ADS404

INTRODUCTION TO PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

NO. STUDENT NAME STUDENT D

1. MASURIDA BINTI DANI 2015952391
2. SHAH DIRA BIN IDRIS 2017119735
3. MOHD AZLAN SHAH BIN NAAN 2017389605

LECTURER NAME : TONY PARIDI BAGANG

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First of all we would like to express our special thanks of gratitude to our lecturer
Tony Paridi Bagang for guiding us into completing our given assignment. We have
highly benefited by the completion of this presentation and assignment given and
gained a lot of knowledge about our subject that is ADS404 Introduction to Public
Administration.

We would also like to thank our respondent for his cooperation and willingness to
give information and permission for us to conduct the research at his restaurant. His
experienced that he shared is very useful not just for the assignment but also for our
future life.

Finally we would like to thank our family and friends that supported us in the
completion of this assignment.
TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION

2. CENTRAL DISCUSSION OF ARTICLE

3. RECOMMENDATION

4. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION

In public administration, decisions are often times made based upon ethical principles,
which are the judgment of the general public would agree is acceptable. This is key to
keep the public sector to be ethical because they must ask themselves if they will be
punished if they do not make ethical decision.

There is a lot of appeal for the individual working in public administration to use their
high authority to being corrupt for their personal well-being. It is a must to the
government to keep an eye on this frequently-happening issue, as it will happen from
the low level of the city government to as high as the prime minister.
2. CENTRAL DISCUSSION OF ARTICLE

The public service is the important part of the government. It is responsible in

implementing the policies and law of the government. It pushes the growth and
development of the country and the people, and at a certain extent even ‘operate’ the
country.

With such massive responsibility, the people expect a higher ethical standard form
of public service. In order to ensure that the public officials are following the ethical
standards, governments around the world have been actively supporting the
enforcement of ethics management in their administration.

Initiatives such as the ethics code, ethics committee, ethics ombudsman and integrity
unit have been established to provide support and encourage ethical adherence in
their administrations. However, ethics is still a challenge in public service around
the world with many examples of unethical conduct and corruption that took place
in the public service.

EIGHT ELEMENTS OF GOOD GOVERNANCE

Good governance has 8 leading characteristics. Good governance is liable to the

present and future needs of the country and its people, exercises judgement in
policy and decision-making, and that the best interests of all people in the country
are taken into matter.
1. Rule of Law
Good governance requires clean legal frameworks that are imposed by an impartial
regulatory body, for the full protection of the people.

2. Transparency
Transparency means that information should be provided in any easy-
understandable forms; that it should be freely accessible and directly available to
those who will be affected by the policies and practices, as well as the event
resulting thereafter; and that any decisions taken and their enforcement are in
compliance with established rules and regulations.

3. Responsiveness
Good governance requires the government and their processes are designed to
serve the best interests of the people within a reasonable timeframe.

4. Consensus Oriented.
Good governance requires discussion to understand the diverse interests of the
people in order to reach a broad consent of what is in the best interest of the entire
nation and how this can be achieved in a feasible and careful manner.

5. Equality

A good government is a government that provides the opportunity for its people to
preserve, boost, or generally increase their well-being.
6. Effectiveness and Efficiency
Good governance means that the development and policies carried out by the
government to produce positive results meet the needs of its people, while making
the best use of available resources – technological, human, financial, natural and
environmental – at its disposal.

7. Accountability
Accountability is a key principle of good governance. Who is obliged for what
should be documented in the policy statements. In general, the public
administration is accountable to those who will be affected by its decisions-making
as well as the applicable rules of law.

8. Participation
Participation by all people, either directly or indirectly (through legitimate
representatives), is the pillar of good governance. Participation needs to be
informed, including freedom of expression and diligent concern for the best
interests of the government and the people in general.

Towards Improved Governance:

Good governance is an ideal which is difficult to achieve in its whole. The
government typically suggests well-intentioned people who bring their
experiences, ideas, preferences and other human strengths and weaknesses to the
policy-making table. Good governance is accomplished through an on-going
communication that tries to capture all of the considerations involved in assuring
that the people interests are addressed and reflected in policy initiatives.
2.1 EXAMPLE OF UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA.

CORRUPTION

Corruption is the act of giving or receiving any satisfaction or reward in the

form of cash or high value to perform the duties in relation to the description of its
duties. For example, a contractor rewards prizes in the form of an expensive hour to
a Government official to give a project to the contractor's company. According to
the 2013 public survey in Malaysia by Transparency International, most of the
surveyed households saw Malaysia's political parties becoming very corrupt. A
quarter of surveyed households assess the government's efforts in combating
corruption to be ineffective. The Transparency International Corruption Perception
Index ranked 62 countries from 180 countries.

The business executives surveyed in the Global Competitiveness Report

2013-2014 Economic Forum revealed that the company's unethical conduct was a
weakness in doing business in Malaysia. Government contracts are sometimes given
to companies with good relationships, and the provision of substantial infrastructure
projects to selected Bumiputera companies without open tender continues to exist.
Corruption is a problem. Malaysia has a bribe score of 52 out of 100 (high scores
less corrupt), making Malaysia the second "cleanest" second in SE Asia, 9 out of 28
in APAC and 50 out of 175 countries surveyed worldwide.

By suggesting the 1Malaysia Development Berhad scandal or 1MDB scandal

is a political scandal that occurs in Malaysia. In 2015, Prime Minister Najib Razak
is accused of channelling over RM 2.67 billion (nearly USD 700 million) from
1Malaysia Development Berhad (1MDB), a government-run strategic development
company, to his own bank account. The event sparked widespread criticism among
Malaysians, calling on Najib Razak's resignation, including Dr Mahathir Mohamad,
one of Najib's predecessors as Prime Minister, who ultimately defeated Najib to
return to power after the 2018 general election.

After the 2018 general election, newly-appointed Prime Minister Mahathir

Mohamad said there was enough evidence to reopen the investigation into the 1MDB
scandal. In the months following the election, Malaysian authorities prevented Najib
Razak from leaving the country, seizing huge cash and valuables from the premises
associated with it, and blaming it with criminal breach of trust, money laundering
and abuse of power, while Jho Low charged with money laundering. After filing a
complaint alleging that more than US $ 4.5 billion has been transferred from 1MDB
by Jho Low and other conspirators including officials from Malaysia, Saudi Arabia
and the United Arab Emirates, the US Department of Justice said it would continue
to investigate 1MDB and look forward to cooperate with the Malaysian authorities.

CORPORATE FRAUD

Fraud is an intentional fraud to gain unfair or unlawful benefits, or to deprive

a lawful right. Fraud can violate civil law as an example, a fraud may demand
fraudulent actors to prevent fraud or recover financial compensation, criminal law
(fraudster may be prosecuted and imprisoned by government authorities), or it may
result in loss of money, property or legal rights but remains an element of one of the
other civil or criminal crimes. The purpose of fraud is to increase profits or other
benefits, for example by obtaining a passport, travel document, or driving license,
or mortgage fraud, where the perpetrator may attempt to make a claim to make a
mortgage as a false statement.
 There are two types of frauds that can be discussed about, civil fraud and
crime fraud. Usually fraud is a crime that many people liken to theft, but there is a
difference. There are also differences between criminal fraud and public fraud. The
policy difference between theft and fraud is that the theft generally involves taking
something by force or silently, where the scams revolve around misrepresentation,
and the fundamental difference between criminal fraud and public fraud lies in who
is pursuing legal action in case . Single fraudulent acts may be prosecuted as a
criminal fraud by prosecutors, as well as civil actions by the misrepresentative.

Whether criminal or civil, fraud generally has some legal elements, including
the following:

- Material facts wrong.

- Knowledge of the accused party that they wrongly blamed the fact.

- Offense made intentionally, with intent to deceive the victim.

- Victims believe misidentified and depend on it.

- The victim suffered damage due to mistake.

When a person is accused of criminal fraud, the case is brought by any local,
state or federal prosecutor, who has to prove that they intend to misrepresent and to
obtain it. This case can be done even if the scams are unsuccessful and nobody is
actually being misused. Common examples of criminal frauds are Mail fraud,
Bankruptcy Fraud, Secure Fraud, and everything connected with it.

In Malaysia many cases of fraud involve complicated financial transactions

undertaken by 'white collar villains' such as business professionals with specialized
knowledge and criminal intentions. For example, unscrupulous investment brokers
can give customers the opportunity to buy shares in valuable metal repositories, for
example. His status as a professional investor gives him credibility, which can lead
to credible credibility among potential customers. Those who believe the
opportunity to become legitimate contributes a substantial amount of cash and
receives valid bond documentation in return. If the investment broker is aware that
no such repository exists and still receives payments for valuable bonds, then the
victims may claim it for fraud.

Referring to the Malaysia Airlines financial scandal case reported in the

1990s, Businessman Tajuddin Ramli took a loan from a government-linked
company to buy shares controlling the Malaysian Airlines share price higher than
the market price - RM8 per share. For seven years, he heads MAS, this is the period
of various allegations of fraud. The company has a cash reserve of RM600 million
when Tajuddin took over, but a cumulative loss of RM9.4 billion when he left the
company in 2001.

Despite huge losses, the government has bought back from MAS Holdings for
the same price being sold - RM8 per share - due to the need to ensure that the airline
survives for allowing the construction of the Kuala Lumpur International Airport
(KLIA). Tajuddin was involved in some legal action with government-linked
companies (GLCs) who claimed to have failed to pay the loan and also lost to
Danaharta's case and ordered to pay more than RM500 million, the company and
Tajuddin out of a court settlement, called "bailout" by critics. MAS has experienced
financial problems since then.

Thus, in the early 1990s, Bank Negara Malaysia (BNM) started trading in
speculative currency trading and foreign exchange trading with huge sums, alarming
other banking institutions around the world. Bank Negara Malaysia lost almost
RM30 billion between 1991 and 1994, before being technically bankrupt and had to
be rescued by the Ministry of Finance. No top executives in Bank Negara Malaysia
are accused of doing business.

BRIBERY- IRRESPONSIBLE PARTY/ GOVERNMENT IN MALAYSIA

DURING ELECTION SPENDING MONEY IN ORDER TO BUYING VOTES

With last year's budget, the government has relinquished any fiscal
responsibility - there is a lot of spending especially in one year of elections.

Even with higher earnings than expected, BARISAN NASIONAL lost with
PAKATAN HARAPAN, and PH became a new government since May 9, 2018.
Since then, many expenses will be unproductive, wasted with short-term benefits
shortfall when money will be better spent on long-term investments long such
infrastructure that will overtake current crop voters. But, of course, only today's
voters that the government has interests. Short-term thinking is the misery that
permeates all aspects of our society.

Election cost in the previous year from $ 1 million in 1959 to RM500 million
in 2018. Politicians have built-in capacity in short-term thinking during the election
cycle. They make floating promises and policies designed for immediate effect, their
spending on votes today. It's a problem in and of itself, as it gives little attention to
the idea that the action taken now will affect years, sometimes decades to the road.
However, the worse thing is the same taxation problem. The promises they made
came at a price, but for the past 30 years the lobby and the neoconservative influence
had made four-letter taxes, meaning many politicians would try to win votes by
promising to spend today swearing to cut taxes. This often means a deficit, the ideal
situation for politicians is only aimed at re-election: the bill will not arrive in the
future, when they live comfortably on gold-plated royal pensions.
 That kind of thinking is what brings us into the mess today. People who
strongly support tax cuts to companies even though the government filled their fund
was the person responsible for the saving measures - not to themselves, of course -
was lost in the shuffle.

Within a few generations, we have eliminated efforts to create society based

on mutual benefits. Most of the ambitions that came out of the Great Depression and
the Second World War, for example, have been replaced by unrelenting
individualism as unethical practices in elections would destroy the environment as a
whole.

The fast-moving townships where we no longer rely on wider families, friends

and communities - indeed, we may not know our neighbours - making us forget
about how much we really are. User-based society, rejected by marketing, focuses
on individual pleasures. This comes at a cost to our 'collective', especially when
discussing matters of mutual benefit: taxes are seen as taking money from my
'pleasure'. More and more, we are encouraged to pressure the natural tendency to
keep the number one. Couple that with the individual's ability to get instant
satisfaction, and long-term planning for our collective future becomes more difficult.

There is nothing wrong with seeking personal interests, but we are in danger
of forgetting that most middle-class profits from the post-war years arise from
community-driven ideas. In economic terms alone, collective effort is a tide that
raises all bots - more than others, of course. Today, however, there are seemingly
confusing elements to remove the circumstances that allow great prosperity to be
attacked.
THE IMPACT OF UNETHICAL PRACTICES IN MALAYSIA TOWARDS
PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION

From the absence of a low level of bullying and personal disturbances,

misrepresentation in advertising, corporate fraud and corruption seems to have
become more common. Whether it is or we just become more aware. Basically,
unethical practices are always related to the Public Administration either directly or
indirectly but usually occur.

According to L D White, public administration consists of all operations with

the aim of fulfilling or strengthening public policy. On the other hand, like the public
administration of Woodrow Wilson is the application of detailed and systematic
laws. People can also say that public administration is nothing but policies, practices,
rules and regulations and others, in action. However, our unethical practices can be
sure whether in politics or the private sector and the private sector, it is more
common that we want to think about it. Unfortunately, in the opinion of many, if this
trend continues, negligence is in danger of becoming normal. There is evidence of
the unethical behaviour around us, including personal, professional and corporate
behaviour.

Unethical behaviours have serious consequences for individuals and

organizations. You may lose your job and reputation, the organization may lose their
credibility, general spirit and productivity may decline, or conduct may result in
fines and / or financial losses. Ethics is a very complex area, but no matter what,
ethical behaviour is all about making decisions. It is about making decisions based
on moral values and principles that are right and wrong.
 For example, businesses, schools, and governments with an Internet presence
usually provide hyperlinks to safety and security statements. Professional
information is the person who runs and enforces these policies in most organizations.
People are hesitant to use the organization's services if there is any concern about
this management. People who do not feel comfortable interacting with organizations
and governments can lose their efficiency and cost savings to have public services
available through the Internet or face-to-face.

In short, hospitals and healthcare industries make efforts to digitize patient

and medical care records. Paper documentation falls on the curb. If a medical
database is compromised, important medical data is almost gone, affecting the
delivery of patient care. Many important industries have a backup data plan in place,
but downtime can handle crippling financial blow.

Long-term thinking is not just for issues like climate change, though we are
not ready to tackle the problem, despite the consequences. No, it's all about living
today. But long-term planning is important for a wide range of issues that are part of
today's political reality, which cover all levels: long-term resource use, human
migration, transport demands, retirement and pensions and so on. Our failure to do
so has led to the use of diversity, the environmental crisis, the uncontrolled
immigration, the destruction of the city, the financial speculation and various other
problems that hit our economic, political and social systems
3. RECOMENDATION

In an effort to maintain and strengthen ethics in the public administration

system, the government has issued an Excellent Service guide in 1979 in order to
improve the quality of public services from time to time. One of the elements in the
Excellent Service Guide 1979 is the implementation of a client's charter which is a
commitment in the form of a promise and a public written service that pledges to
provide ethical and quality services to Malaysians. This Client Charter was
introduced during the 7th Malaysia Plan and in 1993 to 1995 there were 390 agencies
implementing this Client Charter. In addition, in the 90s, the government introduced
quality management programs aimed at improving the quality of system
administration to the people and strengthening working relationships with the private
sector, particularly in the areas of investment, property and agriculture.

This quality management has 7 key principles: top management support,

customer preferences, training and recognition to members, team spirit, performance
measurement, management involvement and continuous improvement. In dealing
with the people, the government has issued some ethics in the administration that
must be followed and practiced by civil servants. Among them are honesty, justice,
truth, courage, courtesy, forgiveness, patience, easy to accompany and sympathy.
These ethics are able to make the country's governance system better when these
ethics are practiced and appreciated by every civil servant in dealing with the people.

Subsequently, in mid-April 1982, Y.A.B Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir Mohamad

has launched a Bersih, Cekap dan Amanah campaign as a policy that has been
practiced for all in the country. This campaign has the objective of establishing a
new work ethic and service attitude for Malaysians by giving priority to improving
results and workmanship and to enhance employee morale or motivation in line with
the Application of Islamic Values and Leadership through Ethics. The three key
mottos in this campaign have its own significance and different appreciation. For
example, clean is to have high morals, discipline and discipline, non-pervasive and
non-corrupt, neutral non-alignment or bias and selfless. Cekap means that every
member of the government must be brave and quick to make decisions, face the
crisis calmly, have high productivity and knowledgeable, experienced and skilled in
certain areas. Amanah, the trust is that every member of the government should carry
out the duties and responsibilities entrusted within the determined limits of power
with full perseverance and commitment to achieve the stated objectives.

The application of moral values and ethical improvements in the civil service
has been intensively implemented during the reign of Y.A.B Dato Seri Dr. Mahathir
Mohamad. On February 8, 1982, the 4th Prime Minister of Malaysia announced the
Look East Policy which meant that the Malaysian government and the private sector
made Japan and South Korea as an example of ethical work as both countries are
well known for their high ethics of work, efficient and fast quality management. This
policy emphasizes the importance of elements of discipline and discipline in work,
loyalty in the country, the spirit of the group, the desire to increase the nation's
production, increase efficiency, reduce wastage and deepen the relationship between
the employer and the workers. This policy strategy is aimed at the formation of
human resources through the application of values and work ethics available in Japan
and South Korea with ways to elevate productivity and workmanship enhance
knowledge and technological skills, develop a diligent Malaysian society, diligent,
disciplined and working according to good values and ethics. Tun Dr Mahathir
introduced this policy as the development of a country depends on the quality of
human resources and its cultural work based on the religious characteristics and
values of pure and constructive Asian society. This policy has been implemented
through public and private education delivery programs and students to Japan and
South Korea to undergo training either in academic form in institutions of higher
learning (IPT) or skills training in companies and public institutions in the two
countries.

Subsequently, the pursuit of ethics and noble values in public administration

has become more intense when the Policy on Implementing Islamic Values in
Administration 'was introduced in 1985 by the former Prime Minister of Malaysia,
Tun Dr. Mahathir is in line with Malaysia's status as a country that practices Islam
as the official religion. The Application of Islamic Values in Administration is part
of the various efforts of the Government of Malaysia to apply the values of Islam in
the administration and the life of Malaysians because of this universal value without
the people will be encouraged to accept and flatter other very foreign values for
Malaysian society. In addition, the application of these Islamic values is not through
law or coercion but to build a resilient Malaysian society to face globalization
challenges. Hence Malaysians must have their own identity with every individual,
organization and all sectors that carry out various activities of work that can
contribute to the well-being of the nation.

Among the objectives of the Policy of Implementing Islamic Values in the

Administration is to form a Malaysian society with an identity, to eliminate negative
attitudes in the performance of duties and to produce quality services. The objective
of this policy clearly shows that this policy is not intended to Islamize non-Muslim
Malaysians but to cultivate ethics and noble values that are acceptable to all levels
of society as every religion also encourages its people to do well.

On July 24, 2013, the Public Service Department (JPA) also issued a Service
Circular No. 6/2013 on the Establishment of Integrity Units at All Public Agencies.
Integrity Unit (UI) is a unit set up in every ministry, department and agency
government either at the Federal level or at the state level responsible for managing
and implementing institutional initiatives of integrity, prevention, compliance,
misdirection and punitive actions with a more focused, organized, efficient and
optimum. All guided guidelines it should be followed closely so that a given task or
trust can be implemented perfectly. Integrity and accountability are among the
principles that must be in every civil servant in discharging their duties and
responsibilities.

Implementation of entrusted responsibilities accompanied by integrity

principles will ensure that all allocations given to each agency, program, activity or
project can be channelled to the appropriate party without risking leakage or leakage.
Long term integrity values Islam must also be respected and practiced by all civil
servants in particular for civil servants who are Muslims. Islam prevents people from
doing something in vain, which does not bring any benefits and which can lead to
destruction. Allah SWT says in Surah Al - Maidah: Verse 2 - "And help each other
in doing virtue and piety, do not help in sin and infringement".
4. COMMENTS

The Government has long been trying to implement a higher quality public
service and integrity in the country through the introduction of a number of relevant
policies and policies from launching the Bersih, Efficient and Trustful campaign in
1982, the Leadership Exemplary campaign in 1983, Value-Based Implementation
Islam in 1985, Islamic Work Ethics in 1987, Excellent Work Culture in 1989,
Quality Award in 1990, Client Charter in 1993, e-government and MS ISO 9000 in
1996, Excellent Service Award in 2002, key performance indicators (KPIs) and
Islam Hadhari in 2005 and other steps.

The government has also issued numerous public service circulars to provide
guidance to every employee to cultivate an attitude of intent in implementing a task
or trust given to them such as the Public Administration Development Circular. No.
1. 2008, Customer Relation Management Guide, Public Administration
Development Circular. No. 1 2009, Improvement of Public Complaints
Management Process, Public Service Progress Circular No. 2, 1996, ISO 9000: 2000
Implementation Guide, Service Circular No. 5, 2007. Office Management Guide and
others. The government policy that we have chosen is the eastern vision and Islam
Hadhari introduced by Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamed. The Eastern viewpoint is not
merely a political rhetoric of Tun Dr Mahathir Mohamad, it has been compiled and
loaded with various programs to ensure the success of this policy.

This policy was introduced to change the mind set and paradigm to be less
obsessed with westerners especially Britain. It is very important to change the notion
that everything coming from the West is good and being replaced as an alternative
is to look to the east especially the country of Japan. Contributions and
collaborations created have a unique impact on socio-economic development and
community development in Malaysia.
CONCLUSION

It is clearly that good governance means much more than simple straight
government. It also includes other firms, NGOs and other civil society organization.
Good governance favours transparency, accountability, predictability, openness,
participation, political legitimacy, participation based on the rule of law, human
rights and freedom of information and expression. Good governance will averts any
corruption and mismanagement. Private sector also plays a role in good governance
as they tend to make business with the government to do development projects.

From the above wring, it is clear that ethics plays a big role in good
governance, Very few countries have achieved good governance in its totality. To
ensure sustainable human development however, actions must be taken to work
towards this ideal governance.