Khalwatiyah and Sammaniyah Orders

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Abstract: Generally, the name of a sufi order is taken from the name of the founder of
the sufi order concerned, such as Qadiriyah from Sheikh Abdul Qadir Al-Jailani or
Naqsyabandiyah from Baha Uddin Naqsyaband, Sammaniyah from Sheikh Muhammad
Samman. But the Khalwatiyah Order is taken from the word "khalwat", which means to
be alone to reflect. He took this name because of the frequent Shaykh Muhammad Al-
Khalwati (d. 717 H), founder of the Khalwatiyah Order, performing khalwat in quiet
places "Nasabiyah", the Khalwatiyah Order was a branch of the Az-Zahidiyah Order, a
branch of Al-Abhariyah, and a branch from As-Suhrawardiyah, founded by Sheikh
Syihabuddin Abi Hafs Umar as-Suhrawardi al-Baghdadi (539-632 H). The Khalwatiyah
Order was brought to Egypt by Mustafa al-Bakri (complete Mustafa bin Kamaluddin bin
Ali al-Bakri as-Shiddiqi), a Sufi poet from Damascus, Syria. Around the 11th and 17th
centuries the Khalwatiah congregation became an important part of Ottoman politics.
The peak of development at the time of Sulaiman and Sultan Selim I. After that
continued and developed the Ottoman empire on the same abd.. The Khalwatiyah Order
in Indonesia was introduced by Sheikh Yusuf Taj al-Khalwati al-Makassari. He is also
called the 'Crown of Khalwatiyya'. It was the first person to introduce the Khalwatiyah
lineage in Indonesia, and in Sulawesi it remained closely related to its name. After
undergoing a 26-year study process (1644-1670), he began to struggle as a teacher,
ulama, author, sufi order guide, and resistance leader there were Dutch colonization to
the Dutch to worry and move him in a very far away place from Indonesia, namely the
Cape of Good Hope in South Africa. The Sammaniyah Order was founded by
Muhammad bin Abd al Karim al Madan al Syafi i al Samman (1130-1189 / 1718-1775).
Syaikh Samman actually does not only master the sufi order field but other Islamic fields.
He studied Islamic law the five famous jurisprudence scholars Muhammad al Waqqaq,
Sayyid Ali al Athar, Ali al Kurdi, Abdul Wahhab, Al Thantawi (in Makkah) and Said Hillal
Al Makki. He also studied with Muhammad Hayyat, a muhaddis with a decent reputation
in Haramayn and was initiated as a follower of the Naqsabandiyah Order. Besides
Samman, who studied with Muhammad Hayyat was also Muhammad bin Abd al
Wahhab, an opponent of Bid'ah and shirk practices and founder of Wahhabiyah. Syaikh
Samman also studied various sufi order such as the sufi order naqsabandiyah, sufi order
qadiriyah, sufi order khalwatiyah and sufi order syadziliyah. In the course of his learning,
it turned out that the Naqsabandiyah Order also influenced him a lot. This was mainly
influenced by ‘Abd al-Ghani al-Nabulusi, the great figure of the Naqsabandiyah Order
who was also one of Mustafa al-Bakri's teachers. Al-Nabulusi was also famous besides
being a prolific author who was the defender of Ibn al-abiArabi and ‘Abd al-Karim al-Jilli.
Sammâniyyah, as a sufi order, began to spread in Indonesia at the end of the 18th
century. The existence of this sufi order in South Kalimantan was inseparable from the
existence of two first generation great scholars of the Banjar community, namely Sheikh
Muhammad Arsyad al-Banjara and Sheikh Muhammad Nafîs al- Banjara. While on the
island of Sumatra brought by Sheikh Abdul Samad Al-Palimbani. (words: 533)
Keywords: Khalwatiyah, Sammaniyah, Syaikh Yusuf al-Makasari, Muhammad ibn
‘Abdul Karim al-Madani al-Syafi’i al-Sammani.