The following information was generated from the

Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB),

a database of the National Library of Medicine's TOXNET system
(http://toxnet.nlm.nih.gov) on May 9, 2019.

Query: Records containing the term 1309 42 8

1 - HSDB
NAME: MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

HSN: 659

RN: 1309-42-8

NOTE:
This record contains information specific to the title compound. Users
with an interest in this substance are strongly encouraged to retrieve the
Magnesium Compounds record, which has additional information on toxicity
and environmental fate of magnesium ions and compounds. For information on
the metal itself, refer to the MAGNESIUM, ELEMENTAL record.

OVERVIEW:

HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS:

HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ Compounds with a basic pH are potentially even
more damaging to the eye than are strong acids. Among the compounds of
clinical significance in terms of frequency and severity of injuries are
... magnesium hydroxide.[Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and Doull's
Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 575] **PEER REVIEWED**

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ IF EVACUATION FAILS (BOWEL OBSTRUCTION OR ATONY),

MUCOSAL IRRITATION & ABSORPTION OCCUR. SYSTEMICALLY MG PRODUCES CNS
DEPRESSION, ABOLITION OF REFLEXES, & DEATH FROM RESP
PARALYSIS.[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason.
Clinical Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams
and Wilkins, 1976., p. II-88] **PEER REVIEWED**

/HUMAN EXPOSURE STUDIES/ PROLONGED USE OF MG(OH)2 MAY RARELY CAUSE RECTAL
STONES COMPOSED OF MGCO3 & MG(OH)2.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and
A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of
Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p.
993] **PEER REVIEWED**

DRUG WARNINGS:
A DISADVANTAGE OF USE OF MG(OH)2 AS ANTACID IN SOME PATIENTS IS ITS
CATHARTIC EFFECT. CONSEQUENTLY, MG(OH)2 IS USUALLY COADMINISTERED OR
ALTERNATED WITH CONSTIPATING ANTACIDS, SUCH AS AL(OH)3 & CACO3,
ALTHOUGH THE CONSTIPATING ACTION OF CACO3 IS NOW IN DOUBT.[Gilman, A. G.,
L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**
 VET: ...RENAL DYSFUNCTION & REPEATED ADMIN CAN RESULT IN DANGEROUS
DEGREE OF RETENTION, CAUSING NEUROLOGICAL, NEUROMUSCULAR, &
CARDIOVASCULAR IMPAIRMENT.[Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology
& Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977., p.
714] **PEER REVIEWED**

IN PT WITH RENAL DISEASE, MAGNESIUM RETENTION MAY RESULT FROM THE CHRONIC
USE OF MAGNESIUM SALTS & CAN CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL, NEUROMUSCULAR, &
CARDIOVASCULAR IMPAIRMENT.[Miller, R. R., and D. J. Greenblatt. Handbook
of Drug Therapy. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 1045] **PEER
REVIEWED**

GASTRIC ACID SECRETION WAS STUDIED IN DUODENAL ULCER PT BEFORE & AFTER
ADMIN OF MG(OH)2 & PLACEBO. GASTRIC ACID SECRETION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY
GREATER AFTER MG(OH)2 ADMIN AS COMPARED TO BASAL VALUES; NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND AFTER PLACEBO.[VEZZADINI P ET AL; DRUGS EXP CLIN RES
5(4-5) 73 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Twenty-seven hypertensive women were treated with magnesium hydroxide

during the third trimester of pregnancy; no effect was noted on the
newborns, except a slight incr in body weight in the children born to the
treated mothers vs. controls. Cord serum levels of magnesium were reported
to be 70-100% of the maternal levels after maternal therapy. In such
cases, neurological depression may occur in the neonate, characterized by
respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and decreased reflexes. No decr
in Apgar scores was noted in infants of females treated for
pregnancy-induced hypertension, although the magnesium levels in the
infants reflected hypermagnesiumemia. Prolonged magnesium treatment during
pregnancy may be associated with maternal and fetal hypocalcemia and
adverse effects on fetal bone mineralization.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.;
Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley &
Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 225] **PEER REVIEWED**

Magnesium hydroxide laxatives administered to infants and neonates may

induce symptoms of severe magnesium intoxication with elevated serum
magnesium levels. ... Renal immaturity may be a factor.[Ellenhorn, M.J.,
S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD:
Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1585] **PEER REVIEWED**

A 28 yr old ingested /magnesium hydroxide-aluminum hydroxide simethicone/

...(avg daily consumption of 21 g each of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum
hydroxide) and developed phosphate depletion, nephrolithiasis, and
bilateral ureteric obstruction. Myalgia, weakness, and bone pain were
absent. Biochemical features included hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia,
hypophosphatasia, elevated plasma 1,2-dihydroxyvitamin D level, and low
plasma intact parathyroid hormone level. These abnormalities were
corrected when antacid ingestion was reduced and phosphate intake
supplemented. /Mangesium hydroxide-aluminum hydroxide
simethicone/[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger.
Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human
Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 759]
**PEER REVIEWED**

REPORTED FATAL DOSE:

2. 2= SLIGHTLY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 5-15 G/KG, BETWEEN
1 PINT & 1 QT FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). /MILK OF MAGNESIA
USP/[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
 Wilkins, 1976., p. II-88] **PEER REVIEWED**

FATAL DOSE OF ABSORBED MAGNESIUM ION IS APPROX 30 MG/KG, AN AMT WHICH

WOULD RAISE SERUM MAGNESIUM TO LETHAL LEVEL OF 13-15 MEQ/L... FATALITIES
ARE RARE.[Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT:
Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 436] **PEER REVIEWED**

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMERGENCY MEDICAL TREATMENT:

EMT COPYRIGHT DISCLAIMER:

The information contained in the Truven Health Analytics Inc. products is
intended as an educational aid only. All treatments or procedures are intended
to serve as an information resource for physicians or other competent healthcare
professionals performing the consultation or evaluation of patients and must be
interpreted in view of all attendant circumstances, indications and
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The use of the Truven Health Analytics Inc. products is at
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purpose or use are hereby excluded. Truven Health Analytics Inc. does not assume
any responsibility or risk for your use of the Truven Health Analytics Inc.
products.<p>The following Overview, *** ANTACIDS ***, is relevant for this HSDB
record chemical.
LIFE SUPPORT:
o This overview assumes that basic life support measures
have been instituted.
CLINICAL EFFECTS:
0.2.1 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE
A) USES: Antacids are used for the treatment of heartburn,
dyspepsia, gastritis, and gastroesophageal reflux.
B) PHARMACOLOGY: These agents work by buffering
hydrochloric acid in the stomach and increasing gastric
pH.
C) TOXICOLOGY: Toxicity can result from excessive
bicarbonate absorption causing systemic alkalosis, or
from excessive absorption of the cations in the alkaline
salts (eg, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, sodium).
D) EPIDEMIOLOGY: Exposure is common; significant toxicity
is rare and generally develops from chronic excessive
use rather than acute overdose.
E) WITH THERAPEUTIC USE
1) Constipation or diarrhea are the most common adverse
effects.
F) WITH POISONING/EXPOSURE
1) MILD TO MODERATE TOXICITY: Diarrhea or constipation can
develop. Asymptomatic hypermagnesemia, hypernatremia,
hypercalcemia, elevations in serum aluminum
concentrations or mild volume overload may also develop
after chronic excessive use.
 2) SEVERE TOXICITY: With prolonged administration and/or
excessively large doses, dysrhythmias, hypo- and
hypertension, encephalopathy, acute renal failure,
gastrointestinal obstruction and/or perforation,
metabolic alkalosis, fluid, electrolyte, and mineral
derangements, and myopathies and osteodystrophies have
been reported. Distention and/or obstruction with
perforation and hypergastrinemia have been observed
with prolonged or excessive antacid administration.
0.2.20 REPRODUCTIVE
A) A series of 458 pregnancies showed more congenital
malformations in women taking antacids in the first
trimester of pregnancy than in a control group. A study
of 48 pregnancies showed no malformations from antacid
use. Negative reports were published for specific
antacids including dihydroxyaluminum sodium carbonate
and potassium citrate.
LABORATORY:
A) No routine laboratory studies are needed in patients with
acute exposure.
B) In patients with chronic excessive use, monitor vital
signs and evaluate for clinical evidence of volume
overload.
C) Monitor fluids, serum electrolytes (including calcium,
magnesium, and phosphorus), ECG, and renal function tests
in symptomatic patients and those with chronic excessive
use.
D) Monitor serum aluminum concentrations in patients with
encephalopathy after chronic use of aluminum containing
antacids, particularly patients with renal failure.
TREATMENT OVERVIEW:
0.4.2 ORAL/PARENTERAL EXPOSURE
A) MANAGEMENT OF MILD TOXICITY
1) No treatment is generally necessary beyond supportive
care and cessation of antacid use.
B) MANAGEMENT OF SEVERE TOXICITY
1) Evaluate for electrolyte abnormalities (hypernatremia,
hypermagnesemia, hypercalcemia, hypophosphatemia) and
volume overload and treat as necessary. Monitor ECG.
C) DECONTAMINATION
1) GI decontamination is not necessary because of the poor
absorption from the gastrointestinal tract and lack of
systemic toxicity after acute overdose.
D) HYPERCALCEMIA
1) Treat with intravenous hydration; add diuretics if
hypercalcemia persists.
E) HYPERMAGNESEMIA
1) Treat with intravenous fluids. Monitor ECG and
neurologic exam (particularly deep tendon reflexes).
Hemodialysis can be used to treat severe
hypermagnesemia.
F) ALUMINUM INTOXICATION
1) Generally no treatment is required beyond cessation of
exposure. Deferoxamine can be used for severe aluminum
intoxication, primarily in patients with renal failure.
G) HYPERNATREMIA
1) Treat with intravenous hydration.
H) CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE
1) Treat with nitrates and diuretics.
 I) ENHANCED ELIMINATION PROCEDURE
1) Hemodialysis can be used to correct severe
hypermagnesemia or hypercalcemia but is rarely
necessary.
J) PATIENT DISPOSITION
1) HOME CRITERIA: Patients with minimal GI symptoms after
inadvertent exposure can be managed at home.
2) OBSERVATION CRITERIA: Patients with deliberate
self-harm exposures, persistent symptoms or long-term
excessive ingestion should be sent to a healthcare
facility for evaluation.
3) ADMISSION CRITERIA: Patients with persistent
electrolyte abnormalities or volume overload should be
admitted.
K) PITFALLS
1) Acute toxicity is extremely rare; avoid overly
aggressive treatment.
L) PHARMACOKINETICS
1) Antacids are poorly absorbed from the GI tract and are
largely excreted renally.
M) PREDISPOSING CONDITIONS
1) Patients with renal insufficiency and congestive heart
failure are predisposed to developing toxicity from
chronic overuse.
N) DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
1) Other causes of electrolyte abnormalities or volume
overload such as diuretic use, congestive heart
failure, renal failure.
RANGE OF TOXICITY:
A) Toxicity is very unlikely following a single acute
overdose.

ANIMAL TOXICITY STUDIES:

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY EXCERPTS:

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...IN DOGS, THE MAGNESIUM CONTENT OF
GASTRIC MUCOSA &amp; MUSCULARIS IS INCR &amp; IT IS POSSIBLE THAT THE
EFFECT TO DECR ANTRAL MOTILITY &amp; UROPEPSIN SECRETION IS FROM A DIRECT
LOCAL ACTION.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Acute Exposure/ ...MILK OF MAGNESIA ON RABBIT

EYES...TWICE A DAY FOR THREE OF FOUR DAYS CAUSED DAMAGE TO CORNEAL
EPITHELIUM DEMONSTRABLE BY STAINING WITH FLUORESCEIN. AFTER THE
APPLICATIONS...WERE DISCONTINUED, CORNEAS RETURNED TO NORMAL IN TWO OR
THREE DAYS.[Grant, W. M. Toxicology of the Eye. 2nd ed. Springfield,
Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1974., p. 638] **PEER REVIEWED**

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Subchronic or Prechronic Exposure/ The effects of

magnesium hydroxide were examined on methylazoxymethanol (MAM)
acetate-induced c-myc expression and cell proliferation of colonic mucosal
epithelium in rats. Rats were divided into four groups and treated as
follows: MAM acetate alone (25 mg/kg i.p. injection, five times, once a
week for 5 weeks), MAM acetate and feeding of 0.2% magnesium hydroxide in
diet, magnesium hydroxide alone and non-treatment. At 4, 8 and 16 weeks
after the start of experiment, 10 rats in each group were sacrificed.
 Magnesium hydroxide inhibited the MAM-induced expression of c-myc
proto-oncogene, and also suppressed the increased bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU)
and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labelling indexes induced by
MAM acetate in colon mucosa in initiation and post-initiation phase. These
results suggest that the anti-carcinogenic effect of magnesium hydroxide
on rat colon carcinogenesis induced by MAM acetate may be related to the
inhibition of the carcinogen-induced expression of c-myc proto-oncogene
and cell proliferation.[Wang A et al; Cancer Lett 75 (2): 73-8 (1993)]
**PEER REVIEWED** <a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7904896?dopt=Abstract"
target=new>PubMed Abstract

/LABORATORY ANIMALS: Chronic Exposure or Carcinogenicity/ Preventive

effect of magnesium hydroxide on carcinogen-induced, large bowel
carcinogenesis was examined in three experiments using F344 rats.
Experiment I: Rats received dietary administration of magnesium hydroxide
at concentrations of 500 or 1,000 ppm after treatment with
methylazoxymethanol (MAM) acetate (25 mg/kg, 3 times). These rats had a
lower incidence of large bowel neoplasms than animals given MAM acetate
alone. Reduction of the tumor incidence was especially significant at a
dose of 500 ppm. Experiment II: Rats given magnesium hydroxide (250, 500,
or 1,000 ppm) together with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) (20 mg/kg, 10
times) showed a lower multiplicity of large bowel tumors than those given
DMH alone. Experiment III: The labeling indices of the cryptal cells of
the large bowel (cecum or proximal colon or distal colon) or rates given
magnesium hydroxide for 4, 6, or 8 weeks after treatment with MAM acetate
(25 mg/kg, 3 times) were smaller than those of animals given MAM acetate
alone, indicating that magnesium hydroxide suppressed, carcinogen-induced
epithelial cell (large bowel) proliferation. The results of the three
experiments suggest that magnesium, one of the essential metals, is a
promising chemopreventive agent in humans.[Mori H et al; Basic Life Sci
61: 111-8 (1993)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8304923?dopt=Abstract"
target=new>PubMed Abstract

NON-HUMAN TOXICITY VALUES:

LD50 Rat oral 8500 mg/kg[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties of
Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1996., p. 2080] **PEER REVIEWED**

LD50 Rat intraperitoneal 2780 mg/kg[Lewis, R.J. Sax's Dangerous Properties

of Industrial Materials. 9th ed. Volumes 1-3. New York, NY: Van Nostrand
Reinhold, 1996., p. 2080] **PEER REVIEWED**

METABOLISM/ PHARMACOKINETICS:

ABSORPTION, DISTRIBUTION & EXCRETION:

ALTHOUGH MG(OH)2 IS CLASSIFIED AS A NONSYSTEMIC ANTACID, 5 TO 10% OF
MAGNESIUM CAN BE ABSORBED... ORDINARILY THE ABSORBED MAGNESIUM ION IS
RAPIDLY EXCRETED BY KIDNEY. IN NORMAL PERSONS, ABSORPTION IS ATTENDED BY
LITTLE OR NO DANGER OF SYSTEMIC ALKALOSIS, BUT URINE MAY BECOME
ALKALINE.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

...EMPTIED SLOWLY FROM THE STOMACH, PROLONGING ITS ANTACID ACTION.

...ABOUT 5-15% OF INGESTED MAGNESIUM IS ABSORBED, &amp; THIS IS READILY
 EXCRETED IN THE URINE IF KIDNEY FUNCTION IS NORMAL.[Miller, R. R., and D.
J. Greenblatt. Handbook of Drug Therapy. New York: Elsevier North Holland,
1979., p. 1045] **PEER REVIEWED**

MECHANISM OF ACTION:
COMPD IS PRACTICALLY INSOL, &amp; SOLUTION IS NOT EFFECTED UNTIL HYDROXIDE
REACTS WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID TO FORM MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE. ...MG(OH)2
INCREASES LOWER-ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER PRESSURE &amp; ACID SECRETION IN
HEIDENHAIN POUCHES.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.).
Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed.
New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

Laxatives containing magnesium cations or phosphate anions are commonly

called saline laxatives. Their cathartic action is believed to result from
osmotically mediated water retention, which then stimulates peristalsis.
However, other mechanisms may contribute to their effects, including the
production of inflammatory mediators. It also has been suggested that
magnesium containing laxatives stimulate the release of cholecystolkinin,
which leads to intraluminal fluid and electrolyte accumulation as well as
to increased intestinal motility. /Saline laxatives, including magnesium
hydroxide/[Hardman, J.G., L.E. Limbird, P.B., A.G. Gilman. Goodman and
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 10th ed. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 1044] **PEER REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:
...MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE MAY INTERFERE WITH ABSORPTION OF WARFARIN BY
ALKALINIZING GASTROINTESTINAL CONTENTS. ...IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE SUSPENSION ACTUALLY ENHANCES THE ABSORPTION OF
DICUMAROL...HIGHER PEAK SERUM LEVELS...[Evaluations of Drug Interactions.
2nd ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Assn.,
1976, 1978., p. 267] **PEER REVIEWED**

ALKALINIZATION OF URINE CAN DECR EXCRETION OF VARIOUS WEAKLY BASIC DRUGS

(EG QUINIDINE). MG(OH2) INCR ABSORPTION OF WARFARIN IN MAN &amp; DECR
ABSORPTION OF BARBITURATES IN RATS.[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.)
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 965] **PEER REVIEWED**

PHARMACOLOGY:

THERAPEUTIC USES:
Antacids; Cathartics[National Library of Medicine's Medical Subject
Headings online file (MeSH, 1999)] **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIA MAGMA ACTS AS ANTACID OR LAXATIVE, DEPENDING ON DOSAGE EMPLOYED.

TEN ML...NEUTRALIZES APPROX 270 ML OF 0.1 NORMAL HYDROCHLORIC ACID.
...OFTEN USED IN COMBINATION WITH ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL SINCE IT TENDS TO
OVERCOME MILD CONSTIPATING EFFECTS OF LATTER &amp;...CONTRIBUTES ITS OWN
ANTACID EFFECT.[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes I and II.
Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to 1984., p.
56:04] **PEER REVIEWED**

WHEN THE DOSE IS IN EXCESS OF THAT REQUIRED TO NEUTRALIZE THE ACID,

INTRAGASTRIC PH MAY REACH 8 OR 9. ACID REBOUND FOLLOWING MG(OH)2 IS
CLINICALLY INSIGNIFICANT.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman.
(eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics.
6th ed. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER
REVIEWED**

...USED MAINLY FOR...LAXATIVE PROPERTIES, THE DOSE &amp; FREQUENCY OF

ADMIN ARE DETERMINED BY NUMBER OF SUBSTITUTIONS FOR ALUMINUM OR CALCIUM
SALTS THAT RESULT IN NORMAL STOOL CONSISTENCY.[American Medical
Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 4th ed.
Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 955] **PEER REVIEWED**

Magnesium hydroxide, or milk of magnesia, is one of the constituents of

the universal antidote for poisoning.[Klaassen, C.D. (ed). Casarett and
Doull's Toxicology. The Basic Science of Poisons. 6th ed. New York, NY:
McGraw-Hill, 2001., p. 843] **PEER REVIEWED**

...IT HAS A SOMEWHAT PROLONGED DURATION OF ACTION. ...ITS NEUTRALIZING

ACTION IS NEARLY AS PROMPT &amp; COMPLETE AS THAT OF SODIUM
BICARBONATE.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman
and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICATION (VET): MILD LAXATIVE, ANTACID, CARMINATIVE. FOR USE IN SIMPLE

INDIGESTION OF CATTLE. /MAGNALOX BOLUSES/[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary
Pharmaceuticals &amp; Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.: Harwal
Publishing Co., 1980., p. 16/145] **PEER REVIEWED**

PROPHYLACTIC TREATMENT WITH MG(OH)2 WAS INSTITUTED IN 56 CONSECUTIVE CASES

WITH RENAL CA STONES. THE MEAN STONE EPISODE RATE DURING TREATMENT WAS
0.03 STONES/YR COMPARED TO 0.8 STONES/YR BEFORE TREATMENT WAS INSTITUTED.
TREATMENT WITH MG(OH)2 REDUCES RECURRENCE RATE.[JOHANSSON G ET AL; J UROL
(BALTIMORE) 124(6) 770 (1980)] **PEER REVIEWED**

...A randomized, controlled crossover study was conducted in /13/ healthy

adult male human volunteers taking no medications. Subjects received an
average of 5.0 mg/kg elemental iron orally followed 1 hr later by either
oral administration of 4.5 g of Mg(OH)2/g ingested elemental iron or no
treatment. ...After a 2-wk washout period, the subjects were enrolled in
the alternative trial arm. Individual baseline diurnal variation in serum
iron levels was determined over a 12-hr period on the day prior to each
trial. Area under time-concentration curves (AUCs) were calculated, and
the AUC due to experimental iron ingestion (deltaAUC) was determined by
subtracting the baseline diurnal AUC from the experimental AUC for each
subject. ...Mean +/- SEM for deltaAUC due to experimental iron ingestion
followed by treatment with Mg(OH)2, 78 +/- 23 umol(hr)/L, was
significantly less than that followed by no treatment, 144 +/- 33
umol(hr)/L (p=0.03 by signed rank test). Magnesium hydroxide, administered
1 hr post-iron ingestion at an oral dose of 4.5 g/g elemental iron
ingested, significantly reduced iron absorption during a 12-hr period
following simulated mild iron overdose in healthy adult human
volunteers.[Wallace KL, et al; Acad Emerg Med 5 (10): 961-965 (1998)]
**PEER REVIEWED** <a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9862585?dopt=Abstract"
target=new>PubMed Abstract

The mechanism by which Mg(OH)2 acts as a laxative is unknown. To explore

the mechanism, six volunteers more than 55 years old, with normal bowel
habits, were enrolled in a dose-response, randomized, placebo-controlled,
double-blind, crossover design study. Each subject was studied for four
inpatient periods of 5 days each on a metabolic ward with 9 days off of
all medication between studies. In the hospital, all patients were on a
diet fixed in calories, fluid volume, Na+, fiber, and Ca2+. At 8 p.m. on
 each study day, each subject took 45 ml containing either placebo or
1,200, 2,400, or 3,600 mg of Mg(OH)2 plus 240 ml of water. On the fourth
and fifth hospital days of each period, 24-hr stool output was quantified
and analyses performed. Compared to placebo, Mg(OH)2 caused the following
dose-dependent results: (a) increased number of bowel movements; (b)
increased percentage of stool water; (c) increased stool volume; (d)
increased stool Mg2+; and (e) increased total stool 24-hr prostaglandin E2
(PGE2), with mean 24-hr excretions as follow: placebo, 95 +/- 18 pg/24 hr;
1,200 mg Mg(OH)2, 260 +/- 100; 2,400 mg Mg(OH)2, 357 +/- 117; and 3,600
mg Mg(OH)2, 525 +/- 196. There was a significant correlation between
stool PGE2 excretion and stool water consistent with a causative
relationship. However, the concentration of stool prostaglandin was lower
than the concentration found to alter intestinal electrolyte transport in
vitro. In summary, the laxative effect of Mg(OH)2 is associated with
increased output of stool PGE2. The contribution of the stool PGE2 to the
laxative effect of Mg(OH)2 is unknown.[Donowitz M, Rood RP; J Clin
Gastroenterol 14 (1): 20-26 (1992)] **PEER REVIEWED** <a
href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1556404?dopt=Abstract"
target=new>PubMed Abstract

DRUG WARNINGS:
A DISADVANTAGE OF USE OF MG(OH)2 AS ANTACID IN SOME PATIENTS IS ITS
CATHARTIC EFFECT. CONSEQUENTLY, MG(OH)2 IS USUALLY COADMINISTERED OR
ALTERNATED WITH CONSTIPATING ANTACIDS, SUCH AS AL(OH)3 &amp; CACO3,
ALTHOUGH THE CONSTIPATING ACTION OF CACO3 IS NOW IN DOUBT.[Gilman, A. G.,
L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and Gilman's The
Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

VET: ...RENAL DYSFUNCTION &amp; REPEATED ADMIN CAN RESULT IN DANGEROUS

DEGREE OF RETENTION, CAUSING NEUROLOGICAL, NEUROMUSCULAR, &amp;
CARDIOVASCULAR IMPAIRMENT.[Jones, L.M., et al. Veterinary Pharmacology
&amp; Therapeutics. 4th ed. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1977., p.
714] **PEER REVIEWED**

IN PT WITH RENAL DISEASE, MAGNESIUM RETENTION MAY RESULT FROM THE CHRONIC
USE OF MAGNESIUM SALTS &amp; CAN CAUSE NEUROLOGICAL, NEUROMUSCULAR, &amp;
CARDIOVASCULAR IMPAIRMENT.[Miller, R. R., and D. J. Greenblatt. Handbook
of Drug Therapy. New York: Elsevier North Holland, 1979., p. 1045] **PEER
REVIEWED**

GASTRIC ACID SECRETION WAS STUDIED IN DUODENAL ULCER PT BEFORE &amp; AFTER
ADMIN OF MG(OH)2 &amp; PLACEBO. GASTRIC ACID SECRETION WAS SIGNIFICANTLY
GREATER AFTER MG(OH)2 ADMIN AS COMPARED TO BASAL VALUES; NO SIGNIFICANT
DIFFERENCE WAS FOUND AFTER PLACEBO.[VEZZADINI P ET AL; DRUGS EXP CLIN RES
5(4-5) 73 (1979)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Twenty-seven hypertensive women were treated with magnesium hydroxide

during the third trimester of pregnancy; no effect was noted on the
newborns, except a slight incr in body weight in the children born to the
treated mothers vs. controls. Cord serum levels of magnesium were reported
to be 70-100% of the maternal levels after maternal therapy. In such
cases, neurological depression may occur in the neonate, characterized by
respiratory depression, muscle weakness, and decreased reflexes. No decr
in Apgar scores was noted in infants of females treated for
pregnancy-induced hypertension, although the magnesium levels in the
infants reflected hypermagnesiumemia. Prolonged magnesium treatment during
pregnancy may be associated with maternal and fetal hypocalcemia and
adverse effects on fetal bone mineralization.[Bingham, E.; Cohrssen, B.;
 Powell, C.H.; Patty's Toxicology Volumes 1-9 5th ed. John Wiley &amp;
Sons. New York, N.Y. (2001)., p. 225] **PEER REVIEWED**

Magnesium hydroxide laxatives administered to infants and neonates may

induce symptoms of severe magnesium intoxication with elevated serum
magnesium levels. ... Renal immaturity may be a factor.[Ellenhorn, M.J.,
S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger. Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology:
Diagnosis and Treatment of Human Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD:
Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 1585] **PEER REVIEWED**

A 28 yr old ingested /magnesium hydroxide-aluminum hydroxide simethicone/

...(avg daily consumption of 21 g each of magnesium hydroxide and aluminum
hydroxide) and developed phosphate depletion, nephrolithiasis, and
bilateral ureteric obstruction. Myalgia, weakness, and bone pain were
absent. Biochemical features included hypophosphatemia, hypercalcemia,
hypophosphatasia, elevated plasma 1,2-dihydroxyvitamin D level, and low
plasma intact parathyroid hormone level. These abnormalities were
corrected when antacid ingestion was reduced and phosphate intake
supplemented. /Mangesium hydroxide-aluminum hydroxide
simethicone/[Ellenhorn, M.J., S. Schonwald, G. Ordog, J. Wasserberger.
Ellenhorn's Medical Toxicology: Diagnosis and Treatment of Human
Poisoning. 2nd ed. Baltimore, MD: Williams and Wilkins, 1997., p. 759]
**PEER REVIEWED**

INTERACTIONS:
...MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE MAY INTERFERE WITH ABSORPTION OF WARFARIN BY
ALKALINIZING GASTROINTESTINAL CONTENTS. ...IT HAS BEEN DEMONSTRATED THAT
MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE SUSPENSION ACTUALLY ENHANCES THE ABSORPTION OF
DICUMAROL...HIGHER PEAK SERUM LEVELS...[Evaluations of Drug Interactions.
2nd ed. and supplements. Washington, DC: American Pharmaceutical Assn.,
1976, 1978., p. 267] **PEER REVIEWED**

ALKALINIZATION OF URINE CAN DECR EXCRETION OF VARIOUS WEAKLY BASIC DRUGS

(EG QUINIDINE). MG(OH2) INCR ABSORPTION OF WARFARIN IN MAN &amp; DECR
ABSORPTION OF BARBITURATES IN RATS.[Goodman, L.S., and A. Gilman. (eds.)
The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 5th ed. New York: Macmillan
Publishing Co., Inc., 1975., p. 965] **PEER REVIEWED**

REPORTED FATAL DOSE:

2. 2= SLIGHTLY TOXIC: PROBABLE ORAL LETHAL DOSE (HUMAN) 5-15 G/KG, BETWEEN
1 PINT &amp; 1 QT FOR 70 KG PERSON (150 LB). /MILK OF MAGNESIA
USP/[Gosselin, R.E., H.C. Hodge, R.P. Smith, and M.N. Gleason. Clinical
Toxicology of Commercial Products. 4th ed. Baltimore: Williams and
Wilkins, 1976., p. II-88] **PEER REVIEWED**

FATAL DOSE OF ABSORBED MAGNESIUM ION IS APPROX 30 MG/KG, AN AMT WHICH

WOULD RAISE SERUM MAGNESIUM TO LETHAL LEVEL OF 13-15 MEQ/L... FATALITIES
ARE RARE.[Dreisbach, R.H. Handbook of Poisoning. 12th ed. Norwalk, CT:
Appleton and Lange, 1987., p. 436] **PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL FATE & EXPOSURE:

NATURAL POLLUTION SOURCES:

OCCURS IN NATURE AS THE MINERAL BRUCITE.[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck
Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th
Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1016]
**PEER REVIEWED**
 OCCURS AS AN ALTERATION PRODUCT OF PERICLASE IN SERPENTINE AND MARBLE AND
IN CHLORITE AND DOLOMITE SCHISTS[KIRK-OTHMER ENCYC CHEM TECH 3RD ED
1978-PRESENT V14 p.629] **PEER REVIEWED**

ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS & REGULATIONS:

FDA REQUIREMENTS:
This substance is generally recognized as safe when used in accordance
with good manufacturing or feeding practice.[21 CFR 582.1428; U.S.
National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal
Regulations. Available from, as of October 22, 2002: http://www.ecfr.gov]
**PEER REVIEWED**

Substance added directly to human food affirmed as generally recognized as

safe (GRAS).[21 CFR 184.1428; U.S. National Archives and Records
Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations. Available from,
as of October 22, 2002: http://www.ecfr.gov] **PEER REVIEWED**

Drug products containing certain active ingredients offered

over-the-counter (OTC) for certain uses. Magnesium hydroxide is included
in digestive aid products.[21 CFR 310.545; U.S. National Archives and
Records Administration's Electronic Code of Federal Regulations.
Available from, as of April 16, 2003: http://www.ecfr.gov] **PEER
REVIEWED**

The Approved Drug Products with Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations List

identifies currently marketed over-the-counter drug products, incl
magnesium hydroxide, approved on the basis of safety and effectiveness by
FDA under sections 505 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic
Act.[DHHS/FDA; Electronic Orange Book-Approved Drug Products with
Therapeutic Equivalence Evaluations. Available from, as of April 16,
2003: http://www.fda.gov/cder/ob/] **PEER REVIEWED**

Antacid products for over-the-counter (OTC) human use. Magnesium

hydroxide is included on this list of specific active ingredients.[21 CFR
331.11; U.S. National Archives and Records Administration's Electronic
Code of Federal Regulations. Available from, as of April 16, 2003:
http://www.ecfr.gov] **PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

MOLECULAR FORMULA:
H2-MG-O2 **PEER REVIEWED**

MOLECULAR WEIGHT:
58.32[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th
ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 691] **PEER
REVIEWED**

COLOR/FORM:
Amorphous powder[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ:
Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1016] **PEER REVIEWED**
 White, hexagonal crystals[Lide, DR (ed.). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 81st Edition. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton: FL 2000, p. 4-70] **PEER
REVIEWED**

Granules[Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary of Industrial Chemicals.

London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd., 1994., p. 546] **PEER
REVIEWED**

ODOR:
Odorless[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 691] **PEER
REVIEWED**

MELTING POINT:
350 deg C (decomposes)[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical
Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p.
691] **PEER REVIEWED**

DENSITY/SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
2.36 g/mL[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V10 944 (1994)]
**PEER REVIEWED**

PH:
pH = 9.5-10.5 (aqueous slurry)[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An
Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition,
Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1016] **PEER
REVIEWED**

SOLUBILITIES:
Soluble in dilute acids[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An
Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition,
Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1016] **PEER
REVIEWED**

0.0009 G SOL IN 100 CC WATER @ 18 DEG C; 0.004 G SOL IN 100 CC WATER @ 100
DEG C; SOL IN AMMONIUM SALTS[Weast, R.C. (ed.). Handbook of Chemistry and
Physics. 60th ed. Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press Inc., 1979., p. B-94]
**PEER REVIEWED**

Almost insoluble in alcohol[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed

Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
1997., p. 691] **PEER REVIEWED**

SPECTRAL PROPERTIES:
Index of refraction: 1.559, 1.580[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical
Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons,
1991-Present., p. V15 689 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED**

OTHER CHEMICAL/PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:

Imparts slight alkaline reaction to water; absorbs CO2 in the presence of
water[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals,
Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and
Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1016] **PEER REVIEWED**

Opaque, more or less viscous suspension from which water usually separates
on standing; alkaline to litmus and phenolphthalein /Milk of Magnesia
USP/[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover, et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical
Sciences. 15th ed. Easton, Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p.
 735] **PEER REVIEWED**

Decomposes on heating above 120 deg C[Ashford, R.D. Ashford's Dictionary

of Industrial Chemicals. London, England: Wavelength Publications Ltd.,
1994., p. 546] **PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of formation: -924.54 kJ/mol; free energy of formation: -833.58

kJ/mol; heat capacity: 77.03 J/mol-K; Mohs' hardness = 2.5[Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John
Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V15 689 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Heat of Formation = -1096 kJ/mol[Gerhartz, W. (exec ed.). Ullmann's

Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. 5th ed.Vol A1: Deerfield Beach, FL:
VCH Publishers, 1985 to Present., p. VA15 596] **PEER REVIEWED**

White, friable masses or bulky, white powder; at about 700 deg C is

converted to MgO; sol in about 3,300 parts CO2-free water; more sol in
water containing CO2; sol in dilute acids with effervescence; insol in
alcohol /Magnesium carbonate hydroxide/[Budavari, S. (ed.). The Merck
Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. Whitehouse
Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001. 1015] **PEER REVIEWED**

CHEMICAL SAFETY & HANDLING:

FIRE POTENTIAL:

EXPLOSIVE LIMITS & POTENTIAL:

HAZARDOUS REACTIVITIES & INCOMPATIBILITIES:

Phosphorus boiled with alkaline hydroxides yields mixed phosphines which
may ignite spontaneously in air. /Alkaline hydroxides/[Fire Protection
Guide to Hazardous Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection
Association, 2002., p. 491-146] **PEER REVIEWED**

ALKALI &amp; OTHER ALKALINE EARTH COMPD...MAGNESIUM COMPD...CAUSE

EXPLOSIVE DECOMP OF MALEIC ANHYDRIDE.[Fire Protection Guide to Hazardous
Materials. 13 ed. Quincy, MA: National Fire Protection Association, 2002.,
p. 491-180] **PEER REVIEWED**

STORAGE CONDITIONS:
KEEP WELL CLOSED[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.). The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of
Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals. 13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ:
Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p. 1016] **PEER REVIEWED**

DISPOSAL METHODS:
SRP: At the time of review, criteria for land treatment or burial
(sanitary landfill) disposal practices are subject to significant
revision. Prior to implementing land disposal of waste residue (including
waste sludge), consult with environmental regulatory agencies for guidance
on acceptable disposal practices. **PEER REVIEWED**

OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE STANDARDS:

MANUFACTURING/USE INFORMATION:

USES:
CHEM INT FOR DEAD-BURNED &amp; CAUSTIC-BURNED MAGNESIA, MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE
&amp; MAGNESIUM CARBONATE; RAW MATERIAL FOR MAGNESIUM METAL; INGREDIENT IN
TOOTHPASTE; NEUTRALIZATION OF ACIDS IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY; ...
CLARIFIER IN SUGAR REFINING[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

RESIDUAL FUEL OIL ADDITIVE; SULFITE PULP; URANIUM PROCESSING;

DENTRIFRICES; IN FOODS AS DRYING AGENT, COLOR RETENTION AGENT; FROZEN
DESSERTS[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary.
13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 691] **PEER
REVIEWED**

MEDICATION (VET) **PEER REVIEWED**

MEDICATION **PEER REVIEWED**

Neutralization of acids in the chemical industry, sugar refining, uranium

processing and as a residual fuel-oil additive.[International Labour
Office. Encyclopaedia of Occupational Health and Safety. 4th edition,
Volumes 1-4 1998. Geneva, Switzerland: International Labour Office, 1998.,
p. 63.24] **PEER REVIEWED**

The principle use of magnesium hydroxide is in the pulp and paper

industries. The main captive use is in the production of magnesium oxide,
chloride, and sulfate. Other uses include ceramics, chemicals,
pharmaceuticals, plastics, flame retardants/smoke suppressants, and ...
wastewater treatment and SOx removal from waste gases.[Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John
Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V15 697 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED**

MANUFACTURERS:
Applied Chemical Magnesias Corp, P.O. Box 270941, Fort Collins, CO 80527,
(970) 223-7790; Production sites: Bullhead City, AZ 86442; Van Horn, TX
79855 /Technical/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of Chemical Producers.
SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER REVIEWED**

Dow Chemical U.S.A., 2030 Dow Center, Midland, MI 48642, (989) 636-1000;
Production sites: Freeport, TX 77541; Ludington, MI 49431 /Technical and
non-medicinal/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of Chemical Producers.
SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER REVIEWED**

Martin Marietta Magnesia Specialties, P.O. Box 15470, Baltimore, MD

21220-0470, (410) 780-5500; Production sites: Lenoir City, TN 37771;
Manistee, MI 49660 /Technical/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of
Chemical Producers. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER
REVIEWED**

Premier Chemicals, Suite 415, 7251 Engle Road, Middleburg Heights, OH

44130, (440) 234-4600; Production sites: Brownsville, TX (zip
unspecified); Manistee, MI; Gabbs, NV 89409; New Bern, NC (zip
unspecified); Phoenix, AZ (zip unspecified); Port St. Joe, FL 32456; Santa
Fe Springs, CA (zip unspecified); York, PA (zip unspecified)
/Technical/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI
Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER REVIEWED**
 Rohm and Haas Company, Chemical Specialties Business, 100 Independence
Mall West, Philadelphia, PA 19106-2399, (215) 592-3000; Production site:
Manistee, MI 49660 /Technical/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of
Chemical Producers. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER
REVIEWED**

SPI Pharma, Inc., 321 Cherry Lane, New Castle, DE 19720, (302) 576-8724;
Production site: Lewes, DE (zip unspecified) /Technical/[SRI
International. 2002 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI Consulting, Menlo
Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER REVIEWED**

J.M. Huber Corporation, Engineered Materials Division, 333 Thornall

Street, Edison, NJ 088737-2220, (732) 549-8600; Production site:
Fairmount, GA 30139 /Non-medicinal/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of
Chemical Producers. SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 700] **PEER
REVIEWED**

ANI Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 3600 25th Avenue, P.O. Box 1450, Gulfport, MS
38501, (228) 863-1702; Production site: Gulfport, MS 39501 /Medicinal/[SRI
International. 2002 Directory of Chemical Producers. SRI Consulting, Menlo
Park, CA. 2002., p. 716] **PEER REVIEWED**

Giles Chemical Corporation, 102 Commerce Street, P.O. Box 370,

Waynesville, NC 28786, (828) 452-4784; Production site: Waynesville, NC
28786 /Medicinal/[SRI International. 2002 Directory of Chemical Producers.
SRI Consulting, Menlo Park, CA. 2002., p. 716] **PEER REVIEWED**

METHODS OF MANUFACTURING:
REACTION OF CALCIUM HYDROXIDE WITH SEA WATER WHICH HAS BEEN PURIFIED TO
REMOVE COLLOIDAL PARTICLES, CARBON DIOXIDE, AND SALTS OF OTHER METALS[SRI]
**PEER REVIEWED**

...FROM MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE OR SULFATE &amp; SODIUM HYDROXIDE...US 3127241

(1964 TO DOW). INDUSTRIAL METHOD FOR PRODUCING MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE HAVING
VARIABLE PARTICLE SIZES...US 3232708 (1966 TO FMC).[O'Neil, M.J. (ed.).
The Merck Index - An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals.
13th Edition, Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck and Co., Inc., 2001., p.
1016] **PEER REVIEWED**

Precipitation from a solution of a magnesium salt by sodium hydroxide or

precipitation from seawater with lime.[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's
Condensed Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp;
Sons, Inc. 1997., p. 691] **PEER REVIEWED**

Dead Sea Periclase (DSP, Mishor Rotem, Israel) converts magnesium chloride
into MgO by spray-roasting, then hydrates the MgO to Mg(OH)2.[Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John
Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V15 693 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Magnesite is acidified to produce MgCl2 and subsequent MgO of 99% purity,

which is converted to magnesium hydroxide by hydration.[Kirk-Othmer
Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John
Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V15 694 (1995)] **PEER REVIEWED**

GENERAL MANUFACTURING INFORMATION:

INCOMPATIBILITIES: ...HAS AN ALKALINE REACTION &amp; POSSESSES
INCOMPATIBILITIES TYPICAL OF SUCH REACTION. THUS, ALKALOIDS ARE LIBERATED
FROM SOLN OF THEIR SALTS. /MILK OF MAGNESIA USP/[Osol, A. and J.E. Hoover,
et al. (eds.). Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences. 15th ed. Easton,
 Pennsylvania: Mack Publishing Co., 1975., p. 735] **PEER REVIEWED**

...HIGH NEUTRALIZING CAPACITY WITH RAPID ONSET... AS WITH ALL AMPHOTERIC

ANTACIDS, TABLETS ARE LESS EFFECTIVE THAN LIQUID PREPARATIONS.[American
Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug Evaluations. 4th
ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 955] **PEER
REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IS DISPERSED IN WATER CONTAINING SODIUM

POLYMETHACRYLATE TO PRODUCE A HIGHLY CONCENTRATED MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
SLURRY OF LOW VISCOSITY FOR WASTE GAS DESULFURIZATION.[AQUEOUS MAGNESIUM
HYDROXIDE SLURRY; JPN KOKAI TOKKYO KOHO PATENT NO 80167125 12/26/80
(NIPPON SHOKUBAI KAGAKU KOGYO CO, LTD)] **PEER REVIEWED**

Unlike other magnesium hydroxide products, the Mg(OH)2 in milk of magnesia

is produced from basic magnesium carbonate. The fine particle structure
formed in this reaction makes milk of magnesia a stable
slurry.[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. 4th ed. Volumes
1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p. V15 698 (1995)]
**PEER REVIEWED**

SRP: Magnesium carbonate hydroxide is a mixture of magnesium hydroxide and

magnesium carbonate, commonly used as an antacid. It is not a specific
chemical compound. **PEER REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:
MILK OF MAGNESIA USP, IS AN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
CONTAINING 7.0-8.5% OF MG(OH)2. EACH MILLILITER IS CAPABLE OF NEUTRALIZING
APPROX 2.7 MEQ OF ACID. ...MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IS ALSO AVAIL AS MAGNESIA
TABLETS...GENERALLY CONTAIN 325 MG EACH, WHICH CAN NEUTRALIZE 11.2 MEQ OF
ACID.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

USP; 250 ML &amp; 500 ML BOTTLES WITH ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL; 250 ML, 375
ML, 500 ML &amp; 1 L BOTTLES.[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes
I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to
1984., p. 56:04] **PEER REVIEWED**

SUSPENSION OF 30% MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IN WATER: HYDRO-MAGMA.[The Merck

Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck &amp; Co., Inc., 1976., p. 737]
**PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE DRUG AVAILABLE GENERICALLY: POWDER; TABLETS 300 &amp;

600 MG.[American Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug
Evaluations. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 955]
**PEER REVIEWED**

VET: PRIMARILY IN LAXATIVE MIXTURES FOR SUSPENSION IN LARGE QUANTITIES OF

WATER, OCCASIONALLY IN BOLUS, &amp; OCCASIONALLY AS MILK OF MAGNESIA;
MAGMA MAGNESII, CREAM OF MAGNESIA, MIXTURE OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, &amp;
MISTURA MAGNESII HYDROXIDI (APPROX AN 8% AQUEOUS SOLUTION).[Rossoff, I.S.
Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974., p. 320] **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IS USUALLY MARKETED IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER

ANTACIDS.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 994] **PEER REVIEWED**
 GRADES: TECHNICAL, NF, FCC.[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
1997., p. 691] **PEER REVIEWED**

VET: MAGNALOX BOLUSES, EACH BOLUS CONTAINS: MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 27 G;

GINGER 200 MG, &amp; CAPSICUM 50 MG.[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary
Pharmaceuticals &amp; Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.: Harwal
Publishing Co., 1980., p. 16/145] **PEER REVIEWED**

A mixture of salts, available as Maalox, Mylanta, Gelusil, and Aludrox,

contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, and variable amounts of aluminum
oxide in the form of aluminum hydroxide and hydrated aluminum oxide, ie,
2.9-4.2% magnesium hydroxide and 2.0-2.4% aluminum oxide, Al2O3, for a
mixture of 4.9-6.6% combined magnesium hydroxide and aluminum oxide. This
mixture may contain a flavoring and antimicrobial agents in a total amount
not to exceed 0.5% ... .[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p.
V12 393 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. PRODUCTION:
(1974) 8.46X10+10 GRAMS (USE)[SRI] **PEER REVIEWED**

(1985) 5.72X10+11 g (est) /MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS/[BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL

COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1986 p.96] **PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. IMPORTS:
(1985) 1.36X10+11 g (est) /MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS/[BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL
COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1986 p.96] **PEER REVIEWED**

U. S. EXPORTS:
(1985) 1.81X10+10 g (est) /MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS/[BUREAU OF MINES. MINERAL
COMMODITY SUMMARIES 1986 p.96] **PEER REVIEWED**

LABORATORY METHODS:

SPECIAL REFERENCES:

SYNONYMS AND IDENTIFIERS:

RELATED HSDB RECORDS:

654 [MAGNESIUM, ELEMENTAL; 7439-95-4]

7065 [MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS]

SYNONYMS:
S/G 84 **PEER REVIEWED**

CAUSTIC MAGNESITE **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIA MAGMA **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM DIHYDROXIDE **PEER REVIEWED**

 MAGNESIUM HYDRATE **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE GEL **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE (MG(OH)2) **PEER REVIEWED**

MARINCO H **PEER REVIEWED**

MARINCO H 1241 **PEER REVIEWED**

MILK OF MAGNESIA **PEER REVIEWED**

MINT-O-MAG[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health

Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS).
National Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file., p. 82/8111] **PEER
REVIEWED**

NEMALITE[U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health

Service, Center for Disease Control, National Institute for Occupational
Safety Health. Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS).
National Library of Medicine's current MEDLARS file., p. 82/8111] **PEER
REVIEWED**

FORMULATIONS/PREPARATIONS:
MILK OF MAGNESIA USP, IS AN AQUEOUS SUSPENSION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE
CONTAINING 7.0-8.5% OF MG(OH)2. EACH MILLILITER IS CAPABLE OF NEUTRALIZING
APPROX 2.7 MEQ OF ACID. ...MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IS ALSO AVAIL AS MAGNESIA
TABLETS...GENERALLY CONTAIN 325 MG EACH, WHICH CAN NEUTRALIZE 11.2 MEQ OF
ACID.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 993] **PEER REVIEWED**

USP; 250 ML &amp; 500 ML BOTTLES WITH ALUMINUM HYDROXIDE GEL; 250 ML, 375
ML, 500 ML &amp; 1 L BOTTLES.[American Hospital Formulary Service. Volumes
I and II. Washington, DC: American Society of Hospital Pharmacists, to
1984., p. 56:04] **PEER REVIEWED**

SUSPENSION OF 30% MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IN WATER: HYDRO-MAGMA.[The Merck

Index. 9th ed. Rahway, New Jersey: Merck &amp; Co., Inc., 1976., p. 737]
**PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE DRUG AVAILABLE GENERICALLY: POWDER; TABLETS 300 &amp;

600 MG.[American Medical Association, AMA Department of Drugs. AMA Drug
Evaluations. 4th ed. Chicago: American Medical Association, 1980., p. 955]
**PEER REVIEWED**

VET: PRIMARILY IN LAXATIVE MIXTURES FOR SUSPENSION IN LARGE QUANTITIES OF

WATER, OCCASIONALLY IN BOLUS, &amp; OCCASIONALLY AS MILK OF MAGNESIA;
MAGMA MAGNESII, CREAM OF MAGNESIA, MIXTURE OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE, &amp;
MISTURA MAGNESII HYDROXIDI (APPROX AN 8% AQUEOUS SOLUTION).[Rossoff, I.S.
Handbook of Veterinary Drugs. New York: Springer Publishing Company,
1974., p. 320] **PEER REVIEWED**

MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE IS USUALLY MARKETED IN COMBINATION WITH OTHER

ANTACIDS.[Gilman, A. G., L. S. Goodman, and A. Gilman. (eds.). Goodman and
Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics. 6th ed. New York:
Macmillan Publishing Co., Inc. 1980., p. 994] **PEER REVIEWED**
 GRADES: TECHNICAL, NF, FCC.[Lewis, R.J., Sr (Ed.). Hawley's Condensed
Chemical Dictionary. 13th ed. New York, NY: John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.
1997., p. 691] **PEER REVIEWED**

VET: MAGNALOX BOLUSES, EACH BOLUS CONTAINS: MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE 27 G;

GINGER 200 MG, &amp; CAPSICUM 50 MG.[Aronson, C.E. (ed.). Veterinary
Pharmaceuticals &amp; Biologicals, 1980-1981. Media, Pa.: Harwal
Publishing Co., 1980., p. 16/145] **PEER REVIEWED**

A mixture of salts, available as Maalox, Mylanta, Gelusil, and Aludrox,

contains magnesium hydroxide, Mg(OH)2, and variable amounts of aluminum
oxide in the form of aluminum hydroxide and hydrated aluminum oxide, ie,
2.9-4.2% magnesium hydroxide and 2.0-2.4% aluminum oxide, Al2O3, for a
mixture of 4.9-6.6% combined magnesium hydroxide and aluminum oxide. This
mixture may contain a flavoring and antimicrobial agents in a total amount
not to exceed 0.5% ... .[Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology.
4th ed. Volumes 1: New York, NY. John Wiley and Sons, 1991-Present., p.
V12 393 (1994)] **PEER REVIEWED**

ADMINISTRATIVE INFORMATION:

HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES DATABANK NUMBER:

659

LAST REVIEW DATE:

Reviewed by SRP on 2/13/2003

LAST REVISION DATE:

20030912

UPDATE HISTORY:
Complete Update on 2003-09-12, 2 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 2003-07-29, 32 fields added/edited/deleted

Complete Update on 2003-04-05, 26 fields added/edited/deleted

Field Update on 11/08/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 05/13/2002, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 06/03/1999, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/16/1998, 5 fields added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 01/19/1996, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 12/21/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 11/03/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field Update on 11/02/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/19/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 03/25/1994, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

 Field update on 12/14/1992, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field update on 01/28/1991, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/10/1990, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Field update on 12/29/1989, 1 field added/edited/deleted.

Complete Update on 10/14/1986

Created 19830401 by SYS