal moments and forces.
E = load effects of seismic forces, or related internal moments and forces.
F = loads due to weight and pressures of fluids with well-defined
densities and controllable maximum heights, or related internal moments
and forces.
H = loads due to weight and pressure of soil, water in soil, or other
materials, or related internal moments and forces.
L = live loads, or related internal moments and forces.
Lr = roof live load, or related internal moments and forces.
R = rain load, or related internal moments and forces.
S = snow load, or related internal moments and forces.
T =cumulative effect of temperature, creep, shrinkage, differential
settlement, and shrinkage compensating concrete.
U = required strength to resist factored loads or related internal moments
and forces.
W = wind load, or related internal moments and forces.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
Example 3.1
The axial loads for a building column have been estimated with the
following results: D = 150 kN, live load from roof Lr = 60 kN, live loads
from floors L = 300 kN, compression wind W = 70 kN, tensile wind W=
60 kN, seismic compression load = 50 kN, and tensile seismic load = 40
kN. Determine critical design load using the ACI load combinations.
Solution
(9-1) U = (1.4)(150 + 0) = 210 kN
(9-2) U = (1.2)(150 +0+0) +(1.6)(300 + 0) + (0.5)(60) = 690 kN
(9-3)(a) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.6)(60) + (1.0)(300) =576 kN
(b) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.6)(60) + (0.8)(70) = 332 kN
(c) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.6)(60) + (0.8)(-60) = 228kN
(9-4)(a) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.6)(70) + (1.0)(300) + (0.5)(60) = 622 kN
(b) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.6)(-60) + (1.0)(300) + (0.5)(60) = 414 kN
(9-5)(a) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.0)(50) + (1.0)(300) + (0.2)(0) = 530 kN
(b) U = (1.2)(150) + (1.0)(-40) + (1.0)(300) + (0.2)(0) = 440 kN
(9-6)(a) U = (0.9)(150) + (1.6)(70) +(1.6)(0) = 247 kN
(b) U = (0.9)(150) + (1.6)(-60) + (1.6) (0) = 39 kN
(9-7)(a) U = (0.9)(150) + (1.0)(50) + (1.6) (0) = 185 kN
(b) U = (0.9)(150) + (1.0)(-40) + (1.6) (0) = 95 kN
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For sections in which the net tensile strain in the extreme tension
steel at nominal strength, εt, is between the limits for compression-
controlled and tension-controlled sections, ϕ shall be permitted to
be linearly increased from that for compression-controlled sections
to 0.90 as εt increases from the compression-controlled strain limit
to 0.005.
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Figure below shows the stress and strain conditions at the limit for
tension-controlled sections. This limit is important because it is the limit
for the use of ϕ = 0.9 (9.3.2.1). Critical parameters at this limit are given
a subscript t.
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- It is assumed to act over the upper area on the beam cross section
defined by width b and depth a as shown in figures above.
- The magnitude of a may determine by :
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where :
c = distance from the outer fiber to the neutral axis
= a factor dependent on concrete strength, and is given by
́
{ ́
( ) ́
∑ ⇒
∑ ⇒ ( )
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( )
( )
́
( )
́
( )
́
( )
́
( )
́
́
For design use ( √ ́
)
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- Steel may reach its yield strength before the concrete reaches its
maximum. (Under-reinforced section).
Tension Failure
́ ́ ⇒ ́
- Concrete may fail before the yield of steel due to the presence of a high
percentage of steel in the section. (Over-reinforced section).
Compression Failure
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́ ́
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fs = f y
>>
- To ensure the section is always still as under reinforced section the ACI
Code limited a minimum tensile strain from it we can derive
a relation which give the maximum steel ratio which limited the section
to be always still under reinforced section as :
́
Substitute and
́
- The ACI Code further encourage the use of lower reinforcement ratios
by allowing higher strength reduction factors in such sections. The Code
defines a tension controlled member as having a net tensile strain greater
than or equal to corresponding strength reduction factor is
ϕ = 0.9 , so maximum reinforcement ratio for tension-controlled beam is:
́
Substitute and
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Where
As (T&S) = 0.0020 Ag
As (T&S) = 0.0018 Ag
- The steel ratio provided for sections shall be between max. and min.
limits of ACI Code.
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compression control.
( )
( )
( )
( )
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Example 3.2
Find the ACI design moment capacity of the beam shown in Figure,
use ́ and .
Solutions:
( )
√́
√
( )
( )
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Example 3.3
Solutions:
Checking Steel Percentage
√́
√
( )
( )
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Example 3.4
For the beam cross section shown in Figure, Calculate the ACI design
moment capacity , if ́
(a) 20.7 MPa
(b) 34.5 MPa
(c) 62.1 MPa
Solutions:
(a) ́
Checking Steel Percentage
√́
√
Hence the beam is not ductile and does not satisfy the ACI 318 Code.
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(b) ́
√́
√
Hence the beam is ductile, but in the transition zone with less
than 0.90.
( )
( )
( )
( )
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( )
( )
(c) ́
Checking Steel Percentage
√́
√
( )
( )
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a. Check that .
b. Calculate ́
and check for .
c. Calculate ( ).
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Assignment (2)
Given : b = 305 mm , d= 432 mm, total depth h= 508 mm, and reinforced
with three no. 8 bars (As = 1529 mm2).
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Given : b = 305 mm , d= 419 mm, total depth h= 483 mm, and reinforced
with three no. 9 bars ́ .
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Bending
Bending Reinforcement
All reinforcement must be bent cold unless otherwise permitted by the
licensed design professional. For unusual bends, special fabrication
including heating may be required and the licensed design professional
must give approval to the techniques used.
7.3 — Bending
7.3.1 — All reinforcement shall be bent cold, unless
otherwise permitted by the licensed design professional.
7.3.2 — Reinforcement partially embedded in
concrete shall not be field bent, except as shown on
the design drawings or permitted by the licensed
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design professional.
Spacing Limits for Reinforcement
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Bundled bars
For isolated situations requiring heavy concentration of reinforcement,
bundles of standard bar sizes can save space and reduce congestion for
easier placement and consolidation of concrete. In those situations,
bundling of bars in columns is a means to better locating and orienting
the reinforcement for increased column capacity; also, fewer ties are
required if column bars are bundled.
Bundling of bars (parallel reinforcing bars in contact, assumed to act as a
unit) is permitted, provided specific limitations are met. The limitations
on the use of bundled bars are as follows:
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
The amount of clear cover (is measured from the concrete surface to the
outermost surface of the steel to which the cover requirement applies)
will be based on ACI Code Section 7.7.1.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
If the dimensions of the beam was chosen in analysis it can be used for
calculation of the beam self- weight . The estimate the dimensions for
self-weight can be by rules of thumb and engineering judgment. The
weight of a rectangular beam will be about 15 % of the superimposed
loads (dead, live, etc.). Assume b is about one-half of h . The preferred
economical ratio between the beam depth and width b is between (2)
and (3), if there is no architectural aspects .
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3.5.9 Design
Example 3.5
Evaluate the steel area required for Simply Supported beam shown use
bars with , the concrete strength ̇ . The
beam span 5 m and carry loads (without self-weight),
.
Solutions
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
́
( √ )
́
( √ )
√́
O.K.
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No. of bars ⇒
( )
Check bar spacing
( )
O.K.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
Example 3.6
Solutions:
Assume (tension control section)
́
( √ )
́
( √ )
Use # 32 bars
No. of bars
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
Hence the beam is ductile, but in the transition zone with less
than 0.90.
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
O.K.
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REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN Dr. AHMED AJEL CH3
Example 3.7
Design a rectangular beam for 10 m simple span to support a dead load of
20 kN/m (not including beam weight ) and live load of 30 kN/m . use
, the concrete strength ̇ .
Solutions:
Assume that the beam weight is .
( ) ( )
( )
( )
́
( )
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224.32
Beam weight
( )( )( )
Use # 32 bars
No. of bars ⇒
√́
O.K.
( )
Check bar spacing
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( )
O.K.
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