Chapter 1to7-13 PDF

CHAPTER (1)
THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS , PERIODIC TABLE AND

CHEMICAL BONDS
1. An element has 9 protons, 9 electrons and 10 neutrons. Find atomic number and mass number.
2.From the following, calculate the number of protons, neutrons and electrons in each of
the atoms. 40
18 Ar, 35
17 Cl, 41
20 Ca, 39
19
31
K, 15 P
3. Write down
(i) the complete electronic structure
(ii) the essential electronic structrue
(iii) the group number (iv) the period number
(v) the chief valence of the following elements
Na, 9F, 12Mg, 13Al, 17Cl, 18Ar
11
4. Some of these elements are listed below.

H, Cl, Ne, K, P, Mg, Ar, Na, O, Ca
(i) Which of these elements are noble gases?
(ii) Which of these elements are alkali metals?
(iii) Which of these elements are alkaline earth metals?
(iv) Which elements have valence of 1?
5. From the List of elements:
P, Ne, Be, S, Cl, Na, Al, N, F, Ar
(i) Which elements are inert gases?
(ii) Which elements are halogens?
(iii) Which elements are alkali metals?
(iv) Which elements are group VB?
6. Select the isotopes from the following and give reasons for your answer.
40 35 40 37 35
(i) 18 Ar, 17 Cl, 20 Ca, 17 Cl (ii) 17 Cl, 235 24 238
92 U , 12 Mg , 92 U
7. An atom A has an atomic number of 6, whereas an atom B has an atomic number of 17.
(i) Write down the electronic structures of A and B.
(ii) Give the group number and period number of A and B.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between A and B.
(iv) Draw the electron dot-cross formula for A and B.
8. A compound is formed between 11X and 16Y.
(i) Name the types of bonding which exists between X and Y.
(ii) Write down the most likely formula of the compound.
(iii) Write down the essential electronic structure of X.
(iv) Classify the elements X and Y as metal and non-metal.
9. A compound is formed between 5X and 9Y.
(i) Name the type of bonding between X and Y.
(ii) Write down the electron dot-cross formula of the compound.
(iii) What type of bond is formed between the above compound and :NH3.
Draw the electron dot-cross structure of the compound formed.
10. What is meant by the term?
(i) (b) electropositive elements (a) electronegative elements
(ii) Arrange the following elements in order of their increasing electronegativity
oxygen, carbon, fluorine, nitrogen.
11. The elements A, B and C have the following electronic structures.
A. 2.8.1 B. 2.8.7 C. 2.4
(i) Which two elements will combine to form an electrovalent compound?
(ii) Suggest the most likely formula compound formed.
(iii) Which two elements will combine to form a covalent compound?
(iv) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
12. Form the following elements.
A. (2.8.1) B. (2.8.5) C. (2.8.7) D. (2.8.8)
(i) Which element has the highest of ionization energy?
(ii) Which element has the lowest of electron affinity?
(iii) Which elements have valence of 3?
(iv) Which element is a halogen?
13. The element A, B and C have the following electronic structure.
A. (2.3) B. (2.8.2) C. (2.8.7)
(i) What type of bond can be formed between A and C.
(ii) Suggest the electron dot-cross formula of the compound formed.
(iii) What type of bond can be formed between B and C.
(iv) Suggest the formula of the compound formed.
14. The following in formation regarding elements I to IV is provided.
Element Atomic number Mass number Complete electronic structure
I 4 9 1s2, 2s2
II 18 40 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p6
III 17 35 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2, 3p5
IV 12 24 1s2, 2s2, 2p6, 3s2
(i) Which element is a noble gas?
(ii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iii) Which element has 18 neutrons in each atom?
(iv) Which of the element have a valence of 2?
15. You are given elements A, B, C and D with of the following complete electronic structure.
A. (1s2 2s2) B.(1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6)
C. (1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5) D. (1s2 2s2 2p6)
(i) Which of the above elements are in the same group of the periodic table?
(ii) Which element is a halogen?
(iii) Which element has the highest electron affinity?
(iv) Which two elements would form an electrovalent compound?
16. Draw the electron dot-cross structure of BF3 and PCl5.
17. From the following group of element s, select the one which has the largest
radius. Give reasons.
(i) Fe2+ , Fe3+ (ii) Cl, Cl-
(iii) Na, Na+ (iv) Li, Na, K
(v) C, N, O
18. Answer the following.
(a) In a neutral atom of an element, the number of certain particle or particles is equal to the
atomic number. Name the particle or particles.
(b) Why the noble gases (or) inert gases are neither electropositive nor electronegative?
(c) What element are most likely to form covalent bonds?
(d) What type of bond exists in the solid metals?
19. Answer the following.
(a) How many electrons does a potassium atom lose in foming the K+ ion.
(b) What do we call bonding which involves electron transfer?
(c) What do we call bonding which involves electron sharing?
(d) How many electrons does a chlorine atom gain in forming the Cl- ion.
20. Which arrangement of elements have similar properties in the periodic table? Why?
* Elements with similar properties are arranged in the same group. Because they have
the similar electronic structures.
21. What are the trends of ionization energy in the periodic table? Name one element
which has the lowest ionization energy.
* Ionizaton energy increases from left to right across a period and ionization energy
decreases from top to bottom down a group in the periodic table.
* Lowest ionization energy of one element = Caesium (Cs)
22. What are the ternds of atomic size from left to right across a period in the periodic table?
Give reason.
* Atomic size decreases from left to right across a period because the increased nucleus
charge attracts the electrons in the outermost shell closer to the nucleus. The shell
contracts and decrease in atomic size.
23. (i) Explain why "B" has lower ionization energy than "Be".
(ii) Explain why "N" has higher ionization energy than "O".
* (i) 5
B = 1s2 2s2 2p1 4
Be = 1s2 2s2 (fully-filled)
- Be has fully-filled (2s) sub-shell.
It is difficult to remove an electron from Be and more energy is required.
∴ First ionization energy of Be > B.
∴ B has lower ionization energy than Be.
* (ii) 7
N = 1s2 2s2 2p3(half-filled) 8
O = 1s2 2s2 2p4
- N has fully-filled (2p) sub-shell.
It is difficult to remove an electron from N and more energy is required.
∴ First ionization energy of N > O.
∴ N has higher ionization energy than O.
24. What is the general essential electronic structure of halogen and alkali metal?
* Halogen = ns2 np5 Alkali metal = ns1
24. An atom is neutal . Explain why?

* An atom is neutal because the negative charge of the electrons balances the positive
charge of the nucleus.
∴
25. Why is the mass of an atom concentrated in the nucleus?
* The mass of an atom concentrated in the nucleus because the mass of the electrons is
so small that it can be negligible.
26. Explain why fluorine has lower electron affinity than that of chlorin.
* They are in the same group. Electron affinity decreases from top to bottom moving
down a group except fluorine. The anomalous behaviour of fluorine may be due to the fact
that the fluorine atom is so small that the incoming electron is affected by comparatively
strong repulsion from the nine electrons already around the nucleus, so diminishing the
overall amount of energy released by the process.
∴ The electron affinity of fluorine < chlorine .
27. Explain that the halogens have the highest electron affinities whereas the alklimetals
have the lowest electron affinities.
* The halogens have the highest electron affinites. This is because, they form
stable anions with noble gas electronic structures , ns2 np6 , by gaining one electron.
The alkalimetals have the lowest electron affinities because they do not bind
their outermost electron very strongly.
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(1) Natural Atom
Atoms are electrically neutral./ Therefore,/ in an atom,/ the number of protons/
must be equal to/ the number of electrons./
(2) Atomic number
The number of protons/ in the nucleus of an atom/ is known as/ atomic number
of an element./ Atomic number (Z) = p+ = e
(3) Mass number
The mass number of the element/ is the sum of/ the numbers of protons and
neutrons/ in the nucleus of an atom of that element./
Mass number (A) = p+ + n0 = in the neucleus
(4) Isotopes
Atoms of the same element/ that have/ the same number of protons/ but different
numbers of neutrons/ are called isotopes./ (OR)
Isotopes are the atoms of the same element/ with different masses./
35 37
e.g 17 Cl, 17 Cl
(5) Electropositive Elements
Metals are the electropositive elements./ They tend to lose electrons/ and form
positive ions./ e.g Na Na + + 1e
(1) Metal = electropositive elements
= to lose electrons
= Li, Na, K, Be, Mg, Ca
(2) Electropositivity decreases from left to right across a period.
(3) Electropositivity increases from top to bottom down a group.
(6) Electronegative Elements
Non-metals are the electronegative elements./ They tend to gain electrons/ and form
negative ions./
e.g Cl + e Cl-
(1) Non-metal = electronegative elements
= to gain electrons
= C, N, P, O, S, H, F, Cl, Br, I
(2) Electronegativity increases from left to right across a period.
(3) Electronegativity decreases from top to bottom down a group.
(7) Ionization energy
The amount of energy/ required to remove an electron/ from a gaseous atom/ to form a
gaseous ion/ is called ionization energy./
e.g Na(g) + energy Na + (g) + 1e
(1) The lowest ionization energy = Li, Na, K (alkali metals)
(2) The highest ionization energy = He, Ne, Ar (Noble gases)
(3) Ionization energy increases from left to right across a period.
(4) Ionization energy decreases from top to bottom down a group.
(5) Be has higher ionization energy than that of B.
(6) N has higher ionization energy than that of O.
(8) Electron affinity
The amount of energy/ released when an electron is added/ to a gaseous atom/ to form a
gaseous ion/ is called the electron affinity of an element./
e.g Cl(g) + 1e Cl- (g) + energy
(1) The lowest electron affinity = Li, Na, K (alkali metals)
(2) The highest electron affinity = F, Cl, Br, I (halogens)
(3) Electro affinity increases from left to right across a period.
(4) Electro affinity decreases from top to bottom down a group.
(9) Ionic bond
An ionic bond is formed/ when there is complete transfer of an electron or electrons/
from one atom to another/ resulting in the formation of/ cations and anions./ These oppositely
charged ions/ are held together/ by an electrostatic attraction/ known as ionic bond.
(1) Metal + Non-metal Electrovalent bond.
(2) Electro valent bond Ionic bond
(3) Electro valent bond Electrons transfer.
(4) Ionic compound Ion
(10) Covalent bond
A chemical bond formed/ by sharing of electrons/ between two atoms/ is known as
covalent bond./
(1) Non-metal + Non-metal Covalent bond.
(2) Covalent bond Electrons share.
(3) Covalent compound Molecule
(11) Coordinate bond or Dative bond
It is a special type of covalent bond./ This bond is characterized/ by the fact that/
the two shared electrons are both supplied/ by one of the participating atoms./
(12) Metallic bond
In metallic solids,/ atoms of metals are present./ They form metallic bond./
In a metallic bond,/ valence electrons of the atoms/ are very loosely held,/ forming a
common electron cloud./ Electrons move freely/ within this electron cloud./These electrons/
are often described as a sea of electrons./
(13) Octet Rule
In forming a chemical bond,/ atoms gain, lose or share electrons/ in such a way/
to attain the stable electronic structure/ of noble gases,/ i.e.,/ to have eight electrons
in the outermost shell./ This is known as octet rule./
(14) Valence
Valence is the number of electrons/ in the outermost shell/ (4 or less than 4)/
or/ (8 -greater than 4)./
(1) Valence 1 = Li, Na, K, H, F, Cl, Br, I
(2) Valence 2 = Be, Mg, Ca, O, S
(3) Valence 3 = B, Al, N, P
(4) Valence 4 = C, Si
(5) Valence 0 = He, Ne, Ar
(15) Noble gases
The noble gases are neither electropisitive nor electronegative element/ because/ they
have very stable electronic structures( ns2 np6) and/ have little tendency to gain or lose electrons./
* Noble gases = He, Ne, Ar (Highest ionization energy)
(16) Electronic structure
The distribution of electrons / in an atom of an element / is known as the electronic
structure of that element./
(17) Complete electronic structure
The arrangement of all the electrons/ of an atom of the element/ in appropriate sub-shell/
is sometimes known as/ the complete electronic structure of that element./
(18) Essential electronic structure
The representation of the arrangement / of valence electrons / of an atom of the
element / in appropriate sub-shell / is called / the essential electronic structure of that element./
(19) Atom
It consists of three fundamental particles/ called protons, electrons and neutrons.
(20) Electrons
Negatively charged particles/ move outside and around/ the nucleus/ in circular orbits./
(21) Protons
Positively charged particles/ reside in the nucleus/ of the atom./
(22) Neutrons
Neutrons are uncharged particles/ of the nucleus of the atom./
(23) Nucleus
Nucleus is positively charged centre/ of the atom./
(24) Empty space
Most of the atom/ is empty space/ that separates the tiny nucleus/ from the distant
electrons./
(25) Periodic table
The elements may be arranged in a table/ in order of their atomic numbers/,so that/
elements with similar electronic structures/ or similar properties/ fall under one another
in a coloum./ i.e. /the electronic structures of the atom of the elements/ vary periodically
with their atomic numbers/Hence, the table name the periodic table./
(26) Valence electrons
The number of valence electrons/ of an atom of the element/ is equal/ to the group
number of that element/ in the periodic table./
(27) Metals
All elements in s,d and f blocks are metals./ The elements below the broken line (darkline)
/in the p block are metals ./ eg K , Mg
(28) Non metals
The elements above the broken line/ in the p block are non-metals. eg N , O , F
(29) Alkali metals
Alkali metals are group IA elements/ in the periodic table./ They have essential electronic
structure of ns1 (except H) . /They are Li , Na , K , etc,........
(30) Alkaline earth metals
Alkaline earth metals are group IIA elements/ in the periodic table./ They have
essential electronic structure of ns2 (except He) . /They are Be , Mg , Ca , etc,........
(31) Transition elements
The elements in the central section of the periodic table/ are known as the transition
elements./
(32) Halogens
Halogens are group VIIB elements/ in the periodic table./(except H) They have essential
electronic structure of ns2 np5./ They are F, Cl , Br, I
(33) Metalloids
For along each side of the dark line are elements/ that have properties of both metals
and non-metals/ . These elements except Al / are called metalloids. eg B, Si
(34) Solubility
Ionic compounds will not dissolve in organic solvents but they will usually dissolve in
water. Covalent compound will dissolve in organic solvents.
(35) Melting point
Ionic compounds have high melting point. Covalent compounds have low melting point.
(36) Volatility
Ionic compounds are solids and do not vaporize easily.
Covalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids.
(37) Electricacl conductivity
Ionic compounds consist of ions and they can conduct electricity. They are electrolytes.
Covalent compounds do not contain ions and they cannot conduct electricity. They are
known as non-electrolytes.
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1.Write TRUE or FALSE for the following statements.
1. All matter is made up of atoms.
*2. Mass of an electron can be considered as 1amu. (proton (or) neutron)
3. The atom as a whole is neutral.
*4. A charged particle is an atom. (ion)
*5. The nucleus of an atom contains protons and electrons. (neutrons)
*6. In an atom the number of protons must be equal to the number of neutrons.(electons)
7. Atoms of different elements can have different number of protons.
*8. The atomic number of an element always changes. (never)
9. The number of protons in an atom is known as the atomic number.
*10. The mass number of the element is the sum of the numbers of protons and electrons in the
nucleus of an atom of that element. (neutrons)
*11. Most of the mass of an atom is due to the presence of electrons.(protons and neutrons)
*12. Protons and electrons consists of in the nucleus. (neutrons)
13. Isotopes of chlorine contain the same number of protons.
14. Isotopes are the atoms of the same element with different masses.
35
15. The two isotopes of chlorine, 17 Cl and 37
17 Cl , have the same number of elements.
*16. Isotopes of hydrogen contain the same number of neutrons. (protons)
17. For number 2 shell the miximum number of electrons it could contain is 8.
*18. The shell nearest to the nucleus has the highest energy. (lowest)
19. The electrons from the higher shell are easier to remove.
20. Electrons move around the nucleus in definite orbitals or shells.
*21. The 'd' sub-shell can have the minimum number of 10 electrons. (maximum)
22. The electronic structure show by [He] 2s1 is Lithium.
23. The essential electronic structure of potassium (K) is 4s1.
*24. The essential electronic structure of chlorine is 2s2 2p5. (fluorine)
25. The essential electronic structure of 14Si is 3s2 3p2.
26. The essential electronic structure of halogens is ns2 np5.
27. The essential electronic structure of boron 5B is 2s2 2p1.
* 28. The essential electronic structure of 12Mg is 2s2. (3s2)
* 29. The essential electronic structure of sodium 11Na is 1s2. (3s1)
30. The essential electronic structure of Neon is 2s2 2p6.
* 31. In the modern periodic table, there are 16 vertical columns and 7 horizontal rows.(18)
32. In the Periodic Table, elements with similar properties occur in certain periodic intervals.
33. Elements are arranged in the periodic table in order of their number of protons.
* 34. The horizontal rows are called groups. (period)
* 35. Nobles gas elements are electropositive. (Metallic)
36. Noble gas elements are neither electropositive nor electronegative.
* 37. Noble gas elements are electronegative. (Non-metallic)
38. Metals are electropositive elements.
* 39. Alkali metals have stable electronic structures. (Noble gas)
* 40. The atom which duplet structure is hydrogen. (helium)
41. Atomic radii increase from top to bottom.
42. 6
C and 7N are both in period 2. Therefore the size of carbon is larger than nitrogen.
* 43. Atomic radii increase from left to right across a period. (decrease)
* 44. Atomic radii decrease from top to bottom within a group. (increase)
* 45. Atomic size is generally described by the electronic structure of an atom. (radius)
* 46. The atomic size of 12Mg is larger than that of 20Ca. (smaller)
47. A negative ion is always larger than its parent atom.
48. Both a positive and the parent neutral atom have same nuclear charges.
49. The size of positive ion is always smaller than that of parent atom.
50. In general ionization energies decrease down a group.
51. Ionization energy increases from left to right across a period of the periodic table.
52. Ionization energies of the elements depend on their electronic structures.
53. Helium has the highest ionization energy.
54. The alkali metals have the lowest first ionization energies.
* 55. Ionization energies measure how tightly protons are bound to atoms. (electrons)
56. The alkali metals have lowest electron affinity.
* 57. The halogens have the lowest electron affinities. (highest)
58. An electrovalent bond is formed by the transfer of electrons between two atoms.
59. Electronegative elements combine with one another to form covalent compounds.
60. A covalent bond is formed by sharing of electrons between two atoms.
61. Covalent compounds are formed when non-metals react with one another.
* 62. 5X react with 9Y to form dative bond. (covalent bond)
* 63. Electrovalent bonds are observed in metals. (Metallic)
64. A metallic bonding is observed in metals.
* 65. A metallic bond is observed in non metals. (metal)
* 66. Most of the metals are liquid at room temperature. (solid)
67. Ionic compounds are electrolytes.
68. Covalent compounds are gases or volatile liquids.
* 69. Ionic compounds consist of molecules. (ions)
* 70. Electrovalent compounds consist of molecules. (ions)
3. Select the correct word or words given in the brackets.
1. The atomic without neutron(s) [hydrogen; helium; caesium].

2. The atom as a whole is [neutral; positively charged; negatively charged].
3. Hydrogen atom has no [electron; proton; neutron].
4. Uncharged particle is [proton; electron; neutron].
5. Atoms are electrically [acid; neutral; base].
6. [Cations; Anions; Atoms] are electrically neutral.
7. Mass of an electron can be considered as [1amu; 2amu; negligible].
8. The mass of [electron; proton; neutron] in atom is so small that it can eb considered
as negligible.
9. The atom with octet structure is [hydrogen; helium; neon].
10. Mass of an proton can be considered as [1amu; 2amu; negligible].
11. The atom has positively charged center called the [proton; neutron; nucleus].
12. Maximum number of electrons in ‘d’ sub shell is [8; 10; 14].
13. For ‘M’ shell, the maximum number of electrons it can contain is [8; 18; 28].
14. Electrons move around the nucleus in definite shells. The first shell is [K; L; M]shell.
15. The ‘L’ shell can accommodate a maximum number of [8; 18; 32] electrons.
16. The 'f' sub shell can have the maximum number of [6; 8; 14] electrons.
17. Elements of period 2 have [one; two; three] electron shells.
18. The element at the Group VII B and the period 3 in the periodic table is
[X(2.7;Y(2.8.3); Z(2.8.7)].
19. The atom with the duplet structure is [hydrogen; helium; neon].
20. The element at the group VI B and the period 3 in the periodic table is
[X(2.8.5);Y(2.8.6); Z(2.8.1)].
21. [Na-; Na+; Na] is stabilized by electron octet.
22. [Br+; Br; Br-] is stabilized by electron octet.
23. [Cl-; Cl+; Cl] is stabilized by an electron octet.
24. The electronic structure of 8O is 1s2 2s2 2p4 and its valence is [2; 4; 6].
25. Essential electronic structure of 17Cl is [1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5; 3s2 3p5; 3p5].
26. The essential electronic structure of 3Li is [1s2 2s1; 1s2; 2s1].
27. [Noble gas; Non-metals; Metals] are electropositive elements.
28. [Noble gas; Alkali metals; Halogens] have the lowest first ionization energies.
29. Group [VIB; VIIB; 0] elements have the highest electron affinities.
30. The electronic structures of the elements vary periodically with their [valence; atomic masses;
atomic number].
31. Elements are arranged in order of their [atomic number; atomic weights; atomic masses] in
the periodic table.
32. In the modern periodic table, there are 18 columns are [8; 9; 7] horizontal rows.
33. The molecule of [NH3; ClF3; BCl3] does not deviate the octet rule.
34. The molecule [BF3; NH3; PCl3] deviates the octet rule.
35. Electron affinity of fluorine is [higher than; lower than; equal to] that of chlorine.
36. Atomic [number; mass; size] is generally described by the radius of an atom.
37. In general the size of an atom [increases; decreases; does not change] down in group.
38. 7N and 8O are both in period 2. Therefore, the ionization energy of nitrogen is [larger;
smaller; same] than oxygen atom.
39. When one or more [electrons; protons; neutrons] are removed from a metal atom, a positive
ion is formed.
40. The covalent compounds have [hight; low; medium] boiling points.
41. The ionic (electrovalent) compounds have [low; medium; high] melting point.
42. BF3 reacts with NH3 to form [ionic; covalent; dative] bond.
43. [Covalent; Ionic; Metallic] bond is formed when a metal reacts with a non-metal.
44. Compounds formed between metals and non-metals will have [electrovalent; covalent;
coordinate] bonds.
4. Match each of the items given in List A with the appropriate item in List B
List A List B
1. (a) Alkali metals (vi) lowest electron affinity
(b) Atomic size (vii) increases down a group
(c) Sharing electrons (i) covalent bond
(d) Noble gases (ii) ns2 np6
(e) Ionization energy (iv) formation of cations
(f) Complete transfer of electrons (v) ionic bond
(g) Sea of electrons (iii) metallic bond
2. (a) Cation (v) positive charged ion

(b) Transition metal (vii) the ‘d’ block element
(c) Calcium (vi) an alkalin earth metal
(d) High melting points (i) ionic compound
(e) The atom with the octet structure (iv) neon
(f) Electronegative elements (iii) non-metal
(g) number of electrons in the nth shell (ii) 2n2
3. (a) Protons (vii) in the nucleus

(b) Electrons (v) the lightest particle of the atom
(c) Neutrons (i) without charge
(d) He (iii) stable by electron duplet
(e) The element of similar property (ii) placed in the same group
(f) Atiomic number (iv) number of protons / electrons
(g) Group IA elements (vi) alkali metal
4. (a) Group IIA elements (vi) alkaline earth metals

(b) Group 0 elements (iv) noble gases
(c) Group VIIB elements (ii) halogens
(d) Metalloids (vii) beside the darkline (Si)
(e) Smallest atom (i) hydrogen atom
(f) Highest ionization energy (iii) helium
(g) Highest negativity (v) fluorine
5. (a) Highest electron affinity (ii) chlorine
(b) Lowest ionization energy (vi) group IA
(c) Cs (v) the largest atom
(d) F (vii) most electronegative element
(e) H (i) smallest atom
(f) Chemical bond in metals (iv) metallic bond
(g) Donation of lone pair electrons (ii) dative bond
6. (a) Ionization energy (v) decrease down a group

(b) Electrical conductivity (vii) does not conduct electricity
(c) Electronic structure of Na+ (iv) identical to Ne
(d) Electronic structure of Cl– (vi) identical to Ar
(e) Hydrogen molecule (ii) stable by electron duplet
(f) Ionic compounds (i) electrolyte
(g) Covalent compounds (iii) non-electrolyte
2. Fill in the blanks with correct word or words of following statements.
1. All matter is made up of atoms .

2. The lightest fundamental partical of an atom is electron .
3. There is no electron in the nucleus .
4. Positive charge particle in an atom is proton .
5. The mass of one proton is equivalent to the mass of on neutron .
6. The mass and charge of proton are 1 amu and positive .
7. There is an empty space between nucleus and electrons.
8. Neutron is a fundamental particle of neither electropositive nor electronegative.
9. The mass of an atom is concentrated at its nucleus .
10. The number of protons is equal to the number of electron in an atom. Therefore, atom is
a whole is neutral .
11. The electron has a negative charge and a mass of almost equal to zero.
12. The mass of an electron is so small that it can be considered as negligible .
13. Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in the nucleus .
14. The mass number of written at the upper left side of the symbol of an element is A .
15. Atoms of same element that have the same atomic number but different atomic masses
are isotopes .
35 37
16. 17 Cl and 17 Cl are isotopes of chlorine.
40
17. A symbol of calcium isotope that has 20 protons and 20 neutrons is 20 Ca .
18. Each shell of energy level can contain a limited number of electrons.
19. Maximum number of electrons in each shell can be calculated by the formula 2n2 .
20. Maximum number of electrons in nth shell is 2n2 .
21. Shell number 2 can contain 2s and 2p sub shell.
22. ‘d’ sub-shell can have the maximum number of 10 electrons and ‘d’ stands for diffuse .
23. All noble gases except helium are stable by electron octet.
24. Hydrogen molecule is stable by electon duplet.
25. The general essential electronic structure of noble gases is (except He) ns2 np6 .
26. The elements are arranged in order of their atomic number in the periodic table.
27.Elements that are found within the same group of the periodic table have similar properties.
28. Elements in the same group have same number of electrons in their outermost shell.
29. The elements in the group 0 are known as noble gases and have inert gases properties.
30. The elements in the group IA except hydrogen are called alkali metals.
31. The elements in the central section of the periodic table are known as the transition elements.
32. Metalloids show both properties of metal and non-metal.
33. Electropositivity decreases from left to right across a periodic table.
34. The element of the highest negativity is fluorine .
35. Atomic radii increases with increasing atomic number down the group.
36. Caesium has the largest radius in the periodic table.
37. Hydrogen has the smallest radius in the periodic table.
38. The elements with large numbert of electrons in their outermost shell are difficult to form
a positive ion.
39. The electronic structure of Cl– is 2.8.8 .
40. The symbol of ion formed by X(2.8.7) elements is X– .
41. A negative ion is always larger than its partent atom.
42. First ionization energy is less than the second ionization energy.
43. The extent of ionization energy indicate how ease to form a positive .
44. The element of the smallest ionization energy is caesium .
45. The noble gases have the highest ionization energy .
46. Ionic compounds are solids and do not vaporize easily.
47. Ionic bond is held together by an electrostatic attraction.
48. AlCl3 react with NH3 to form dative bond.
49. Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity.
50. Each metal atom is bonded to all the atoms it by a surrounding sea of electrons.
******************************************************
CHAPTER (2)
THE GASEOUS STATE AND GAS LAW
(I) Boyle's Law

1. A volume of a certain mass of gas occupies 952 cm3 at 561 mmHg. What is the volume
under760 mmHg at the same temperature?
2. A volume of a certain mass of gas occupies 443 cm3 and 605 mmHg. What is the pressure
under 726 cm3 at the same temperature?
(II) Charle's Law
1. A certain mass of gas occupies 617 cm3 at 9o C. What is the volume of the gas at 0o C
under same pressure?
2. A certain mass of gas occupes 942 cm3 at 22o C . At what temperature the gas occupy
311 cm3 the same pressure?
(III) Temperature and Pressure Gases
1. The pressure of a gas at 27 o C is 760 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas at 87o C
constant volume?
2. The pressure of a gas at 28 � C is 780 mmHg. What is the pressure of the gas at 75 � C
constant volume?
(IV) Combine gas Law
1. At 27 o C and 750 mmHg a gas occupies 380 cm3, what is the volume of the gas at STP ?
2. State the Boyles’ law and write down its mathematical expression . If a gas occupy
450 cm3 at 27 � C and 710 mmHg. Calculate the volume of the gas in dm3 at STP .
(V) Dalton's Law
1. A 27 o C the total pressure of hydrogen collected over water is 777.6 mmHg. The vapour
pressure of water at 27 o C is 276 mmHg. What is the pressure of dry hydrogen?
2. A gas occupies 500 cm3 at 17o C and 785 mmHg. When it is collected over water, the vapour
pressure of water this termerature is 15 mmHg. What is the pressure of dry gas at 17o C?
3. Total pressure of oxygen and acetylene in the gas storage tank is 7520mmHg. The partial
pressure of oxygen is 3400 mmHg. What is the pressure of acetylene?
4. The volume of a certain mass of gas collected over water is 227 cm3 at 12o C and
762 mmHg. Vapour pressure of water at 15o C is 10.5 mmHg, what would be the
volume of dry gas at 15o C and 757 mmHg?
(VI) Graham's Law
1. What is the relative rate of diffusion of hydrogen and oxygen gas? (H = 1, O = 16)
2. Helium gas is diffused 4 times as fast as� Can unknown gas. What is the relative
molecular mass of the gas? (He = 4)
3. What is the relative molecular mass of the gas that diffused 4 times as fast an oxygen?
What is the molar mas of that gas? (O = 16)
4. If it take 1 minute for 50 cm of oxygen to diffuse through a pinhole, how long will it take
3
for the same volume of hydrogen to diffuse through the same hole? (H = 1, O = 16)
5. Which one is diffused more faster.
(i) He and Ne. (He = 4, Ne = 20)
(ii) N2 and CO2. (N = 14, C = 12, O = 16)
(iii) UF6 and
235
UF6.
238
(iv) CO and N2. (C = 12, O = 16, N = 14)

(VII) Gay-Lussac's Law
1. What will be the volume of hydrogen chloride gas when 100 cm3 of hydrogen and 50 cm3
of chlorine are mixed? (All gases are measured at the same condition)
2. What will be the volume of hydrogen bromide gas when 120 cm3 of hydrogen and 60 cm3
of bromine are mixed. (All gases are measured at the same condition)
3. What will be the volume of ammonia gas when 100 cm3 of nitrogen and 150 cm3
of hydrogen gas are mixed. (All gases are measured at the same condition)
(VIII) Avogadro's Theory
1. You are provided with 11.2 dm3 of hydrogen gas at STP. Find the amount of in (i) moles
(ii) molecules (iii) grams (iv) a.m.u? (H = 1)
2. 8g of oxygen is given. Calculate the followings.
(i) moles (ii) molecules (iii) volume in dm3 at STP (iv) density of oxygen gas at STP
(v) relative density of oxygen. (O = 16)
3. How many molecules are there in 5.6 dm3 of the gas at STP?
4. What is the mass in grams of CO2 gas 5.6 dm3 at STP? (C 12, O = 16)
5. 7g of nitrogen occupies 5.6 dm3 at STP. What is the relative molecular mass of nitrogen?
6. What is the relative density?
(i) CO2 (ii) SO2 (iii) H2S (iv) NH3 (v) CS2
(C = 12, O = 16, S = 32, H = 1, N = 14)
7. A gas with relative density 22 is given.
(i) Find the relative molecular mass of the gas?
(ii) What is the mass of one mole of the gas in gram?
(iii) What volume at STP would the gas occupy by 22g of that gas.
8. One mole of a gas occupies 27 litres its density is 1.41 gL -1 at a paticular temperature
and pressure. What is the molecular weight? What is the density of the gas at STP?
9. Which law represents each of the following statements?
(i) A volume of gas expands when it is heated.
(ii) When the volume of a gas is compressed at the same temperature, the pressure of the
gas will increase.
(iii) The same volume of different gases at constant temperature and pressure contains
the same number of molecules.
(iv) A lighter gas diffuses faster than the heavier one.
10. 10g of calcium carbonate is treated with dilute hydrochloric acid. The liberated gas measured
at STP is 1.661 dm3. Find the percentage purity of calcium carbonate.
(Ca = 40, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
11. 0.2g of a gas occupies a volume of 185 cm3 measured over water at 756 mmHg and 22 � C
is 21.3 mmHg. What is the volume of the dry gas at STP?
12. 0.42g of a gas occupies a volume of 186 cm3 measured over water at 766 mmHg and 23o C
is 21.1 mmHg. What is the approximate molecular mass of the gas?
13. How many grams of zinc will have to be treated with dilute hydrochloric acid to libreate
1.85 dm3 of hydrogen at 27°C and 750 mmHg? (Zn = 65)
(1) Boyle’s Law
When the temperature of a given mass of gas is kept constant,/ the volume of the gas/
is inversely proportional/ to its pressure./
1
V (mass and temperature are kept constant)
P
V = volume of the gas
P = pressure of the gas
(2) Charles’ Law
When the pressure of a given mass of gas is kept constant,/ the volume of the gas/
is directly proportional/ to its temperature on the Kelvin scale./
V T (mass and pressure constant)
V = volume of the gas
T = Kelvin temperature
(3) Relationship between Temperature and Pressure of Gases
When a volume of a given mass of gas is kept constant,/ the pressure of the gas/
is directly proportional/ to its temperature on the Kelvin scale./
P T (mass and volume are kept constant)
T = Kelvin temperature of the gas
P = pressure of the gas
(4) STP
STP means/ standard temperature and pressure./
Standard temperature = 0o C or 273 K
Standard pressure = 760 mmHg (or) 1 atmosphere (atm)
(5) Gay-Lussac’s Law of Combining Volumes of Gases
At the same temperature and pressure,/the volumes of reacting gases and / gaseous
products/ are in simple ratios of small whole numbers./
Mathematical expression,
hydrogen + nitrogen ammonia
3H2 (g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)
3 volumes + 1 volume 2 volumes
∴ Volume ratio of H2 : N2 : NH3 = 3 : 1 : 2 (small whole number)
(6) Avogadro’s Theory
At the same temperature and pressure,/ equal volumes of all gases/ contain the
same number of molecules./
V n ( T, P = constant)
V = volume of gas
n = number molecules of gas
(7) Avogadro’s number
Avogadro’s number/ is the number of carbon atoms/ present in exactly 12g of 12C./
Avogadro’s number (L) = 6.02 x 1023
(8) Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressure
When the temperature is kept constant,/the total pressure of a gas mixture/is the sum of/
the partial pressures of different gases./
Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 + ---
(The gases do not react on mixing)
Ptotal = total pressure of gas mixture
P1, P2, P3,--- = partial pressure of different gases
(9) Graham’s Law of Gaseous Diffusion
At the same temperature and pressure,/the rate of diffusion of a gas/ is inversely
proportional/ to the square root of the density of the gas./
1
r (at the same temperature and pressure)
d
r = rate of diffusion of gas (cm3 s-1)
d = density of gas (gdm-3)
M = molar mass (gmol-1)
(10) Relative Density of Gas
Relative density of a gas/ can be defined/ as the ratio/ of the mass of a volume of gas /
at certain temperature and pressure/ to the mass of equal volume of hydrogen/ at the same
temperature and pressure./
(11) Absolute zero temperature
If the constant contraction rate is continued,/ the volume of the gas/ will become
zero at -273o C ./ This temperature is taken as the zero point of a new scale of temperature./
(Kelvin temperature scale)/ and also known as absolute zero temperature./
(12) Molar volume of gases
One mole of every gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP. This volume is known as the molar
volume of gases.
(13) Pressure of gases( Gas pressure)
The force acting on the unit area is known as the gas pressure.
(14) Measurable quantities of gases
(i) Mass (ii) Pressure (iii) Volume (iv) Temperature
(15) Diffusion of gases
The process by which the molecules of one gas spreads through the spaces created
between the molecules of another gas is known as diffusion of gases.
(16) Relation of Kelvin temperature and Celsius temperature
Relation of Kelvin temperature and Celsius temperature is TK = t � C + 273 .
Mole concept
1 mole = RAM (g) OR RMM (g)
= 22.4 dm3 at STP
= 6.02 x 1023 atoms,molecules,ions,etc
Molecular mass OR Formula mass = RMM (amu)
Molar mass of gas = RMM (gmol–1)
Relative molecular mass of gas = RMM (unitless)
Mass of 1 mole of the gas = RMM (g)
Mass of 1 molecules of the gas = RMM (amu)
1. The force acting on the unit area is the gas pressure.

2. Variation of pressure can affect the temperature and volume of the gas.
3. Variation of temperatures can affect the pressure and volume of gas.
* 4. At any low temperature, the particles of a gas are moving with a high speed. (high)
5. The particles of the gases are widely spaced and free to move in any directions.
6. Particles of gases are never in constant and rapid motion.
7. All measurements of gas volume depend upon temperature and pressure.
8. The gas spreads itself uniformly throughout any container.
* 9. In general, the heavier gas diffuses faster than the lighter one. (slower)
* 10. Particles of gases are not always in constant and rapid motion. (are)
11. Hitting the walls of the container by the particles of the gas is actually the force onit.
12. Factors kept constant in Boyle's law are mass and temperature.
* 13. Boyle's law shows the relation of gas volume and tempreature. (pressure)
* 14. As the pressure increases, the volume of the gas increases. (decrease)
15. The volume of the gas increases with increase of temperature.
* 16. Charles' law shows the relation of volume and pressure. (temperature)
* 17. Factors kept constant in Charles' law are mass and temperature. (pressure)
18. The decrease of the gas volume accompanies the increase of gas pressure.
* 19. The volume of the gas decreases with increase of temperature. (decrease)
20. The pressure of the gas in a closed container will increase when it is heated.
* 21. The pressure of the gas in a closed container will decrease when it is heated. (increase)
22. A volume of gas contracts when cooled.
23. A volume of gas expands when it is heated.
24. Equal amount of moles of the gases occupies the same volume at the same temperature
and pressure.
* 25. Equal volumes of all gases contain the same number of molecules at all conditions.
(same temperature and pressure)
26. Dalton's law of partial pressure can be applied when the gases do not react on mixing.
* 27. Ne diffuses faster than He under comparable conditions. (He=4, Ne=20) (slower)
* 28. Heavier gas diffuses faster than the lighter one. (slower)
29. Helium diffuses faster than neon.
* 30. Oxygen diffuses five times faster than hydrogen.
* 31. Dalton's law of partial pressure cannot be used for the gas mixture of He and Ne. (Not )
32. The molar volume of nitrogen gas is 22.4dm3 at STP.
33. The molar volume of oxygen gas is 22.4dm3 at STP.
34. One mole of hydrogen weighs 2g. (H=1)
35. The molar volume of hydrogen gas is 22.4dm3 at STP.
* 36. One molucules of hydrogen weighs 2g. (H=1) (2 amu)
* 37. 18g of liquid water occupies 22.4dm3 at STP. (H=1, O=16) (vapour)
* 38. One molucule of nitrogen weighs 14g. (N=14) (28 amu)
49. The relative density of the gas is directly proportional to its relative molucular mass.
* 40. Relative density of a gas is equivalent to twice the relative molecular mass of the gas.
(half)
* 41. Absolute zero temperature is 0 C. (0K (or) -273°C)
o
* 42. 100oC is equivalent to -173K. (373K)

* 43. Standard temperature is 0K or -273oC. (Absolute zero)
1. Boyle's law can be expressed as [V=1/p; PV=constant; P/V=constant].
2. Charles' law can be expressed as [V=1/T; V/T=constant; TV=constant].
3. The volume of a gas [expands; contracts; remains constant] when heated.
4. [Boyle's law; Charles' law; Combination of Boyle's law and Charles' law] shows the relation
of volume and Kelvin temperature.
5. The volume of the gas decreases [rapidly; slowly; regularly] with regular decreases of
temperature.
6. The particles of the [solid; liquid; gas] are free to move in any directions.
7. Dalton's law of partial pressure can be used to the gas mixture of [Cl2 and H2; He and Ne;
NH3 and HCl].
8. Dalton's law of partial pressure can not be used to the gas mixture of [N2 and O2;
CO2 and O2; NH3 and HCl].
9. Dalton's law of partial pressure can be applied to the gas mixture of [H2 and Cl2;
NH3 and HCl; Ne and Ar].
10. 100cm3 of CO2 diffuses through a porous pot 50s. The same volume of propane gas C3H8
would take [10s; 50s; 60s] to diffuse through the same pot. (C=12,H=1,O=16)
11. Graham's law of gaseous diffusion can be symbolized as [r d =constant; r1 d1 = r2 d 2 ;
r=1/ d ].
12. The relative density of carbon dioxide gas is [44; 22; 88]. (C=12, O=16)
13. If the relative density of the gas is 32 the relative molecular mass of the gas is [16; 32; 64].
14. If the relative density of the gas is 22 the relative molecular mass of the gas is [11; 22; 44].
15. If the relative molecular mass of gas is 24, the relative density of gas is [12; 24; 48].
16. The relative density of hydrogen sulphide gas is [15; 17; 19]. (H=1, S=32)
17. One mole of NO gas weighs [30g; 3g; 30amu]. (N=14, O=16)
18. One molecule of hydrogen gas weighs [1g; 2g; 2amu].
19. One molecule of chlorine gas weighs [71g; 71amu; 35.5amu]. (Cl=35.5)
20. One molecule of NO gas weighs [30g; 3g; 30amu]. (N=14, O=16)
21. One mole of H2S gas weighs [34g; 34; 34amu]. (H=1, S=32)
22. One mole of SO2 gas weighs [32g; 64amu; 64g]. (S=32, O=16)
23. One mole of hydrogen gas weighs [1g; 2g; 2amu].
24. 6.02x1023 molecules of hydrogen gas weighs [1g; 2g; 2amu].
25. One molecules of carbon dioxide gas weighs [44g; 22g; 44amu].
26. 22g of carbon dioxide gas occupies [22.4dm3; 11.2dm3; 44.8dm3] at STP.
27. 2.24dm3 of hydrogen at STP weighs [2g; 0.2g; 2amu]. (H=1)
28. 2.24dm3 of nitrogen oxide at STP weighs [30g; 3.0g; 30amu]. (N=14, O=16)
29. 2.24dm3 of oxygen at STP weighs [3.2g; 3.2amu; 32amu]. (O=16)
30. 8g of oxygas gas occupies [22.4; 11.2; 5.6] dm3 at STP. (O=16)
31. 7g of nitrogen gas occupies [5.6; 11.2; 22.4] dm3 at STP. (N=14)
32. 23g of nitrogen dioxide gas occupies [22.4dm3; 2.24dm3; 11.2dm3] at STP. (N=14, O=16)
33. If the constant contraction rate is continued, the volume of the gas will become
zero at [-273°C; 273°C; 273K].
34. Gas pressure is defined as [force per unit area; force per unit volume; force per unit length].
35. Absolute zero temperature is [-273K; 273K; 0K].
List A List B
1. (a) Molar volume (ii) 22.4 dm3 at STP
(b) Avogadro’s number (i) 6.02 x 1023
(c) Graham’s law (v) r d = constant
PV
(d) Gas law equation (iii) = constant
T
(e) Law of partial pressures (iv) Ptotal = P1 + P2 + P3 +...
1
(f) Relative density (vii) x relative molecular mass
2
(g) Absolute zero temperature (vi) 0 K ( –273 � C )
2. (a) Boyle’s law (v) PV = constant

(b) 6.02 x 1023 particles (i) 1 mole
(c) Density of a gas (vi) gcm–3
(d) Charles’ law (vii) V α T (m , P = constant)
(e) P.T relation (ii) P α T ( m , V = constant)
PV
(f) Combine gas law (iii) = constant
T
(g) Mass of one mole (iv) relative molecular mass in gram
3. (a) Gas pressure (iii) force per unit area

(b) One mole of gas (vii) 22.4 dm3 at STP
(c) Avogadro’s Theory (v) V α n (at P and T = K)
(d) Standard temperature (i) 0�C
(e) Volume of a gas (ii) volume of container
(f) One mole of substance (iv) 6.02 x 1023 particles
(g) Boyle’s law (vi) pressure volume relation
***************************************************
1. Kelvin temperature is equal to 0 � C or 273 K .

2. The sybol of kg cm–2 is the unit of pressure .
3. Mass and temperature are kept constant in Boyle’s law .
4. Boyle’s law shows the relation of volume and pressure at constant temperature.
5. Volume of gas becomes double by reducing its pressure to the half.
6. Volume and temperature are kept constant in Charles’ law.
7. When the temperature decreases, the volume of the gas also decreases at a certain pressure.
8. The pressure of the gas in a closed container will increase when it is heated.
9. The volume of all gases should become zero at 0K or –273 � C .
10. According to Charles’ law the volume of all gases becomes zero at –273 � C .
11. The volume of the gas is zero at Absolute Zero Temperature.
12. Equal volumes of different gases at the same temperature and pressure contains the same
number of molecules .
13. The pressure of dry gas can be calculated by relation Pg = Ptotal – PH 2 O .
14. A heavier gas diffuses slower than a lighter gas.
15. Hydrogen has diffuses faster than carbon dioxide.
16. A lighter has diffuses faster than a heavier gas .
17. Relative density of hydrogen is 1 . ( H =1 )
18. One mole of any gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP .
19. One mmole of any gas occupies 22.4 dm3 at STP .
20. One gram of hydrogen gas occupies 11.2 dm3 at STP .
21. 22.4 dm3 of oxygen at STP weights 32g .
22. 22.4 dm3mol–1 at STP is called molar volume of gases .
23. The mass of one molecule of carbon dioxide is 44 amu .
24. The volume of 0.1 mole of carbon dioxide gas is 22.4 dm3.
25. 11.2 dm3 at STP of a gas weights 16g. Therefore,the relative molecular mass of gas is 32 .
***********************************************
CHAPTER (3)
STOICHIOMETRY
I. Molecular mass (OR) Formula mass
1. Calculate the molecular mass (or) formula mass.
(i) sodium carbonate (ii) lead II chloride
(iii) magnesium nitrate (iv) sulphuric acid
(Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, Pb = 207, Cl = 35.5, Mg = 24, S = 32, N = 14)
2. Calculate the molecular mass (or) formula mass.
(i) ammonium sulphate (ii) sodium thiosulphate
(iii) Potassium chloride (iv) potassium hydrogen sulphate
(H = 1, K = 39, Cl = 35.5, S = 32, N = 14, O = 16, Na = 23)
II. Percentage (%)
1. Calculate the percentage of nitrogen in,
(i) Urea, CO(NH2)2 (ii) ammonium sulphate, (NH4)2SO4
(C = 12, O = 16, N = 14, H = 1, S = 32)
2. Calculate the percentage of calcium in,
(i) Calcium carbonate, CaCO3 (ii) Calcium sulphate, CaSO4
(Ca = 40, C = 12, O =16, S = 32)
3. Calcualte the percentage composition of magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO3)2.
(Mg = 24, N = 14, O = 16)
4. Calculate the percent composition of iron II sulphate, FeSO4. (Fe = 56, S = 32, O = 16)
III. Percentage by mass
- Calculate the percentage by mass of the following compounds.
(a) Tri lead teraoxide, (Pb3O4) (b) Sodium silicate, (Na2SiO3)
(Pb = 207, Na = 23, Si = 30, O = 16)
IV. Molarity
1. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 2.5 moles of solute in
sufficient solvent to make 5.0 dm3 of solution.
2. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 8.0 moles of solute in
sufficient solvent to make 4.0 dm3 of solution.
3. Calculate the molarity of solution prepared by dissolving 100g of pure sodium
carbonate in sufficient water to make 1.5 dm3 of solution. (Na = 23, O = 16, C = 12)
4. Calculate the molarity of a solution prepared by dissolving 0.44g of NaOH in 100 cm3
of the solution. (Na = 23, O = 16, H = 1)
5. What volume of 2.0M sulphuric acid is required to react with 5.0g of zinc.
(Zn = 65, H = 1, S = 32, O = 16)
6. How many cubic centimeter of 1M hydrochloric acid is needed to react with
0.6g of magnesium? (Mg = 24)
V. Final Solution
1. If 20.0 cm3 of 1.0M sulphuric acid and 60.0 cm3 of 0.2M sulphuric acid are mixed,
what will be the molarity of the final solution?
2. If 40.0 cm3 of 0.5M HNO3 and 60.0 cm3 of 0.9M HNO3 are mixed, what will be the
molarity of the final solution?

VI. Dilution
1. How many cubic centimeters of a 0.1M solution must be diluted water to make 2.0 dm3
of 0.02M solution.
2. How many cubic centimeters of a 0.2M solution must be diluted water to make 4.0 dm3
of 0.025M solution.
3. How many cubic centimeters of water must be added to 100 cm3 of 0.1M solution
to make 0.05M.
4. How many cubic centimeters of a molar solution must be diluted with water to make
2.0 dm3 of 0.5M solution.
5. Solution A is formed by adding 2.5 of water to 2.5 of a molar solution. What is the
molarity of the final solution A ?
Type (I)
1. Vinegar contains the organic acid, acetic acid (ethanoic acid), HC2H3O2(aq). When 6g
of vinegar was titrated with 0.10M sodium hydroxide 40.00 cm3 of this base to be added to
reach the equivalence point.What is percentage by mass of acetic acid in this sample of vinegar?
2. Acetic acid (ethanoic acid) HC2H3O2(aq) is the main constituent of vinegar.When 10g
of vinegar was titrated with 0.10M sodium hydroxide solution. 60 cm3 of this base to be added
to reach the equivalence point. What is the percentage by mass of acetic acid in this sample of
vinegar solution ? (C = 12, H = 1, O = 16)
Type (II)
3. 25 cm of a sodium carbonate solution required 23.5 cm3 of 0.5M hydrochloric acid
3
solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution and convert the
concentration into gdm-3. The relative atomic masses of Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16.
4. 25 cm3 of a sodium carbonate solution required 27.5 cm3 of 0.5M hydrochloric acid
solution to neutralize it. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution and convert the c
oncentration into gdm-3. The relative atomic masses of Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16.
Type (III)
5. 3g of mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up 250 cm3 of
solution 25cm3of this solution required 21cm3of 0.105M hydrochloride acid for centralization.
Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture.
6. 5g of mixture of sodium carbonate and sodium chloride were made up 250 cm3 of
solution 25cm3 of this solution required 20cm3 of 0.105M hydrochloride acid for centralization.
Calculate the percentage by mass of sodium chloride in the mixture.
(H = 1, C = 12, O = 16, Na = 23)
Type (IV)
7. 100 cm of hydrochloric acid solution diluted to 1 dm3 with distilled water. If 27 cm3
3
of this dilute acid is needed to neutralize 25 cm3 of 0.5M sodium carbonate, calculate the
molarity of the original solution. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
8. 125 cm of hydrochloric acid solution diluted to 1.5 dm3 with distilled water. If 15 cm3
3
of this dilute acid is needed to neutralize 20 cm3 of 0.5M sodium carbonate, calculate the
molarity of the original solution. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
Type (V)
9. 25cm of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution requried 24cm3 of sulphuric acid to neutralize it.
3
(i) Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid.

(ii) What volume of water should be added to 24 cm3 of sulphuric acid so that concentration
become exactly 0.1M. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
10. 25cm of 0.1M sodium carbonate solution requried 22cm3 of sulphuric acid to neutralize it.
3
(i) Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid.

(ii) What volume of water should be added to 22 cm3 of sulphuric acid so that concentration
become exactly 0.1M. (Na = 23, C = 12, O = 16, H = 1)
Type (VI)
11. How many cubic centimeters of 1M hydrochloric acid must be diluted with water to
make 2 dm3 of 0.25M solution. If 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide neutralizes 23 cm3 of this
diluted solution, what is the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution.
12. How many cubic centimeters of 0.1M hydrochloric acid must be diluted with water to
make 2 dm3 of 0.025M solution. If 25 cm3 of sodium hydroxide neutralizes 22 cm3 of this
diluted solution, what is the molarity of sodium hydroxide solution.
Type (VII)
13. 0.48g of magnesium was dissolved in 50cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid. How many cubic
centimetres of 0.1M potassium hydroxide solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess
acid? (Mg=24)
14. 0.24g of magnesium was dissolved in 25cm3 of 1M hydrochloric acid. How many cubic
centimetres of 0.1M potassium hydroxide solution will be necessary to neutralize the excess
acid? (Mg=24)
Type (VIII)
15. 5g of a mixture of calcium carbonate and sand is treated with an excess of dilute
hydrochloric acid and 0.88g of carbon dioxide is produced. What is the ratio by weight of
calcium carbonate to sand in the original mixture? (Ca=40,C=12,O=16)
Type (IX)
16. 5g of mixture of anhydrous sodium sulphate and sodium sulphate decahydrate on heating
to constant mass produces 3.2g of anhydrous salt. What percentages of anhydrous and hydrated
salts are pressure in the mixture? (H=1, Na=23, S=32, O=16)
Type (X)
17. How many grams of sulphur would be precipitated on mixing 5 dm3 of sulphur dioxide
with 12 dm3 of hydrogen sulphide if both gases were originally at 756 mmHg pressure and 25°C?
Type (XI)
18. 100 cm3 of iron (III) chloride solution is boiled and ammonium hydroxide is added is
slight excess. The reddish brown precipitate is washed, dried and ignited. The weight of the
residue obtained is 0.72g. How many grams of iron (III) chloride is dissolved in 1 dm3 of
solution? (Fe=56, O=16, Cl=35.5)
Type (XII)
19. Calculate the molarity of sodium carbonate solution prepared by adding 100g of pure
sodium carbonate to sufficient water to make 1.5 dm3 of solution. 25cm3 of this solution was
required to neutralize 24 cm3 of sulphuric acid solution. What is the concentration of sulphuric
acid. (C=12, O=16, H=1, S=32, Na=23).
(1) Molarity
The molarity (M) of a solution/ is the quantity in moles of the solute/ dissolved in /
one cubic decimeter (1 dm3) of the solution./
(2) Molar solution (1 M)
A molar solution of a compound/ is one which/ contains one mole of the compound/
in one cubic decimeter (1 dm3) of the solution./
(3) Standard Solution
The reagent of exactly known concentration/ that is used in a titration/ is called a
standard solution./
(4) Standardization
The process/ by which the concentration of a standard solution/ is determined
volumetrically/ by the use of a primary standard/ is called standardization.
(5) Titration
The term titration/ is used for the procedure/ in which/ a solution of a standard reagent
(reactant)/ is added to a specific volume of a solution/ of unknown molarity./
(6) Equivalence point
The equivalent point in a titration/ is a theoretical concept/ its position/ can be estimated/
only by observing physical changes associated/ with the equivalence point./
(7) One mole of the substance
One mole of substance/ is the amount of that substance which contains the same number
of particles/ as there are atoms in 12g of 12C.
(8) Law of conservation of mass
Matter can neither be created nor destroyed./ The total mass of the substances/ before
and after a reaction/ is always the same./
(9) Stoichiometry
That part of Chemistry/ which deals with the quantities of substances/ taking part in
chemical reactions/ is called stoichiometry./
(10) Molar mass
Molar mass/ is the mass in grams of/ a one mole of an atom or a molecule or a compound.
(11) End point
By the use of an indicator,/ it is the point/ used to indicate a change in colour/ as a result
of/ concentration changes/ near the equivalence point./
(12) Primary standard
The accuracy of a volumetric analysis/ depends upon/ the primary standard./ A primary
standard is highly pure and/ stable compound/ used to established/ the concentration of the
standard solution./
* Requirement for a good primary standard
(1) Highest purity
(2) Stability
(3) Absence of hydrate water
(4) Ready availability at reasonable cost
(5) Reasonably high molecular mass
e.g Anhydrous sodium carbonate
1. 20cm
3
of 1.0M H2SO4 contains 20m mol H2SO4.
2. Molarity represents the quantity in millimoles of solute per cm3 of solution.
3. Molarity is the quantity in moles of the solute dissolved in 1 dm3 of solution.
* 4. Molarity means mol cm-3. (mol dm-3)
* 5. Molarity represents the quantity in millimoles of solute dissolved in 1dm3 of solution.
(moles)
* 6. The molarity of a solution is the quantity in moles of the solute dissolved in 1dm3 of
the solvent. (solution)
7. One mole of solute dissolved in 1dm3 of solution will gave a solution of 1M.
* 8. A molar solution has one mole of solute dissolved in 1cm3 of the solution. (1 dm3)
9. A molar solution of sulphuric acid contains 1 mole of pure acid in 1dm3 of solution.
10. A molar solution of sulphuric acid contains 98g of pure acid in 1dm3 of solution.
11. A standard solution is the reagent of exactly known concentration.
* 12. A standard solution is the reagent of unknown concentration. (known)
* 13. A standard solution is the reagent of unknown solution. (known concentration)
14. A highly purified chemical compound is called a primary standard.
* 15. Sodium hydroxide may be used as a primary standard. (Andydraus Na2CO3)
* 16. Hydrated sodium carbonate may be used as a primary standard. (Anhydrous)
17. Andydrous sodium carbonate may be used as a primary standard.
* 18. A hygroscopic compound is preferrable to use as a primary standard. (Anhydrous Na2CO3)
* 19. Potassium hydroxide can be used as a primary standard. (Anhydrous Na2CO3)
20. The accuracy of a volumetric analysis depends upon the primary standard.
* 21. The accuracy of a volumetric analysis does not depond upon the primary standard.
(does not )
* 22. One important requirement for a substance to serve as a good primary standard is the
presence of hydrate water. (absent)
* 23. When a solution is diluted, the concentration of the resultant solution is directly
proportional to its final volume. (inversely)
* 24. When a given aqueous solution is diluted with water the quantity or mole of the solute
changes. (does not change)
25. When a solution is diluted the concentration decreases.
* 26. The molarity of solution does not change when a solution is diluted. (decrease)
27. The amount of solute does not change when a solution is diluted.
* 28. The amount of solvent does not change due to dilution. (solute)
29. The equivalence point in a titration is a theoretical concept.
* 30. Equivalence point and end point are indentical in all types of titrations. (are not)
31. Equivalent point and end point are nod indentical in all types of titrations.
* 32. A pipette is used to measure the amount of the solvent. (solution)
33. A pipette is used to measure the amount of the solution.
* 34. A conical flask is used to measure the amount of solution. (solvent)
35. A conical flask is used to measure the amount of solvent.
* 36. A solution of unknown concentration is added gradually from a burette. (known)
37. In a titration, a solution of known concentration is added gradually from a pipette.
38. Methyl orange is yellow in base solution.
* 39. Methyl orange gives orange colour with alkali. (yellow)
* 40. Methyl orange gives yellow colour with acids. (red)
* 41. The dye phenolphthalein is colourless in alkali solution, and red in acid.
42. Phenolphthalein is colourless in acid, and red in alkali solution.
43. Phenolphthalein is colourless in acid solution.
* 44. An indicator is required in the redox titration using potassium permanganate. (not)
45. The colour of the permanganate solution is so intense.
* 46. The colour of a potassium permanganate solution is not intense. (so)
47. Permanganate may be used for the titration of iron (II) in acid solution.
* 48. KMnO4 is the most widely used of all stand oxidizing agent. (is perhaps)
* 49. Indicators are required in all types of titrations. (are not)
50. Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb water from the air.
51. One of the reactants in a reacting system that has the lesser quantities than is required by
chemical equation is the limiting substance.
52. The total mass of the products formed may be equal to the total mass of the reactants.
53. Potassium hydroxide can react with carbon dioxide from the air.
**********************************************************
1. Molarity means [mol dm-3; m mol dm-3; g dm-3].

2. Molarity means [m mol cm-3; g dm-3; mol dm-3].
3. Molar mass is the relative molecular mass expressed in [gmol-1; gmmol-1; mgmol-1].
4. A molar solution dissolves [1mole; 2moles; 3moles] of solute in 1dm3 of the solution.
5. Formula mass is the mass of [one molecule; a formula unit; a compound].
6. A molar solution of sulphuric acid contains 98g of pure acid in [1; 10; 100] dm3 of solution.
7. 0.1 mole is equivalent to [10 millimoles; 100 millimoles; 1000 millimoles].
8. A molar solution dissolves 1mole of solute in [1cm3; 100cm3; 1000cm3] of solution.
9. A 0.5 molar solution of sodium hydroxide contains [40g; 20g; 10g] of the solute in 1dm3 of
solution. (Na=23, O=16, H=1)
10. The [amount of solute; amount of solvent; molarity] does not change due to dilution.
11. The [amount of solute; amount of solvent; molarity] decreases on dilution.
12. The [amount of solute; volume; molarity] increases when evaporation takes place.
13. The amount of [solute; solvent; molarity] changes due to dilution
14. When a solution is diluted, the concentration [increases; decreases; does not change].
15. The [amount of solute; amount of solvent; molarity] increases on dilution.
16. The [amount of solute; molarity; amount of solution] increases on dilution.
17. The compounda with [hydrate water; low molecular mass; high purity] is preferrable to
use as a primary standard.
18. [NaOH; KMnO4; Andydrous Na2CO3] be used as a primary standard.
19. Determination of concentration volumetrically by the use of a primary standard is called
[standardization; dilution; acidification].
20. A [sturated; unsturated; standard] solution is the reagent of exactly knwon concentration.
21. A primary standard should be [hygroscopic; low molecular mass; stable].
22. A [burette; conical flask; pipette] is used to measure the amount of a solution.
23. [Potassium hydroxide; Potassium carbonate; Potassium permanganate] is perhaps most
widely used of all standard oxidizing agents.
24. For volumetric analysis a standard solution is required as a[end; equivalent; starting] point.
25. An indicator indicates the [equivalent point; end point; stoichometric amount of reactants].
26. Methyl orange gives [yellow; orange; red] colour with acids.
27. In acid-base titration methyl orange shows [yellow; orange; red] colour when the end point
is reached.
28. Methyl orange gives [yellow; orange; red] colour with alkalis.
29. [Methyl orange; Phenolphthalein; Litmus] is used as an indicator in the strong acid and
strong base titration.
30. In acid base titration, phenophthalein shows [colourles; red; pink] colour when the end
point is reached.
31. Concentrated sulphuric acid can absorb [water;oxygen;carbondioxide] from the air.
***********************************************************
List A List B
1. (a) Pipette (v) to with draw a known volume
(b) Indicator (i) to indicate the end point
(c) Molarity (iv) moldm–3
(d) Standardization (iii) finding the concentration of a solution
(e) Giant structure (ii) formula mass
(f) Redox (vii) oxidation-reduction
(g) Simplex formula (vi) empirical formula
2. (a) Acetic acid (vi) ethanoic acid

(b) Standard solution (vii) The reagent of known concentration
(c) Dilution of solution (i) concentration or molarity of solution change
(d) Molecular structures (iii) contain molecules
(e) Molecular formula (ii) show the actual number of atoms in a molecule
(f) Empirical formula (iv) shows the atomic ratio in a compound
(g) Methyl orange (v) yellow in alkali solution
3. (a) Primary standard used (v) Na2CO3

in acid bease titration
(b) Titration (vii) finding the reacting volume of a solution
(c) Limitting quantity (vi) used up first
(d) Chemical equation (iv) relation of the amount of product and reactant
(e) Phenolphthalein (i) colourless in acid
(f) Mohr’s salt (ii) ammonium iron (II) sulphate
(g) Primary standard for (iii) change in oxidation state
redox titration
1. A part of chemistry deals with the quantities of substances in the chemical reaction is
stoiciometry .
2. Chemical calculations are based on the law of conservation of mass .
3. One mole of substance contains 6.02 x 1023 formula units.
4. Molarity shows the moles of solute dissolved in 1 dm3 of the solution.
5. A molar solution dissolves 1 mole of solute in 1 dm3 of the solution.
6. One cubic centimetre of a molar solution contains 0.001 mole of solute.
7. Molarity of solution decreases when it is diluted.
8. The oxidation reduction titration is known as redox titration .
9. The process of addition of standard reagent to a solution of unknown molarity is known as
titration .
10. The required volume of a solution is with drawn by using a pipette .
11. A compound which is commonly used for the direct preparation of a standard solution
is anhydrous sodium carbonate .
12. Process to determine the concentration of standard solution is called standardization .
13. The substance of highest purity may be used as the primary standard .
14. An example of primary standard that is used in redox titration is Mohr’s salt .
15. The end point it the practical measure of point equivalence .
16. Equivalence point and end point are not identical in all type of titrations.
17. The two solutions are exactly reacted at the equivalence point .
18. End point can be measured by observing the physical change at the equivalence point .
19. A proper indicator changes its colour near or at the equivalence point.
20. Phenolpthalein is colourless in acid solution .
21. The colour of phenolpthalein in an alkali solution is red .
22. The colour of phenolpthalein pink at the end point of an acid-base titration .
23. An indicator is not required in the redox titration using potassium permanganate .
24. The reagent to be titrated by KMnO4 must have lower oxidation state .
25. The other name for acetic aid is ethanoic acid .
****************************************************
CHAPTER (4)
Type (I)
1. Calculate the mass of copper in grams deposited by passing a steady current of 0.8A for
one hour through an excess of copper II sulphate solution. (Cu = 63)
2. Calculate the mass of silver in grams deposited by passing a steady current of 0.2A for
two hour through an excess of silver solution. (Ag = 108)
Type (II)
3. On passing a steady current of 0.75A for 25 minutes through a copper II sulphate
solution 0.369g of copper is deposited. Calculate the relative atomic mass of copper.
4. On passing a steady current of 0.6A for 50 minutes through a metal (I) nitrate solution
0.737g of metal is deposited. Calculate the relative atomic mass of metal.
Type (III)
5. A steady current of 0.5A was switched on and allowed to flow for 15 minutes through a
dilute sulphuric acid. Calculate the volume of H2 which would be liberated.
Type (IV)
6. What will be the quantity of electricity required for the decomposition of 5.4g of silver on
the cathode. (Ag = 108)
7. Calculate the time required to discharge 5.4 g of silver by passing a current of 5A through
silver nitrade solution. (A=108, 1F=96500C)
Type (V)
8. (i) What mass of (a) copper (b) silver (c) aluminium and what volume at STP
(d) oxygen (e) chlorine gas on the charge of one faraday.
(Cu = 63, Ag = 108, Al = 27, O = 16, Cl = 35.5)
(ii) What mass of aluminium and what volume at STP of oxygen gas on the charge of 19300 C.
Type (VI)
9. An electric current is passed in turn through solution silver nitrate, and copper II sulphate
in series. If 0.5g silver deposited at the cathode of the first cell, calculate the mass of
copper deposited in the second cell. (Ag = 108, Cu = 63)
10. An electric current is passed in turn through solution silver nitrate and dilute sulphuric
acid in series. If 0.7g of silver were deposited at the cathode of the first cell. Calculate
the volume of hydrogen liberated 35o C and 760 mmHg in the second cell.
Type (VII)
11. Write down the reaction at the cathode and anode at the copper electrodes in the
electrolysis of aqueous copper II sulphate solution.
12. Write down the reaction at the cathode and anode at the platinum electrodes in the
electrolysis of aqueous silver nitrate solution.
13. Write down the reaction at the cathode and anode for the electrolysis of dilute sulphuric
acid using platinum electrode.
14. Descrube the ions contained in saturated aqueous sodium chloride solution.
Write down the reaction at the cathode and anode oocur in the electrolysis of above
solution using Pt electrodes.
15. What is the net result for the electrolysis of aqueous copper(II) sulphate solution using
copper electrodes.
16. Name the main anode and cathode products during the electrolysis of sodium hydroxide
solution.
17. Write down the reaction at the cathode and anode at the platinum electrodes in the
electrolysis of molten lead (II) bromide solution.
Type (VIII)
18. Answer the following questions.
(a) What do we call a solid which does not conduct electricity.
(b) What do we call a liquid which does not conduct electricity.
19. Describe the differences between
(a) conductors and non-conductors.
(b) electrolytes and non-electrolytes.
20. Describe the difference between
(a) electrolysis of molten sodium chloride and
(b) electrolysis of saturated aqueous sodium chloride (brine) using
platinum electrodes.
21. Distinguish between the following.
(a) cathode and cation (b) anode and anion
22. Explain the electrolysis of dilute aqueous copper (II) sulphate solution using Pt
electrodes.
* Electrolysis of dilute aqueous copper (II) sulphate solution using Pt electrodes
In copper(II) sulphate solution contains Cu2+,SO42–, H+,OH– ions.On electrolysis,Cu2+and
H+ ions go to the cathode . Cu2+ ion is below the H+ ion in electrochemical series.
Therefore,Cu2+ ion is discharged and copper atom is deposited at the cathode.
At cathode reaction
Cu2+ + 2 e → Cu
SO42– and OH– ions go to the anode.OH– ion is below the SO42– ion in the electrochemical
series. Therefore ,OH– ion is discharged and oxygen gas is evolved at the anode.
At anode reaction
4OH– → 2H2O + O2 + 4 e
23. Does solid sodium chloride conduct electricity? If so why os or if not why not?
* Solid sodium does not conduct electricity, because in the solid state the movement of
Na+ and Cl– ions are restricted.
24. State, whether the masses of the copper cathode and the copper anode will increase,
decrease or remain constant on the electrolysis of copper (II) sulpahate solution using
copper electrode.
* The mass of copper anode will decrease, because loss of copper from copper anode.
Anode reaction Cu → Cu2+ + 2 e
The mass of copper cathode will increase, because Cu2+ ion from solution discharge and
copper deposited at the cathode.
Cathode reaction Cu2+ + 2 e → Cu
(1) Conductor
A substance/ which conducts or allows the passage of electricity/ is called
a conductor.
(2) Non-conductor, Insulator
A solid substance/ which does not conduct electricity,/ is known as a non-conductor or
insulator./
(3) Electrolyte
Those substances,/ other than metals,/ which in the molten state or as a solution in water,/
allow the passage of electricity/ are called electrolytes./
(4) Non-electrolyte
A substance in a solution / that does not conduct electric current / is called a
non-electrolyte./
(5) Electrolysis
The decomposition of a compound,/ in solution or in the molten state,/ brought about by
the passage of an electric current/ through it,/ is known as electrolysis./
(6) Arrhenius’ ionic Theory (1880)
1. Electrolytes contain/ electrically charged particles called ions.
2. Electrolytes can conduct electricity/ due to the movement of these ions.
3. Non-electrolytes do not contain ions/ and so/ they cannot conduct electricity.
(7) Faraday’s First Laws of Electrolysis
The mass of element liberated/ is directly proportional/ to the quantity of electricity/
passed through the solution/ during electrolysis./
(8) Faraday’s Second Law of Electrolysis
When the same quantity of electricity/ is passed through solutions/ of different
electrolytes,/ the relative number of moles of the elements deposited/ are inversely proportional/
to the charges on the ions/ of each of the elements respectively./
(9) The Faraday (or) One Faraday
The quantity of electricity/ required to liberate/ one mole of a univalent element/ is
96500 coulombs./ This quantity of electricity/ is the Faraday./
(10) Electroplating
Electroplating/ is the electrical precipitation of/ one metal on another.
(11) Electrochemical Series
The series obtained/ by placing the metals/ in order of decreasing negative potential/
is known as the electrochemical series./
(12) Cathode
Cathode is the negative electrode in electrolysis./ It is connected/ to the negative terminal
of a battery./
(13) Cation
Cation is the ion with positive cahrge.
(14) Anode
Anode is the negative electrode in electrolysis./ It is connected/ to the positive terminal
of a battery./
(15) Anion
Anion is the ion with negative charge.
1. The electrochemical and activity series are similar but not identical.
* 2. Electrochemical series and activity series are identical. (are not)
* 3. Aluminium has lower negative potential than potassium. (positive)
4. Ions are derived from atoms but differ from them by having electrical charges.
5. The number of electrical charges on an ion is equal to the valence of the corresponding
atom or group.
6. The valence electrons from each atom in the lattice can move freely through the entire
lattice.
7. In metals, the atoms are packed tightly together to form what is knwon as metallic lattice.
* 8. The series obtained by plaing the metals in order of increasing negative potential is known
as the electrochemical series. (decreasing)
9. Molten sodium chloride contains Na+ and Cl- ions.
10. As the concentration of an ion increases the tendency to discharge also increases.
11. Solid sodium chloride does not conduct electricity.
12. K+ ions are difficult to discharge.
13. Aqueous solution of sugar conducts electricity.
14. In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride, graphite is use as anode.
15. Metals are good conductors.
* 16. Metals are good insulators of electricity. (conductors)
17. Conductors are usually solids.
18. A solid substance that does not conduct electricity is a non-conductor.
19. Metallic conductance is inversely proportional to its temperature.
20. The electrical conductance of a metal is much greater than that of an electrolyte.
21. Molten or fused sodium chloride contains Na+ and Cl- ions.
22. Non-electrolytes is covalent compound.
23. Electrolytes contain electrically charge particles called ions.
24. Electrolytes are ionic compounds.
* 25. Electrolytes are covalent compounds. (ionic)
26. Electrolytes contain electrically charged particles.
* 27. Electrolytes do not contain ions and they cannot conduct electricity. (Non-electrolyte)
28. Electrolytes can conduct due to the movement of ions.
* 29. A conductor contains electrically charged ions. (An electrolyte)
* 30. Solid sodium chloride conducts electricity. (Aqueous)
* 31. Electrolytes are covalent compounds. (ionic)
32. Aqueous solution of urea conducts electricity.
* 33. Cathode reaction is an oxidaton reaction. (Anode)
* 34. Cations are reduced at the anode. (cathode)
35. Cations are reduced at the cathode.
36. Cathode reaction is an reduction reaction.
37. Positive ions migrate to the cathode and negative ions move to the anode.
38. A cathode is an electron donor.
39. Anions are oxidized at the anode.
40. Anode are oxidized at the anion.
41. Anode reaction is an oxidation reaction.
42. A chemical cell produces electricity due to the chemical reaction.
43. More separate metals in the electrochemical series produce more e.m.f in a chemical cell.
44. Polarization occurs in a chemical cell due to the hydrogen bubbles.
45. The greater the difference in reactivity between the two metals is, the greater is the emf
of the cell.
46. An electric current can be produced from a chemical reaction.
* 47. In a battery, there is a flow of electrons towards the negative terminal. (positive)
48. Lead is used an anode in chromium plating.
49. Electroplating is the electrical precipitation of a metal.
50. A metal like copper, conducts electricity both in solid and liquid states.
51. The quantity of electric to liberate one mole of univalent element is one faraday.
* 52. The quantity of electricity to liberated one mole of a univalent element is one coulomb.
(faraday)
53. In an electrolysis, the quantity of element discharged is directly proportional to the
quantity of electricity used.
54. For the same quantity of electricity only half as many moles of copper will be obtained
as silver.
* 55. Frarday's laws of electrolysis express the qualitative results of electrolysis.(quantitative)
*************************************************************
1. [Mercury; Copper; Iron] is a conductor but it exists in the liquid state at room temperature.
2. [Cu; Hg; Pt] is a liquid conductor.
3. Copper is good [conductor; non-conductor; insulator] of electricity.
4. At room temperature mercury is preferred to as [non-conductor; insulator; conductor].
5. A substance which conducts or allows the passage of electricity is called [conductor;
insulator; non-electrolyte].
6. Metals are good [conductors; non-conductors; insulators] of electricity.
7. Conductors are usually [solid; liquids; gases].
8. [Wood; Rubber; Zinc] is an insulator.
9. A substance in a solution that does not conduct electric current is called a [non--conductor;
non-electrolyte; insulator].
10. [Aqueous solution; Zinc; Plastic] is an insulator of electricity.
11. An electrolytic process involves [neutralization; redox; precipitation] reaction.
12. Electrolytes can conduct due to the movement of [ions; electrons; molecules].
13. Electrolytes are [covalent; ionic; coordinate] compounds.
14. [ K+; H+; Cu2+] ions are difficult to discharge.
15. [K+; H+; Cu2+] ions are easier to discharge.
16. An aqueous solution of [sodium chloride; sugar; urea] conducts electricity.
17. [Ag; Na; K] has the highest conductance among the metals.
18. The passage of electricity through electrolysis is usually accompanied by [heat; chemical
decomposition; physical changes].
19. Anode is [source of electron; electron acceptor; electron donor].
20. A cathode is a (an) [source of electron; electrons acceptor; electron donor].
21. Cation is reduced at the [anode; cathode; electrode].
22. Negative ions migrate to the [anode; cathode; electrode].
23. Those ions which migrate towards the negative electrodes are called [cations; anions; ions].
24. Anion is oxidized at the [cathode; anode; electrode].
25. Articles to be electroplated are connected to the [cathode; anode; electrode].
26. The electrical precipitation of one metal on another is known as [electrolysis;
electroplating; polarization].
27. Polarization occurs in a chemical cell due to the [hydrogen bubbles; discharge of OH- ions;
disconnection of current].
28. More [separate; closed; adjacent] metals in the electrochemical series produce more e.m.f
in a chemical cell.
29. For a chemical cell, the greater the difference is reactivity between the two metals, the
[greater; lighter; smaller] the voltage or electromotive force of the cell.
30. A chemical cell reaction is a (an) [catalyst; redox; electron donor] reaction.
31. In silver plating [silver is deposited; silver is dissolved; oxygen is evolved] at the anode.
32. In the electrolysis of copper(II)sulphate solution using copper electrodes
[copper deposited; copper dissolves; oxygen is evolved] at the cathode.
33. In the electrolysis of molten PbBr2, [graphite; platinum; copper] is used as cathode.
34. In the electrolysis of molten sodium chloride[graphite; platinum; copper]is used as anode.
35. The ions discharged at Pt cathode and Pt anode in electrolysis of dilute CuSO4 are
[Cu2+ and OH-; H+ and OH-; Cu2+ and SO2-4].
36. In the electrolysis of saturated aqueous solution of sodium chloride by using platinum
electrodes, [OH-; Cl-; H+] ions will be discharged at the anode.
37. In the electrolysis of aqueous copper (II) sulphate solution by using copper electrodes,
[Cu2+ ion will be discharged; Cu2+ ion will be decomposed; OH- ion will be discharged]
at the anode.
38. Electrolysis of an acid solution,[oxygen ; hydrogen ;chlorine]gas evolved at the anode.
39. Electrolysis of brine by using platinum electrodes, [chlorine; oxygen; hydrogen] produced
gas at the anode.
40. As the concentration of an ion increases, the tendency of the ion to discharge from solution
[decreases; increases; remains the same].
41. In the electrolysis of brine using platinum electrodes, chlorine gas is liberated at the
[cathode; anode; both electrodes].
42. In the electrolysis of aqueous sodium hydroxide solution using platinum electrodes
[O2; H2; Cl2] is liberated at the cathode.
43. At sufficiently [high; low; medium] temperature NaCl may be melted.
44. Faraday's law express the [qualitative; quantitative; volumetric] results of electrolysis.
List A List B
1. (a) 96500C (ii) one faraday

(b) Chemical cell (i) produce e. m . f
(c) Electrolytic cell (v) chemical reaction by electrical current
(d) Inert electrode (iii) Pt
(e) Conductance (iv) tendency to flow of current
(f) Insulator (vii) does not conduct electricity
(g) Electrochemical series (vi) placing the metal in order of decreasing
negative potential
2. (a) Electroplating (vi) electrical precipitation of one metal on another

(b) Conductor (vii) allow the passage of electricity
(c) Non-electrolyte (v) substance in a solution that does not conduct
electric current
(d) Electrolysis (i) decomposition of compound by electricity
(e) Faraday’s second law (iv) mole x charge = constant
(f) Chemical cell (iii) electricity obtained by chemial reactions
(g) Anode reaction (ii) oxidation
3. (a) Electroplating (iii) metal deposition on a surface

(b) Insulator (vi) non-conductor
(c) Liquid conductor (v) mercury
(d) Non metallic conductor (vii) graphite
(e) Negative electrode (i) cathode
(f) An electrolyte (ii) an ionic compound
(g) To discharge one mole (iv) one faraday
of univalent element
4. (a) Conductor (vi) conduct electricity by moving electrons

(b) The most useful conductor (vii) Cu
(c) An insulator (i) rubber or plastic
(d) Electrolyte (v) conduct electricity by moving ions
(e) Cathode reaction (ii) reduction
(f) Metal plating (iii) to improve corrosive resistance
(g) The bubble of hydrogen (iv) observed at the copper plate
1. A non-conductor is graphite .
2. A liquid conductor is mercury .
3. Electricity passes through a wire by moving electron .
4. Electric current is passed through a conductor by moving the elctrons.
5. All metals are conductor because they conduct electricity .
6. The process of decomposition of a compound by the electric current is known as electrolysis
7. Electical conductance of a conductor is greater than solution of electrolyte.
8. Electrical conductance decreases with the increase of temperature .
9. Electricity passes through an electrolyte by moving ions.
10. Oxidation reaction will occur at the anode during electrolysis.
11. Cations take up electrons from cathode during electrolysis.
12. In an electrolysis of brine solution chloride ions are discharge at the anode.
13. Hydrogen ions are discharged at the platinum cathode in the electrolysis of brine.
14. Na+ ions are discharged at the mercury cathode in the electrolysis of brine.
15. Two volume of hydrogen and one volume of oxygen are liberated by the electrolysis of H2O.
16. The mass of copper cathode becomes increases on the electrolysis of copper(II) sulphate
solution .
17. Electrolysis of copper (II) sulphate solution using copper electrodes is used by purification
of crude copper .
18. The electrochemical series is similar to activity series but not identical.
19. More electropositive element has small negative potential.
20. The ions at the lower poition of the electrochemical series are easier to dscharge.
21. The metals more separate in the electrochemical series produce more e.m.f when they are
used as the electrodes.
22. Voltage drop in a chemical cell by cutting the electrons flow is known as polarization .
23. The emf of Zn/Cu cell is hegher than that of Fe/Cu .
24. An electrochemical cell produces electricity by the chemical reaction.
25. In Zn/Cu electrodes in an electrochemical cell, zinc plate is dissolved .
26. In a chemical cell, an electric current can be produced from a chemical reaction .
27. The mole ratio of Al,Cu,Ag deposited is 2:3:6 when the same quantity of electricity is used.
n
Cu 1
28. The value of n = when the same quantity of electricity is passed.
Ag 2
29. The relative number of mole of Na1+ ,Cu2+ , Al3+ discharged is 6:3:2 by passing the same
quantity of electricity .
30. The quantity of electricity to liberate one mole of univalent element is one faraday .
31. The quantity of electricity to liberate one mole of Na+ ion is one faraday.
32. The quantity of electricity to liberate one mole of Xn+ ion is n faraday .
33. A substance to be metal plated is attached to the cathode in a electroplating.
34. Chromium cannot be directly precipitated on steel by the electrolpating .
35. The elelctrical precipitation of one metal on another is known as electoplating .
CHAPTER (5)
OXIDATION AND REDUCTION
1. Calculate the oxidation number of nitrogen from the followings.
(a) HNO3 (b) NO2 (c) NO -3 (d) N2O2 (e) NCl
(f) NH4Cl (g) NO 2-2 (h) N2 (i) KNO3 (j) NO.
2. Calculate the oxidation number of sulphur from the followings.
(a) H2SO4 (b) H2S2O7 (c) SO 2-4 (d) SO3 (e) Na2S2O3
(f) HSO -4 (g) NaHSO4 (h) SO2 (i) S2Cl2 (j) H2S
3. Calculate the oxidation number of under line elements in each of the following compounds.
(a) PCl3 (b) K2Cr2O7 (c) KMnO4 (d) HSO 2-2 (e) NaHCO3
(f) KClO3 (g) Na2CO3 (h) MnO2 (i) NH +4 (j) Na2SiO3
4. Balance the following equations.
(i) H 2SO3 + HNO3 H 2SO 4 + H 2O + NO

(ii) Cr2O 2-7 + H + + SO 2 Cr 3+ + SO 2-4 + H 2 O
(iii) MnO-4 + NO -2 + H 2 O MnO 2 + NO3- + OH -
(iv) H 2SO 4 + HI I 2 + H 2S + H 2 O
(i) H + + NO -3 + Fe 2 + → Fe 3+ + NO 2 + H 2 O
(ii) Cu 2 + + I - → CuI + I 2
(iii) H 2 O 2 + Cr2 O 27- + H + → Cr 3+ + O 2 + H 2 O
(iv) H 2SO 4 + C → CO 2 + SO 2 + H 2 O
(i) Cr2O 72- + I- + H + Cr 3+ + I 2 + H 2O

(ii) MnO-4 + S2- Mn 2+ + S
(iii) CuO + H 2 Cu + H 2O
(iv) MnO -4 + Fe 2+ + H + Mn 2+ + Fe3+ + H 2O
(i) Fe + Cl 2 FeCl3
(ii) Mg + O 2 MgO
(iii) BrO-3 + I - + H + Br - + I 2 + H 2O
(iv) H 2O + Cl 2 HCl + O 2
8. Write down the ion electron or half reaction method.
(i) Cr2 O 72- � I - � H � � Cr 3� � I 2 � H 2 O

(ii) H 2 O 2 � Cr2 O 72- � H � � Cr 3� � O 2 � H 2 O
(iii) Cr2 O 72� � H � � SO 2 � Cr 3� � SO 24� � H 2 O
(iv) MnO -4 � H � � S 2� � Mn 2� � H 2 O � S
9. From the following equations, identify oxidizing agent and reducing agent in each reaction.
(i) H 2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl.

(ii) 2H 2O + 2Cl2 4HCl + O 2
10. Does the following equation represents oxidation and reduction reaction identify the
oxidizing agent and reducing agent.
(i) Zn � Cu 2� � Zn 2� � Cu.
(ii) Fe 3� � Al � Al 3� � Fe.
11. Identify the oxidizing agent and reducing agent in each reaction. Give reasons.
(i) ZnO + C → Zn + CO
(ii) 2H2O + 2Br2 → O2 + 4HBr
12. Select which reactant is oxidized and which one is reduced in each reaction.Give reasons.
(i) CuO + H 2 Cu + H 2O
(ii) PbO + C Pb + CO
13. Write down the oxidation number of the underlined atoms and from the corresponding
loss and gain of electrons. Find the required mole ratio of HI/HNO3 .
HI + HNO3 → I2 + NO + H2O
14. What is a reducing agent? Give three example of common reducing agents.
15. What is a oxidizing agent? Give two example of common oxidizing agents.
16. Select (a) an oxidizing agent and (b) a reducing agent from the followign list.
carbon, potassium permanganate, sodium sulphite, chlorine, copper (II) oxide.
17. Answer the following questions.
(a) What is a loss of electrons called? (b) What is a gain in electrons called?
(c) Are oxidizing agents good or bad at accepting electrons?
(d) Are reducing agents good or bad at accepting electrons?
18. In the equation
2Br-(aq) + Cl2(g) 2Cl-(aq) + Br2(aq)
(i) What is being oxidized? (ii) What is being reduced?
(iii) Which the oxidizing agent? (iv) Which is the reducing agent?
(1) Oxidation
O � The addition of oxygen to a substance/ is called oxidation./
H � The removal of hydrogen from a substance/ is called oxidation./
� The addition of electronegative element to a substance/ is called oxidation./
� The removal of electropositive element from a substance/ is called oxidation./
e � The loss of electrons by an element, compound or ion/ is called oxidation./
� Any element which increases in oxidation number/ is called oxidation./
(2) Reduction
O � The removal of oxygen from a substance/ is called reduction./
H � The addition of hydrogen to a substance/ is called reduction./
� The removal of electronegative element from a substance/ is called reduction./
� The addition of electropositive element to a substance/ is called reduction./
e � The gain of electrons by an element, compound or ion/ is called reduction./
� Any element which decreases in oxidation number/ is called reduction./
(3) Oxidizing agent
Oxidizing agent is an acceptor of electrons.
Eg. ( O2 , KMnO4 , K2Cr2O7 , HNO3 , H2SO4 (conc) , Cl2 , CuO)
(4) Reducing agent
Reducing agent is a donor of electrons.
Eg. ( H2 , C , CO , NH3 , H2S , SO2 , Na2SO3 )
(5) Redox reactions
Redox reaction/ is a reaction/ in which one reactant is oxidized while/ another is
reduced./
*********************************************************
* 1. The removal of an electro negative element from a substance is oxidation. (positive)

2. The oxidation is the addition of oxygen to a substance.
* 3. Oxidation is the gain of electrons from a substance. (loss)
* 4. Reduction is the loss of electron by a substance. (gain)
5. Reduction is the gain of electrons.
* 6. Reduction is the loss of electrons by an element compound or ion. (gain)
* 7. Reduction is the addition of electronegative element to a substance. (Oxidation)
8. An element which increases in oxidation number is said to be oxidized.
* 9. Any element which decreases in oxidation number is said to be oxidized. (reduced)
* 10. Any element which increases in oxidation number is said to be reduced. (oxidized)
* 11. An oxidizing agent is a donor of electrons. (acceptor)
12. A reducing agent is a donor of electrons.
13. An oxidizing agent is an acceptor of electrons.
14. Electrolytic process involves redox reaction.
15. In electrolytic process, reduction always occurs at cathode.
16. Anions are oxidized at the anode.
17. A cathode is a source of electrons.
* 18. A common laboratory reducing agent is concentrated sulphuric acid. (oxidizing)
19. Electropositive elements may be reducing agents.
* 20. Electrons are transferred from an oxidizing agent to a reducing agent.
21. Oxidation Reducing reactions involve the transfer of electron from the reducing agent
to the oxidizing agent.
* 22. The number of electrons donated by the reducing agent cannot be equal to the number
of electrons accepted by the oxidizing agent. (can be)
23. Every oxidation must be accompanied by a corresponding reduction.
24. Non-metallic elements tend to attract electrons.
* 25. Non-metallic elements tend to donate electrons. (attract)
26. In a simple ion the oxidation number is the same as the charge on the ion.
* 27. Oxidation number of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide is one. (-1)
* 28. The oxidation number of carbon in carbon dioxide is two. (+4)
* 29. The oxidation number of carbon in carbon dioxide is four. (+4)
* 30. The Group IA metals always exhibit an oxidation number of 1 in their compounds. (+1)
31. All elements in the free state have oxidation number of zero.
* 32. The oxidation number of oxygen in its compounds is taken to be 1. (-2)
* 33. Oxidation number of nitrogen in nitric acid HNO3 is three. (+5)
* 34. Oxidation number of oxygen in ozone (O3) is -2. (zero)
* 35. Oxidation number of element in pure form is one. (zero)
* 36. Oxidation number of S in SO3 is -6. (+6)
37. Oxidation number of hydrogen in hydrogen peroxide is -1.
38. Oxidation reaction takes place at the anode in an electrochemical reactions.
39. Oxidation number of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide is -1.
40. The oxidation number of P in P4O10 is +5.
41. The sum of the oxidation number in NaCl must be zero.
42. Oxidation number of oxygen in BaO2 is (-1).
43. The oxidation number of Al3+ is +3.
* 44. The oxidation number of oxygen in peroxides is -2. (-1)
* 45. The alkali metals always exhibit an oxidation number of zero in their compounds. (+1)
* 46. The oxidation number of iron in FeCl3 is 2. (+3)
47. FeCl2 has been oxidized to FeCl3.
* 48. Three methods have been developed for balancing redox equations. (Two)
49 The sum of the oxidation numbers in MgCl2 must be zero.
50. The sum of the oxidation number in MnO-4 must be -1.
* 51. The sum of the oxidation number in MnO-4 must be zero. (-1)
* 52. The sum of oxidation number of KNO3 must be -1. (zero)
*****************************************************************
1. Oxidation is the [grain; lose; acceptor] of electrons.

2. Oxidation is the removal of [hydrogen; oxygen; nitrogen] from a substance.
3. Oxidation is the addition of [an electropositive element; hydrogen; oxygen] to a substance.
4. Oxidation can also be defined as the addition of [an electronegative element;
electropositive element; hydrogen] to a substance.
5. [Oxygen; Electronegative element; Electropositive element] may be reducing agent.
6. Reduction can also be defined as the addition of [an electronegative element;
electropositive element; hydrogen] to a substance.
7. Oxidation is the addition of [oxygen; electronegative element; hydrogen] to a substance.
8. Reduction is the [gain; loss; donation] of electrons.
9. Reduction is the removal of [oxygen; hydrogen; nitrogen].
10. Oxidation brings about an [increases; decrease; constant] in oxidation number.
11. [Reduction; An oxidation; Neutralization] is the gain of electrons.
12. [Reduction; An oxidation; Neutralization] is the loss of electrons.
13. An oxidizing agent is a (an) [source of electron; electrons acceptor; electron donor].
14. An reducing agent is a (an) [source of electron; electrons acceptor; electron donor].
15. When the oxidation number of an element is [decreased; increased; uncharged] it is
reduced.
16. When the oxidation number of an element is [decreased; increased; uncharged] it is
oxidized.
17. Anion is oxidized at the [anode; cathode; electrode].
18. Electrolytic process involves [oxidation; reduction; redox reaction].
19. Cation is reduced at the [anode; cathode; electrode].
20. A cathode is a (an) [source of electron; electrons acceptor; electron donor].
21. A anode is a (an) [source of electron; electrons acceptor; electron donor].
22. A electrochemical reaction is a (an) [redox; catalytic; electron transferring] reaction.
23. Oxidation number of sodium in its compounds is [-1; 0; +1].
24. Oxidation number of ionic hydrides is taken to be [+1; 0; -1].
25. Oxidation number of oxygen in hydrogen peroxide taken to be [+1; 0; -1].
26. Oxidation number of sulphur n hydrogen sulphide is [+1; +2; -2].
27. Oxidation number of carbon in carbon dioxide is [0; +2; +4].
28. Oxidation number of sulphur in H2SO3 is [+6; +4; -2].
29. Oxidation number of potassium in compounds is always [+1; +2; +3].
30. Oxidation number of Mn in KMnO4 is [+4; +5; +7].
31. Oxidation number of Cr in Cr2O7 is [+3; +6; +12].
32. Oxidation number of metals in pure forms is [+1; 0; -1].
33. Oxidation number of nitrogen in ammonia is [+3; -3; +2].
34. Oxidation number of sulphur in S O2-4 is [+6; +4; -2].
35. The oxidation number of oxygen in O2 gas is taken to be [+2; -2; 0].
36. The oxidation number of oxygen in ozone gas is taken to be [+2; -2; 0].
37. The oxidation number of hydrogen in peroxide is [+1; -1; 1].
38. In the reaction H2S + Cl2 � 2HCl + S, H2S is [oxidized; reduced ; neither oxidized nor
reduced] to S.
39. In the reaction : 2H2S + SO2 � 2H2O + 3S, [2H2S; SO2; none] is oxided.
40. In the reaction, Fe(s) + Cl2(g) � FeCl2(s), Fe is a (an) [oxidizing; reducing; neither
oxidizing nor reducing] agent.
List A List B
1. (a) Electropositive element (iv) electron donor
(b) Electronegative element (iii) oxidizing agent
(c) SO3 (vi) oxidation number of sulphur is +6
(d) SO32– (i) oxidation number of sulphur is +4
(e) Element (vii) oxidation number of zero
(f) Oxidizing agent (v) an acceptor of electons
(g) oxidation (ii) causes the oxidation of other species
2. (a) Reducing agent (v) a donor of electrons

(b) Redox reaction (vii) oxidation-reduction reaction
(c) Reduction (vi) gain of electrons
(d) Oxidation (ii) loss of electrons
(e) An oxidizing agent (iv) H2SO4 (conc)
(f) Electronegative element (iii) oxidixzing agent
(g) Transfer of electron (i) reducing agent to oxidizing agent
3. (a) Reducing agent (iv) carbon

(b) KMnO4 (i) oxidizing agent
(c) H2S (vi) reducing agent
(d) Element in free state (iii) oxidation number of is zero
(e) Loss of electrons (ii) oxidation
(f) A half - reaction (v) Al Al3+ + 3 e
(g) Alkali metal (vii) oxidation number of + 1
*******************************************************
1. Addition of electronegative elements to a substance is called oxidation .

2. Oxidation is the loss of electrons by a substance.
3. Oxidation brings about a (an) increase in oxidation number.
4. Oxidation number of an element increases during a chemical reaction. The element is said
to be oxidized .
5. When the oxidation number of the element is decreased, it is said to be reduced .
6. Formation of anion from a neutral atom is a (an) reduction reaction.
7. An oxidizing agent is an electron acceptor .
8. An oxidizing agent causes the oxidation of another apices.
9. A reducign agent is a donor of electrons.
10. Electrons are trnasferred from a (an) reducing agent to a (an) oxidizing agent during a redox
reaction.
11. The total oxidation number of all elements in a compound is the net change on the group
of atom .
12. Oxidation number of element in pure form is zero .
13. Oxidation of P in P4 is zero .
14. Oxidation number of phosphorus in H2PO4– is + 5 .
15. The oxidation number fo phosphorus in PH3 and PCl3 are –3 and +3 respectively.
16. Oxidaton number of hydrogen in NaH(sodium hydride) is –1 .
17. Oxidation number of chlorine in ClO3– is +5 .
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CHAPTER (6)
RATES OF REACTIONS AND EQUILIBRIA
1. What will be effect of the following equilibrium.
3H2(g) + N2(g) 2NH3(g) + heat
(i) increasing temperature (ii) decreasing temperature
3SO2(g) + O2(g) + heat 2SO3(g)
(i) increasing temperature (ii) decreasing temperature
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) + heat
(i) increasing pressure (ii) decreasing pressure
2NH3(g) + heat 3H2(g) + N2(g)
N2(g) + 2O2(g) + heat 2NO2(g)
6. Hydrogen, iodine and hydrogen iodide exist in equilibrium at 4000o C .
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) + heat
(i) What will be effect of reducing pressure on this chemical equilibrium.
(ii) Increasing temperature.
7. Using Le-Chatelier's principle, predic the effect of
(i) decreasing the temperature (ii) decreasing the pressure
CaCO3(s) + heat CaO(s) + CO2(g)
8. What will be the effect of increasing the temperature and pressure on the equilibrium.
4NH3(g) + 5O2(g) 4NO2(g) + 6H2O(l) + heat
9. What will be effect of decreasing temperature and pressure on the following equilibrium.
2NOCl(g) 2NO(g) + Cl2(g), ΔH θ = +78 KJ
10. What will be effect of increasing pressure and temperature on the following equilibrium.
2H2O2(aq) 2H2O (l) + O2, ΔH θ = -92 KJ
11. There is an absorption of heat in the formation of methanol from H2 and CO.
CO(g) + 2H2(g) CH3OH(l)
What will be effect of increasing the temperature and decreasing the pressure .
12. (i) Predic the effect of increasing concentration of SCN- iron on the following equilibrium.
Fe3+ (aq) + SCN-(aq) Fe SCN2+(aq)
(ii) What is the effect of decreasing concentration of Fe3+ on the following equilibrium?
Fe3+ (aq) + SCN-(aq) Fe SCN2+(aq)
13. Sulphuric acid is manufactured by makin use of the equilibrium reaction..
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
Heat is given out in the formation of SO3 . State what effect there would be on the
equilibrium concentration of SO3 if
(i) the pressure were increased (ii) the temperature were raised.
14. How would you chagne the temperature and pressure on the following equilibrium so
that you could get the highest quantity of SO3 on the right hand side?
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) + heat
15. In the manufacture of sulphuric acid by the following exothermic reaction, the conditions
(i) and (ii) are necessary. Explain why each condition is necessary.
2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g)
(i) An excess of air (ii) At temperature of about 450 � C
exo
* (i) 2SO2(g) + O2(g) 2SO3(g) + heat
endo
– If limited amount of air (O2) is used, the equilibrium will shift from right to left.
To obtain more SO3 , excess of air must be used.
(ii) Forward reaction is exothermic reaction and reverse reaction is exothermic
reaction. If temperature is not maintained at about 450 � C , the eqilibrium will favour the
endothermic reaction(Reverse). To obtain more SO3,temperature is maintained at about
450 � C .
16. Explain why rise in temperature increases the rate of reaction.
* As the temperature is raised , the number of collosions energetic enough to
overcome the transition state increase and the reaction goes faster.
17. Summarize the effect of pressure on gaseous system.

* The pressure of a system is inversely proportional to its volume. Thus, high
pressures favour reactions which take place with decrease in volume and low pressures
favour reactions which take place with increase in volume.
18. Give reason for this statement “ Aluminium foil reacts moderately with sodium hydroxide
solution only when warmed, but aluminium powder reacts readily in the cold” .
* Aluminium foil reacts moderately with sodium hydroxide solution only when
warmeed, but aluminium powder reacts rapidly in the cold. This is because aluminium
powder has larger surface area than that of aluminium foil. For the same mass of
substance, the smaller particles have a larger total surface area than particles.
∴ The larger the surface area, the greater the contact between the reactants and
faster the reaction.
(1) Rate of reactions
Change in concentration of/ reactants or products/ divided by time unit/ is called the rate
of reactions./
(2) Catalyst
A catalyst is a substance/ which alters the rate of a chemical reaction,/ but remains
chemically unchanged/ at the end of the reaction./
(3) Inhibitor / negative catalyst
Inhibitor is a negative catalyst/ that decreases the rate of reaction./
(4) Positive catalyst
Positive catalyst is a catalyst/ that increases the rate of reaction./
(5) Activation energy
The minimum energy required/ to form the activated complex/ is called activation energy.
(6) Transition state (or) Intermediate State
The highly unstable/ intermediate complex species/ is called transition state (or)
intermediate state./
(7) Photochemical reaction
A photochemical reaction is a reaction/ which takes place/ only when the reactant
molecules/ absorb the light radiation (hv) when it is expressed./
(8) Reversible reaction
The reaction/ which can proceed/ in the forward as well as the reverse direction /
under the appropriate conditions/ is called reversible reaction./
(9) Le Chatelier’s Principle
When anyone of the factors affecting/ the equilibrium of a chemical system/ such as
temperature, pressure or concentration/ is changed,/ the system reacts/ in such a way /
as to nullify/ the effect of the change./
(10) Collision Theory
Chemical reactions/ depend upon collisions/ between the reacting particles/ (atoms,
molecules or ions) and/ this behavior/ is called collision theory./
(11) Enzymes / Biocatalyst
Enzymes are biological catalyst./ A very large number of catalyst,/ called enzymes,/
are found/ in living tissues./
(12) Factors Influencing the Rate of Reactions
(i) Effect of concentration of reactants (ii) Effect of pressure
(iii) Effect of temperature (iv) Effect of catalysts
(v) Effect of radiation (vi) Effect of surface area of reactants
(13) Factors Influencing the Chemical Equilibirium
(i) Effect of temperature (ii) Effect of pressure (iii) Effect of concentration
(14) Dynamic equilibrium
Dynamic equilibrium is a chemical equilibrium / in which both reactions/ are still
proceeding,/but / the two opposite reactions are proceeding/ at equal rate/ no net change/
is observed.
(15) Forward reaction
The reaction proceeding to the right / is called the forward reaction .
(15) Reverse reaction
The reaction proceeding to the left / is called the reverse reaction .
(16) Activated complex
A species of high energy formed/ in the intermediate state or transition state/ in a chemial
reacion/ is called the activated complex/ (OR)
Activated complex/ is highly energetic state and/ unstable intermediate .
(17) Reactants
The substances used in a chemical reaction/ are called reactants.
(18) products
A new substance or substance are formed/ in a chemical reaction/ are called products.
**************************************************************
1. The rate of reaction means the change in concentration of reactants or products per
unit time.
* 2. The maximum energy required to form activated complex is called activation energy.
(minimum)
3. An activated complex has the highest energy.
* 4. An activated complex is stable. (unstable)
5. Reactions can proceed at different rates.
* 6. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the time. (inversely)
7. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration of the reactants.
8. As the concentration of the reactants is increased, the reaction time drcreases.
9. As the concentration of reactants is increased the rate of reaction increases.
10. The rate of reaction becomes double when the temperature is increased by ten degree.
* 11. The larger the surface area, the rate of reaction is slower. (faster)
* 12. A larger particle has the larger surface area. (smaller)
13. Powdered aluminium reacts much more readily than aluminium foil.
14. For the same mass of substance, the smaller particles have a larger total surface area than
larger particles.
15. Chemical ractions depend upon collisions between the reacting particles.
16. Chemical reactions occur only when collisions involve more than a certain amount
of energy.
* 17. Every collision leads to the chemical reaction. (Enought)
18. Catalyst are widely used in the chemical industry and in chemical research.
19. A catalyst speeds up the forward reaction and slows down the reverse reaction.
* 20. The addition of catalyst changes the position of equilibrium. (reaction rate)
21. The composition of equilibrium mixture is not change by the catalyst.
* 22. A large quantity of catalyst is sufficient to catalyze the reaction of a large quantity
of reactants. (is not)
* 23. Catalysts are consumed by the chemical reactions. (are not)
* 24. The addition of catalyst changes the position of equilibrium. (does not effect)
* 25. More amount of product would be obtained by usng a proper catalyst. (would not be)
* 26. An inhibitor increases the rate of reaction. (decrease)
* 27. Enzyme is an inhibitor. (biocatalyst)
28. A negative catalyst in an inhibitor.
29. A catalyst that increases the rate of reaction is called a positive catalyst.
* 30. A positive catalyst decreases the rate of reactions. (negative)
31. A catalyst alters the rate of a reaction.
32. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as an inhibitor.
33. A very large number of catalyst called enzyme are found in living tissues.
34. Ptyain (in sailiva) is used as a catalyst to break down a large molecule of starch.
35. A chemical equilibrium is said to be a dynamic stare.
* 36. Reversible reactions can proceed in the forward direction only. (two direction)
37. At the equibrium the reactions are still proceeding with equal rates on both sides.
* 38. The reaction is completely stopped at the equilibrium. (is not)
* 39. At equilibrium, the forward and reverse reactions are stopped. (are not)
40. No net change in concentration of reactants and products is observed at equilibrium.
* 41. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the reverse reactions. (forward)
42. The reaction proceeding to the left is called the reverse reactions.
43. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the forward reactions.
* 44. The reaction proceeding to the left is calleda the forward reactions. (reverse)
* 45. An increase in temperature would favour exothermic reaction. (endothermic)
46. An iron reacts rapidly in air as it rusts.
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1. An activated complex is [stable; unstable; highly energetic] intermediate.

2. The [minimum; maximum; minimum or maximum] energy required to form the activated
complex is called activation energy.
3. Roughly, the rate of reaction becomes double when the temperature is raised by
[five; ten; twenty] degrees.
4. The unit used for the rate of reaction is [mol dm-3 sec-1; mol-1 dm3 sec-1; mol dm3 sec-1].
d [ A] d[A] A
5. The rate of decomposition of A is denoted by [ - ; ; ].
dt dt t
6. Light is a source of [force; pressure; energy].
7. The rate of reaction is [inversely proportional; directly proportional; equal] to the
concentration of the reactants.
8. The rate of reaction is [inversely proportional; directly proportional; equal] to the time
taken.
9. The large the surface area the [slower; faster; same] is the reaction.
10. Increase of [reactant particle size; reactant partial pressure; temperature] decreased the
rate of reaction.
11. Powdered lead reacts more [slowly; rapidly; moderately] than lead plate.
12. The particle size may influence the rate of reaction in the chemical reactions involving
[gas; liquid; solid].
13. [Every collision; Collision with enought energy; Collision with low energy] leads to the
chemical reaction.
14. Collision theory states that the more frequent the contact between reacting species the
[smaller; greater; same] can be the rate of reaction.
15. The rate of reaction depends on [catalyst; potential; electricity].
16. A catalyst changes [the rate of reaction; concentration of product; frequent of collisions].
17. A [positive catalyst; negative catalyst; neutral catalyst] or an inhibitor decreases the rate of
reaction.
18. A substance to slow down the rate of reaction is known as [biocatalyst; negative catalyst;
positive catalyst].
19. A negative catalyst is a substance which [stops; decreases; increases] the rate of reaction.
20. An inhibitor [decreases; increases; does not change] the rate of reaction.
21. A catalyst found in the living cell is known as [positive catalyst; negative catalyst;
enzymes].
22. Enzyme is a (an) [biocatalyst; inhibitor; intermediate].
23. A very large number of catalysts, called [enzymes; light radiation; free radicals] are found
in living tissues.
24. [Cu; MnO2; Fe] is used as a catalyst for production of oxygen.
25. A catalyst is a substance which [change; alters; does not change] the rate of a chemical
reaction.
26. The reaction proceeding to the right is called the [reverse; forward; backward] reaction.
27. The reaction proceeding to the left is called the [reverse; forward; backward] reaction.
28. Effect of pressure on [solids; liquids; gases] is negligible.
29. The effect of changing the pressure on reactions just involving liquids is [very large;
negligible; significant].
30. The temperature of surrounding [increases; decrease; remains uncharged] by the
endothermic reaction.
31. White phosphorus bursts into the flame when exposed to [air; water; carbondioxide].
***********************************************************
List A List B
1. (a) Intermediate state (iii) transition state
(b) Activation energy (iv) minimum energy for a chemical reaction
(c) Inhibitor (v) slow down the rate of reaction
(d) Photochemical reaction (ii) reaction by light
(e) Rate of reaction (vii) amount of product formed per unit time
(f) Catalyst (i) alters the rate of reaction
(g) Reversible reaction (vi) proceeds in the forward as well as reverse
2. (a) Activated complex (vii) high energy
(b) Reverse reaction (iv) opposite reaction
(c) Dynamic equilibrium (vi) chemical equilibrium
(d) Ptyalin (i) break down the starch
(e) Pepsin (iii) break down the protein
(f) Change in concentration per unit time (ii) rate of chemical reaction
(g) Catalyst (v) to establish the equilibrium more quickly
*******************************************************
1. The amount of products formed per unit time is called the rate of reaction .
2. The rate of reaction is inversely proportional to the time .
3. The rate of reaction is directly proportional to the concentration (or) mass of reactants .
4. This model of reaction rate behavior is called the collision theory .
5. The concentration of a gas mixture can be expressed by partial pressure
6. Change in volume of a gas is appreciable by a change of pressure.
7. Change in volume is negligible on solid , liquid by a change of pressure.
8. However, the volume of gases are greatly affected by pressure.
9. Reaction rate becomes double by every increase of 10 K .
10. The colliding particles with enough energy and proper orientation may form an activated
complex.
11. Food spoilage can be retarded in cold storage because the rate of change is slower at lower
temperature .
12. Of the many collisions which occur, only a fraction of collisons have energy greater than
the required activation energy .
13. A catalyst to slow down the rate of reaction is inhibitor .
14. A catalyst that increases the rate of reaction is positive catalyst .
15. The catalyst found in living tissuse is called enzyme .
16. Pepsin enzyme breaks down the protein molecules.
17. A catalyst changes the rate of reaction .
18. An enzyme is an organic catalyst that break down the starch or protein.
19. Photochemical reaction is initiated by light .
20. A reaction taken by the absorption of light wave is called photochemical reaction.
21. The larger surface area of the reactant the greater wil be the rate of reaction .
22. Many reactions are reversible .
23. Increasing temperature favours to the heat absorbing reaction.
24. Increasing pressure favours to the volume decreasing reaction.
25. A solid can sublime by decreasing pressure .
26. A vapour can condense by increasing pressure .
27. A high pressure favours to decrease the volume.
28. Removal of products shifts the equilibrium to the forward(right) .
CHAPTER (7)
1. Calculate the heat formation of C2H5OH(1) if its heat of combustion is –1388 kJmol–1 and the
heat of formation CO2(g) and H2O(1)are –493 kJmol–1 and –386 kJmol–1 respectively.
2. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanol,C2H5OH(1)if its heat of combustion is–1468kJmol–1

and the heats of formation of CO2(g) and H2O(1) are –493 kJmol–1 and –389 kJmol–1 respectively.
3. Calculate the heat of formation of methane, CH4(g); if its heat of combustion is –950 kJmol–1.
The heat of combustion of carbon and hydrogen are –390 kJmol–1 and –375 kJmol–1 respectively.
4. (i) Explain Hess’s Law of comstant heat summation.

(ii) Calculate the heat of combustion of methane if its heat of formation is –76 kJmol–1.
The heat of formation of CO2(g) and H2O(1) are –393 kJmol–1 and –286 kJmol–1 respectively.
5. Calculate the heat of formation of CH3COOH(1)

Give: ΔΗθ (combustion of carbon) = –393 kJmol–1
ΔΗθ (combustion of hydrogen) = –286 kJmol–1
–1
ΔΗθ (combustion of CH3COOH(1) = –872 kJmol
6. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanoic acid CH3COOH(1).

Give: ΔΗθ (combustion of carbon graphite) = –484kJmol–1
–1
ΔΗθ (combustion of hydroge fas ) = –372 kJmol
–1
ΔΗθ (combustion of CH3COOH(1)) = –554 kJmol
7. Calculate the heat of combustion of butane gas if its heat of formation is –287 kJmol–1. The heat of
formation of CO2(g) and H2O(1) are –398 kJmol–1 and –280 kJmol–1 respectively.
8. Calculate the heat of formation of oxalic acid;C2H2O4(s)if its heat of combustion is

–827 kJmol–1. The heat of combustion of carbon graphite and hydrogen gas are –396 kJmol–1 and
–286 kJmol–1 respectively.
9. Calculate the heat of combustion of benzene, C6H6(g) if its heats of formation is +82.9 kJmol–1and
the heats of combustion of carbon graphite and hydrogen gas are –393 kJmol–1 and –286 kJmol–1.
10. Calculate the heat of formation of sugar, C12H22O11(s) if its heat of combustion is
-5040 kJmol–1. The heat of formation of CO2(g) and H2O(1) are –393 kJmol–1 and –286 kJmol–1.
11. Calculate the heat of combustion of CS2(l) if its heat of formation of CS2(l)’ carbondioxide and
sulphurdioxide are + 121 kJmol–1, –364 kJmol–1 and –297 kJmol–1, respectively.
12. Calculate the hea of formation of gasoline, C8H18(l) if heat of combustion of gasoline,
carbon and hydrogen are –5434 kJmol–1, –393 kJmol–1 and –286 kJmol–1 respectively.
(1) Exothermic Reaction (ΔΗ θ = -)
An exothermic reaction is one/ which releases heat to the surroundings./
H2SO4(l) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq) + heat (ΔΗ θ = -) ve
(2) Endothermic Reaction (ΔΗ θ = )
An endothermic reaction is one/ which absorbs heat from the surroundings./
NH4Cl(s) + H2O(l) + heat NH4Cl (ΔΗ θ = ) ve
(3) The Enthalpy Change (ΔΗ)
The heat absorbed or released/ in a process occuring/ at constant pressure/ is called the
enthalpy change. /
The symbol of enthalpy chage is ΔΗ.
(4) Standard Enthalpy Change (ΔΗ θ )
The heat absorbed or released/ in a process occuring/ at standard conditions of tempera-
ture and pressure/ is called the standard enthalpy change/ and its symbols is ΔΗ θ . /
(5) Heat of combustion
Heat of combustion of a substance/ is defined as the heat change/ which takes place/
when one mole of the substance/ is completely burned in oxygen./
–1
E.g C(graphite) + O2(g) CO2(g) ΔΗ θ = –393 kJmol
Note : Heat of combustion is always exothermic.
(6) Heat of formation of a compound
The heat of formation/ is defined as the heat change/ when one mole of a compound/ is
formed from its elements/ in their standard states./
E.g H2(g) + O2(g) H2O(l) ΔΗ θf = –286 kJmol–1
Note : Heat of formation is exothermic or exdothermic.
(7) Heat of neutralization
Heat of neutralization/ is the heat change/ when one mole of hydrogen ions from an acid/
react with/ one mole of hydroxide ions from a base./
E.g H+(aq) + OH–(aq) H2O(l) ΔΗ θ = –57 kJmol
–1
Note; (1) When acids and bases react together in a neutralization reaction, to form
a salt and water, heat energy is always evolved.
acid + base salt + water (ΔΗ θ = -) ve
(2) All heats of neutralization are found to be exothermic.
E.g (1) HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l) ΔΗ θ = –57 kJmol–1
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) H2O(l) ΔΗ θIII = –57 kJmol
–1
1mol 1mol 1mol

E.g (2) H2SO4(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Na2SO4(aq) + H2O(l)
2H+(aq) + 2OH–(aq) 2H2O(l) ΔΗ θ = 2(–57) kJ
2mol 2mol 2mol
Note : Heat of neutralization is always exothermic .
(8) Hess’s Law of Constant Heat Summation
The net enthalpy change/ of a given chemical reaction/ remains the same,/ no matter by
what methods/ the change is carried out./
C (graphite) ΔΗ θI CO2(g)
ΔΗ θII ΔΗ θIII
CO(g)
ΔΗ θ
I
= ΔΗ θ
II
+ ΔΗ θ
III
(9) One calorie

The heat required/ to raise the temperature of/ 1 grams of water by 1o C. /
(10) Thermochemical equations
The chemical reaction inclusive of the heat changes/ taking place in the reactions/ are
called thermochemical equations./
(11) Kinetic energy
Energy due to the moving of the body/ is called kinetic energy./
(12) Potential energy
Energy due to the position of the body/ is called potential energy./
(13) Thermal energy
Energy due to the effect of temperature/ is called thermal energy./
(14) Chemical energy
Energy due to the structure of a substance/ is called chemical energy./
(15) Mechanical energy
Energy produced from a motor/ is called mechanical energy./
(16) Electrical energy
Energy produced from a generators/ is called electrical energy./
(17) Chemical energetics
The study of change chemical reactions/ is a subject in itself and/ is usually called
chemical energetics.
*********************************************************
1. For an exothermic reaction ΔH is always negative.

* 2. For an exothermic reaction ΔH is positive. (endothermic)
3. Combustion of fuel is exothermic.
* 4. Combustion of fuel is endothermic. (exothermic)
* 5. Dilution of sulphuric acid is an endothermic reaction. (exothermic)
6. An endothermic process may be used as a cooling system.
* 7. Endothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings. (absorbs)
* 8. The surrounding temperature is increased by the endothermic process. (exothermic)
* 9. The surrounding temperature is decreased by an exothermic process. (endothermic)
10. The surrounding temperature is increased by an exothermic reaction.
11. Melting of ice is a heat absorbing process.
12. Melting of ice is an endothermic process.
13. Heat is evolved when a substance is burned in oxygen.
14. Freezing of ice is an exothermic process.
* 15. Heat is absorbed when a substance is burned in oxygen. (released)
16. Dissolving ammonium chloride in water is an endothermic reaction.
17. When glucose is dissolved in water, the solution in cold to touch.
18. Dissolving of glucose in water is an endothermic reaction.
19. An exothermic process decreases the surrounding temperature.
20. An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from surrounding.
* 21. Exothermic reaction is heat absorbing process. (Endothermic)
22. Exothermic reactions release heat to the surroundings.
* 23. The heat of combustion of a substance is always positive. (negative)
24. The heat of combustion of a substance is always negative.
* 25. Standard enthalpy change is measured at -273K and 760mmHg. (298K)
* 26. Standard enthalpy change is measured at 298K and 750mmHg. (760mmHg)
* 27. The standard conditions for energy change are 0K and 1 atm. (298K)
* 28. The symbol of standard enthalpy change is ΔH . ( ΔHθ )
29. The symbol of standard enthalpy change is ΔHθ .
30. The symbol of enthalpy change is ΔH .
31. The change in enthalpy of a chemical reaction is represented by ΔH .
32. Heat changes result from different kinds of chemical reactions.
* 33. One calorie is equivalent to 4.8 joules. (4.18)
* 34. The relation between joule and calorie is 1J = 4.18 cal. (1 cal = 4.18 J)
35. Calorie is a common unit of heat change.
* 36. The unit used for the heat change is the Kelvin. (kJ)
37. The unit of heat change is the joule (J).
38. Heat change by the combustion of one mole of hydrogen is heat of formation of water.
* 39. All heats of neutralization are found to be endothermic. (exothermic)
40. All heats of neutralization are found to be exothermic.
* 41. Heat of neutralization is always denoted by a positive sign. (negative)
* 42. Neutralization is sometimes endothermic. (never)
43. A chemical reaction is always accompanied by heat changes.
* 44. Mention of phisical states of the substances is not essential in writing thermochemical
equations. (is)
45. Heat of formation of sulphur dioxide can also expressed as heat of combustion of
sulphur.
1. The study of energy change in chemical reactions is known as [chemical kinetics;

chemical energetics; chemical thermodynamics].
2. Chemical energy is concerned with [potential; mechanical; electrical] energy.
3. When the potential energy of the product is less than that of reactant, the reaction will be
[exothermic; endothermic; heat releasing] process.
4. Energy due to the structure of a substance is [kinetic; thermal; chemical] energy.
5. The temperature of surrounding[increases; decreases; remains unchanged] by the
exothermic process.
6. For an exothermic reaction where energy is released, ΔΗ is [positive; negative; zero].
7. The heat is [evolved; absorbed;; decreased] when a substance burned in oxygen.
8. Freezing of water is a (an) [exothermic; endothermic; heat absorbing] process.
9. Melting of ice is a (an) [exothermic; endothermic; heat absorbing] process.
10. An endothermic reaction is one which [evolved; releases; absorbs] heat from surrounding.
11. Unit of energy is [ J; cal; N].
12. The unit of enthalpy change is [ 298K; joule; kcal] .
13. The unit of heat change is [volt; coulomb; calorie] .
14. [ ΔΗθ; ΔΗ ; H ] is the symbol of standard enthalpy change.
15. Standard enthalpy change is measured at [ 0 � C ; 273K; 25 � C ] and 760 mmHg.
16. Heat change by the combustion of one mole of hydrogen is [ heat of formation hydrogen;
heat of formation of water; heat of combustion of hydeogen] .
17. Heat chagne is measured by the instrument[thermometer; calorimeter; heater] .
18. The heat of combustion is measured by using an equipment called a [bomb calorimeter;
calorimeter; barometer] .
19. Heat produced by the complete combustion of 1mole of a substance is the heat of
[combustion; neutralization; formation] of that substance.
20. One mole of carbon dioxide,CO2(g) from CO(g) and O2(g) is the [ heat of formation
of CO2(g); heato formation of CO(g); heat of combustion of CO(g)] .
21. Heat of [ formation; neutralization; combustion] of different substance can take positive
or negative value.
22. The heat change when one mole of the substance is formed from its elements in their
standard state is known as [heat of combustion; heat of formation; heat of neutralization].
23. One mole of [ mono; di; tri ] basic acid liberate more heat when it is neutralized.
24. All heat of neutralization are found to be [endothermic; exothermic; evolving of heat] .
25. The net heat change by a given chemical reaction is always [ the same; different values;
negative values ] .
4.Match each of the items given in List A with the appropriate items given in List B.
List A List B
1. (a) endothermic process (iv) heat absorbs
(b) heat of formation (vi) �H �f
(c) 1 cal (v) to increase 1 g of water by 1°C
(d) heat of neutralization (vii) H+ (aq) + OH-(aq) � H2O(1)
(e) chemical energy (i) depends upon structure
(f) exothermic process (ii) heat evolve
(g) heat of combustion (iii) one mole of substance is completely burned in O2
2. (a) potential energy (vii) energy due to the position of a body

(b) thermal energy (v) energy due to effect of temperature
(c) kinetic energy (i) energy due to the moving of a body
(d) An endothermic process (ii) used as a cooling system
(e) exothermic process (vi) evolution of heat
(f) Heat of formation (iii) �H �f
(g) 1 calorie (iv) 4.18 joules
3. (a) electrical energy (v) produced by a generator

(b) chemical energy (vii) depend upon structure
(c) �H
�
(i) symbol of standard enthalpy change
(d) heat change at constant (vi) enthalpy change pressure
(e) joule (iv) unit of heat change
(f) Mechanical energy (ii) produced by a motor
(g) Heat of neutralization (iii) �H � = -57 kJ
*******************************************************
1. Monoclinic sulphur and rhombic sulphur hvae different enthalpy contents.

2. Potential energy of H2O(l) is less than that of H2O(vapour).
3. An exothermic reaction releases heat to the surroundings.
4. Heat liberated by a chemical reaction is asigned by negative sign.
5. �H � is negative when heat si evolved by the system.
6. When sulphuric acid is gently added to a beaker of water, the heat is evolved to the surroundigs.
7. When an exothermic reaction is allowed to occur in air, the temperature of the surroundings
air increases .
8. When glucose is dissolved in water, the beaker containing the glucose solution become
quick is cold to touch. So the process is endothermic .
9. An endothermic reaction absorbs heat from the surroundings.
10. For an endothermic reaction,where energy is absorbed, ΔΗ θ is positive sign .
11. When ammonium chloride is dissolved in water, the heat id absorbed from the surroundings
by the reacting sygstem.
12. The kilocalorie (kcal) is used to represent 1000 calories .
13. Standard enthalpy change is denoted by the symbol ΔΗ θ and it is measured at 25 � C and
1 atm.
14. Heat change measured at a constant pressure s called enthalpy change and denoted by ΔΗ .
15. Heat change measured at standard condition is called standard enthalpy change .
16. Heat of formation of water is indentical to the heat of combustion of hydrogen.
17. When equal volumes of acid and base are mixed in a neutralization reactions salt and water
are usually formed.
18. Heat of neutralization is independent on nature of acids and base. Its value is always
–57 kJmol–1 .
******************************************************************
CHAPTER(13)
ACIDS , BASES AND THEIR NEUTRALIZATION
1. Calculate the pH of solution with [H+] is,

(a) 0.001M (b) 0.05M (c) 0.02M (d) 0.0003M (e) 0.025M
(f) 0.04M (g) 0.8M (h) 0.005M (i) 0.1M (j) 0.06 M
2. A solution has pH of 3. Find out,
(i) pOH (ii) [H+] (iii) Is it an acid (or) a base?
3. A solution has pOH of 10.Find out,
(i) pH (ii) [OH-] (iii) Is it an acid (or) a base?
4. (i) Define pH and pOH.
(ii) Calculate the pH of the solutuion with, (a) 0.001MHCl (b)0.01MKOH
5. (i) Prove that pH +pOH=14
(ii) Caluculate the pH of the solution with,
(a) 0.002 MNaOH (b) 0.06 MHNO3
6. Caluculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution having the pH value of 5.5 and
pOH value of 8.7.
7. Caluculate the hydrogen ion concentration of the solution having the pH value of 4.3 and
pOH value of 9.
8. Caluculate the pH and pOH of two aqueous solution containing 7.3g of HCI per dm3 and
4g of NaOH per dm3. (H=l, Cl= 35.5, Na=23, O=16)
9. Caluculate the pH and pOH of two aqueous solution containing 8.5g of HCI per dm3 and
5.2g of NaOH per dm3. (H=l, Cl= 35.5, Na=23, O=16)
10. (i) Define buffer solution.
(ii) Caluculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.1 mole of ethanoic acid
(Ka =1.8x 10-5) and 0.01 mole of sodium ethanoate per dm3.
11. Caluculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.01 mole of ethanoic acid
(Ka =1.5x 10-6) and 0.001 mole of sodium ethanoate per dm3.
12. Caluculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.1 mole of methanoic acid (pKa =5.8)
and 0.01 mole of sodium methanoate perdm3.
13. Caluculate the pH of a buffer solution containing 0.2 mole of methanoic acid (pKa =9.3)
and 0.02 mole of sodium methanoate perdm3.
14. Calculate the pH of a buffer solution containing a 0.002 mole of hydronge cyanide
( Ka = 1.5 x 10–8 ) and 0.004 moel of sodium cyanide per dm3 .
15. Arrange the following acid in order of increasing acid strength. Give reason for your
arrangement.
Acid pKa
HCN 9.3
C1-CH2COOH 2.9
CH3-COOH 4.9
HCOOH 3.8
Claculate the pKa of the following acids.
(A) Methanoic acid (Ka= 1.8 x 10-4)
(B) Ethanoic acid (Ka= 2.7 x 10-5)
(C) Hydrogen cyanide (Ka= 4.8 x 10-6)
15. Derive the expession for the calculation of pH for a buffer solution containing acetic acid
and sodium ethanoate.
16. Salt of strong acid and stong base
- Sodium chloride,NaCl salt is derived from stong acid,HCl and stong base,NaOH. It is
completely dissociated.
NaCl(aq) → Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq)
Equilibrium of H2O(l) is
H2O(l) H+ (aq) + OH–(aq)
- Aqueous solution of NaCl contains four ions, Na+ , Cl– , H+ and OH–.
- Na+ is such a weak acid that does not react appreciably with water.
- Cl– is such a weak base that does not react appreciably with water.
- Na+and Cl– ions from NaCl do not react to distrub the equilibrium of water.
- NaCl solution is neutral. pH of water does not change.
∴ pH of NaCl solution is 7.
{NaCl , KCl , NaNO3, KNO3 }

Same question
(1) The pH of a solution of sodium chloride would be eqaual to 7. Explain this result
clearly.
(2) Some sodium chloride was dissolved in water and the solution had a pH of 7. Explain
the result . (Kw = [ H+] [OH–] = 10–14)
17. Salt of strong acid and weak base
- Ammonium chloride, NH4Cl salt is obtained from strong acid, HCl and
weak base, NH4OH .
NH4Cl(aq) → N H 4 (aq)
+
+ Cl–(aq)
(from weak base) ( from strong acid)
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
- Cl cannot react with H in water.
– +
- N H +4 combine with OH– from water..

N H +4 (aq) + H2O(l) NH4OH(aq) + H+(aq)
- This disturbs the ionic equilibrium of water.
- More H+ ion is formed.The resulting soluton is acidic.
∴ pH of solution is less than 7.
∴ pH value of 5 is clearly..
{ NH4NO3, (NH4)2SO4 }
Same question
(1) Some ammonium chloride was dissolved in water and the solution had a pH of 5.
Explain this result clearly. (Kw = [ H+] [OH–] = 10–14)
(2) Some sodium chloride was dissolved in water and the solution that pH < 7.
Explain the result . (Kw = [ H+] [OH–] = 10–14)
(3) Would the pH of a solution of ammonium chloride be greater of less than 7 ?
Explain this result clearly.
18. Salt of weak acid and stong base

- Sodium ethanoate, CH3COONa is obtained from weak acid,CH3COOH and
strong base, NaOH.
CH3COONa(aq) → CH3COO (aq)
-
+ Na+ (aq)
(from weak acid) (from strong base)
H2O(l) H (aq) + OH (aq)
+ –
- Na+ cannot react with OH– in water.

- CH3COO– can react with H+ in water.
CH3COO–(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq) + OH–(aq)
- More OH– ion is produced. The resulting solution is alkaline.
∴ pH of solution is greater than 7.
{HCOONa , HCOOK }
Same question
(1) The pH of a solution of sodium ethanoate solution would be greater than 7.
Explain this result clearly.
19. Salt of weak acid and weak base
- Ammonium ethanoate, CH3COONH4 is obtained from weak acid,CH3COOH and
weak base, NH4OH.
CH3COONH4 (aq) → N H +4 (aq) + CH3COO–(aq)
(from weak base) (from weak acid)
H2O(l) H+(aq) + OH–(aq)
- N H +4 can react with OH- from water..
- CH3COO– can react with H+ from water.
N H +4 (aq) + H2O(l) NH4OH(aq) + H+(aq)
CH3COO–(aq) + H2O(l) CH3COOH(aq) + OH–(aq)
- In this particular case both acid and base are equally weak.So the H+ and OH–
concentrations are maintained at about equal concetrations is the solution in spite of
the hydrolysis.
- The solution remains almost neutral.
∴ pH of solution is 7.
{ HCOONH4 }
Same question
(1) Some ammonium ethanoate was dissolved in water and the solution had a pH of 7 (or)
greater (or) less than 7. Explain this result clearly.
20. A typical buffer solution for acidic condition { CH3COOH and CH3COONa }
Explain how a mixture of ethanoic acid and sodium ethanoic resists the cahnge of pH
on addition of a small amount of strong acid or base.
- The mixture of CH3COOH and CH3COONa is acidic buffer solution.

- CH3COONa provides large source of CH3COO– ions.
- CH3COOH provides potential source of H+ ions.
CH3COOH(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq)
CH3COONa(aq) CH3COO–(aq) + Na+(aq)
- If a small amount of strong acid is added, H+ ions react with CH3COO– ions to form
undissociated CH3COOH .
CH3COO–(aq) + H+(aq) CH3COOH(aq)
This prevents a change in pH fo the solution .
- If a small amount of strong base is added, OH– ions react with undissociated weak
acid to form CH3COO– and undissociated water.
CH3COOH(aq) + OH– (aq) CH3COO–(aq) + H2O(l)
This prevents a change in pH of the solution.
21. A typical buffer solution for alkaline condition { NH4Cl and NH4OH }
Explain how a mixture of ammonium hydroxide and ammonium chloride resists the
cahnge of pH in addition of a small amount of strong acid or base.
- NH4Cl provides a large source of NH+4 ion.

- NH4OH provides a potential source of OH– ion.
NH4Cl(aq) NH+4(aq) + Cl–(aq)
NH4OH(aq) NH+4(aq) + OH–(aq)
- If a small amount of strong base is added OH ions react with NH+4 ions to form
–
undissociated NH4OH .
NH+4(aq) + OH–(aq) NH4OH(aq)
- This prevents a change in pH of the solution.
- If a small amount of strong acid is added, H+ ions react with undissociated
base NH4OH to form NH+4 and water.
H+(aq) + NH4OH(aq) NH+4(aq) + H2O(l)
Therefore, change of pH is resisted.
*****************************************************
(1) Arrhenius’ acid (1887)

An acid is a compound/ which could produce/ H+ ions in water solution./
HCl(aq) H+(aq) + Cl-(aq)
(2) Arrhenius’ acid (1887)
A base is compound/ which could produce/ OH- ions in water solution./
NaOH(aq) Na+(aq) + OH-(aq)
(3) Bronsted acid (1922)
An acid is a proton donor.
e.g H3O+, H+, K+, ......
(4) Bronsted base (1922)
A base is a proton acceptor.
e.g OH-, Cl-, ......
(5) Lewis acid (1939)
An acid as species/ which can accept an electron pair./
e.g BF3, AlCl3, BCl3
(6) Lewis base (1939)
A base as species/ which can donate an electron pair./
e.g NH3, :PCl3
(7) Concentrated acid
A concentrated acid is one/ which contains the pure acid and/ a relatively large
proportion of the acid./
(8) Dilute acid
A dilute acid is one/ which contains/ a relatively small amount of acid./
(9) Strong acid
A strong acid is completely ionized/ in dilute aqueous solution and/ loses proton readily./
HCl (aq) H+ (aq) + Cl- (aq) (completely ionized)
(10) Weak acid
A weak acid is slightly ionized/ in dilute aqueous solution and/ loses proton difficulty.
CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) (partially ionized)
(11) Conjugate base
In the equilibrium,/ the original acid is related to the base/ in the reverse reaction/ is called
conjugate base./
CH3COOH (aq) H+ (aq) + CH3COO- (aq) (partially ionized)
(conjugate base)
(12) Conjugate acid
In the equilibrium,/ the original base is related to the acid/ in the reverse reaction/ is called
conjugate acid./
NH4OH (aq) NH +4 (aq) + OH- (aq) (partially ionized)
(conjugate acid)
(13) Neutral solution (or) Neutral aqueous solution
A neutral solution is one/ which is neither acid nor base./
(14) Amphiprotic molecule
A molecule/ that has both protophilic and protogenic properties/ is called an amphiprotic
molecule. e.g water (H2O)
(15) Basicity
Basicity of an acid/ may be defined/ as the number of H+ ions produced/ from one
molecule of that acid./
(16) Acidity
Acidity of a base/ may be defined/ as the number of OH- ions produced/ from one
molecule of that base./
(17) Protophilic properties
Proton-accepting/ is the protophilic properties./
(18) Protogenic properties
Proton-donating/ is the protogenic properties./
(19) Water neutrality
The term water neutrality/ refers to the situation in pure water/ at 298 K./
(20) pH of a solution (or) hydrogen ion expoenent
pH of a solution/ is the negative logarithm to base ten/ of molar concentration of H+ ions./
pH = - log [H+]
(21) pOH of an aqueous solution
pOH of a solution/ is the negative lagarithm to base ten/ of molar concentration of OH-
ions./
pOH = - log [OH-]
(1) pH less than 7 = acid (2) pH greater than 7 = base (or) alkali
(3) pH 7 = pure (or) neutral (4) Ph usual range = 0 to 7
(22) Buffer solution
A solution that resists changes in pH/ as a result of/ (1) dilution/ (2) small addition of
acids or bases/ is known as a buffer solution./
(23) Hydrolysis
Hydrolysis means cleavage by water aspect of acid-base equilibrium .
*********************************************************
* 1. Every acid contain oxygen.

* 2. Arrhenius acid-base theory perfect for all cases of acid-base reaction.
3. Strong conjugate base is hydrolysed appreciably to produce OH– ions.
4. HSO4– is still acidic.
* 5. Acid defined by Arrhenius is more common than that of Bronsted and Lowry.
6. An acid is a proton donor.
*7. Ammonia is Bronsted acid.
8. CH3COO– is conjugate base of CH3COOH acid.
9. Bronsted acid is meaningful if only a base is presented.
10 Bronsted theory does not consider acid and base separately.
11. An acid always associates with a base.
12. Water may behave as an acid in aqueous solution of ammonia.
13. The salt obtained by lewis acid and lewis base is a coordinate compound.
14. Electron deficient molecule may be lewis acid.
15. A strong acid produces large amount of H+ ions in water.
* 16. A weak acid is completely ionized in water.
* 17. A weak acid contains a large amount of water.
* 18. An acid with large proportion of water is a weak acid.
19. Organic acids are usually weak acids.
20. The concentrated acid is one which contanis a large amount of acid.
21. If [H+] > [OH–] , the solution is acidic.
* 22. pH > pOH , the solution becomes acid.
23. H+ concentration of an acid is greater than 10–7 M.
24. The pH scale for an acid solution is greater than 7.
25. pH of alkali solution is greater than 7.
26. The pH range of the solution contaning salt of strong acid and weak base lies 0 to 7.
27. pKw = 14 valids for every dilute solution.
28. If pH = pOH , the solution is neutral.
29. If water is pure, its pH = 7.
* 30. If pH = 7 , the water is pure.
31. Strenght of acid can be measured in term of pKa.
* 32. The larger pKa value means the stronger acid.
* 33. All salts are neutral.
34. The salt obtained from an acid and base corresponding to Ka > Kb is acidic.
35. pH of NaCl solution is 7.
* 36. CH3COONa salt solution is acidic.
1. An acid is a [proton acceptor; proton donor; electron donor].

2. An acid is a donor of [lone pair electrons; protons; H+ ions].
3. A base is a acceptor of [line pair of electrons; protons; H+ irons].
4. The presence of lone pair electorns is the characteristic of [an acid; a base; a salt].
5. The salt from lewis acid and base is [ionic; covalent; dative] compound.
6. The purity of water may be indicated by [conductivity; Ka; Kb].
7. Water is [protophilic; protogenic; amphiprotic].
8. Water solvent is [only protophilic; only protogenic; amphiprotic; both protphilic and
protogenic] property (ies).
9. A protogenic molecule is a (an) [acid; base; salt].
10. pKw value of an acid solution is [greater than; less than; equal to] 14.
11. A solutin having a pH of 4 [(i) is basic (ii) is acidic (iii) has a hydrogen ion concentration
of 104 mo dm-3].
12. The strength of acid is indicated by [Ka; pKa; pH] value.
13. [pKa; pKb; Kb] value is more likely to predict strength of acid.
14. An acid of pKa=4.5 is [stronger; weaker; more concentrated] than the one whose pKa=10.5.
15. Acids pKa
HSO4- 1.9
HCOOH 3.8
HCN 9.3
(HSO4 ; HCOOH: HCN) has the highest strength.
-
16. The salt corresponding to [ Ka = Kb ; Ka > Kb ; Ka < Kb ] is acidic when it is dissolved in

water .
17. KCl solution has a pH of [ greater than ; less than ; equal to ] 7 .
18. The pH of NH4Cl solution is [ greater than ; less than ; equal to ] 7 .
19. [NaCl ; NH4Cl ; CH3COONa ] salt solution is acidic.
20. [ Cl– ; H + ; CH3COO– ] is strongly hydrolyzed.
21. Hydrolysis of [ NaCl ; NH4Cl ; CH3COONH4 ] salt is more appreciable.
22. Dissociation of water may be depressed by dissolving [ HCOONH4 ; HCOONa ; NH4Cl]
in water.
23. An example of pH 4 to 7 buffer is [ NH4OH and NH4Cl; CH3COOH and CH3COONa ;
HCl and CH3COOH] .
4.Match each of the items given in List A with the appropriate items given in List B.
List A List B
1. (a) pH=7 (or) pOH=7 (v) a neutral solution
(b) Acid-base by Lewis (iii) transfer of lone pair electron
(c) pH < 7 (e.g., pH=5, pH=4, pH=2) (vi) acidic solution
(d) Alkaline solution (Basic solution) (ii) pH > 7
(e) Acid-base by Arrhenius theory (vii) H+ ion
(f) pH = pOH (i) 14
(g) A concentrated acid (iv) a pure acid
2. (a) A strong acid (vi) loses a proton easily

(completely ionized in water)
(b) H2O (iii) amphiprotic molecule
(molecule hving protophillic
and protogenic property)
(c) A concentrated acid (vi) a pure acid
(d) Proton acceptor (ii) a base(an acceptor of H+ ions)
(e) Ammonium chloride (iv) salt of strong acid and weak base
(f) Strength of an acid (i) Ka(pKa)
(g) Base by Lewis (v) electron pair donating
(donates electron pair)
3. (a) Base by Lewis (vii) A presence of lone pair of

electron (electron pair donating)
(donate electron pair)
(b) Ionic product of water (i) Kw
(c) Conductivity (vi) indicate the purity of water
(d) pH<7 (ii) An acid
(e) Lewis acid (iv) electron deficient species
(f) A weak base (v) NH4OH
(g) Hydrochloric acid (HCl) (iii) monobasic acid (weak conjugate base)
4. (a) Weak acid (v) which loses a proton with

difficulty (glacial acetic acid)
(b) NaCl (iii) salt of strong acid and strong base
(c) An acid (vi) a proton donor
(d) Ka (ii) dissociation constant of an acid
(e) A mixture of NH4OH and (vii) buffer solution
NH4Cl solution
(f) A strong base (iv) accepts proton easily
(g) Aciic solution (i) pOH=11
5. (a) Na2CO3 (v) acidity of two
(b) The presence of lone pair electrons (i) basic proerty
(c) sodium ethanoate (iv) salt of a weak acid and a strong base
(d) Ethanedioic acid (ii) weak organic acid
(e) Ionic product of water (iii) 1 x 10-14 mol2 dm-6
(f) Dilute acid (vii) small amount of acid in aqueous
(g) Lweis base (vi) ammonia
6. (a) CH3COOH (iii) a weak acid

(b) An amphiprotic molecule (iv) a molecule having both protophilic
and protogenic properties
(c) pH + pOH (i) 14
(d) sodium ethanoate (ii) salt of weak acid and srong
(e) Acid-base by Bronsted and lowry (vii) proton transfer
(f) concentrated acid (v) large amount of acid
(g) water (vi) pH=7
7. (a) pKa (v)

-log Ka
(b) -log[OH-] pOH(iv)
(c) A base by Bronste (vi)
acceptor of protons
(d) Acid solution (vii)
pH<7
(e) Acid-base of Arrhenius (ii)
defined by H+ or OH- ions
(f) pH + pOH pKw(i)
(g) Weak acid (iii)
produces very small amount of H+ ions
in water (partiallyionized)
**********************************************************
1. According to Arrhenius, an acid is a compound which produces hydrogen ions in water

solution.
2. According to Lewis, an acid is an acceptor of lone pair electrons.
3. Acid defined by Bronsted and Lowry is more common than that of Arrhenius.
4. An acid is a proton donor.
5. An base is a proton acceptor.
6. The presence of lone pair electrons is the characteristics of a base.
7. In the reaction with ammonia boron trifluoride behaves as an acid-base.
8. The hydrogen ion is extremely small consisting of a proton olny.
9. Organic acids are weak acid.
10. Strong bases are completely ionized in aqueous solution.
11. An acid which loses a proton with difficult is called a weak acid.
12. A weak acid is not formed by the addition of a large amount of water into a strong acid .
13. A dilute acid is one which contains a relatively small amount of acid.
14. Chloride ion is a weak conjugate base of hydrochloric acid.
15. Sulphuric acid has a basicity of two.
16. The most common strong acids are the three mineral acid.
17. Small Ka values indicate weak acid.
18. Small pKa values indicate strong acid.
19. Large pKa values indicate weak acid.
20. Strength of an acid may be indicated by the value of pKa.
21. Strength of acid can be measured in term of pKa.
22. Kw is called the ionic product of water.
23. In pure water at 298 k, the concentrations of H+ ions and OH- ions are equal, both being
1x10-7 mol dm-3.
24. Kwis always maintained unchanged in an aqueous solution at temperature 298 K.
25. At 298 K the value of Kw is maintained at 1x10-14.
26. The symbol for the ionic product of water is Kw.
27. A molecule theat has both protophilic, protogenic properties is called in anphiprotic molcule.
28. [H+] denotes the concentration of hydrogen ions in mol dm-3 unit.
29. For bases, pKb and Kb may be used to give an indication of their comparative strength.
30. An alkaline solution has pH greater than 7.
31. The pH of a basic solution is greater than 7.
32. The pH of a acidic solution is less than 7.
33. The pOH of pure water is 7.
34. A proper indicator indicates the end point of a titration system.
35. pOH of the 0.001 M NaOH solution is 3.
36. pH of the 0.001 M NaOH solution is 11.
37. pOH of the solution that has pH of 6 is 8.
38. POH of the 0.01M caustic soda solution is 2.
39. The pH of sodium ethanoate solution is greater than 7.
40. When NaCl is dissolved in water, the pH of the solution is 7.
41. pH of the 0.01 M HCl solution is 2.
42. Salts are strong electrolyte and can be completely dissociated in aqueous solution.
43. The symbol of hydroxonium ion is H3O+.
44. The most common strong acids are the three mineral acids.
45. In equilibrium, the original acid is related to the base in the reverse reaction called
conjugate base.
46. A buffer solution resists the change of pH.
47. The hydrogen sulphate ion is still acidic because it has a replaceable hydrogen.
48. The dihydrogen phosphate ion is still acidic because it has a replaceable hydrogen.
9. Water is purified by distilling (or) distillation it over and over again.
50. The purity of water may be indicated by conductivity.
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CHAPTER (1)

THE ELECTRONIC STRUCTURES OF ATOMS , PERIODIC TABLE AND

4. Some of these elements are listed below.

24. An atom is neutal . Explain why?

1. The atomic without neutron(s) [hydrogen; helium; caesium].

2. (a) Cation (v) positive charged ion

3. (a) Protons (vii) in the nucleus

4. (a) Group IIA elements (vi) alkaline earth metals

6. (a) Ionization energy (v) decrease down a group

2. Fill in the blanks with correct word or words of following statements.

1. All matter is made up of atoms .

(I) Boyle's Law

(iv) CO and N2. (C = 12, O = 16, N = 14)

1. The force acting on the unit area is the gas pressure.

* 42. 100oC is equivalent to -173K. (373K)

2. (a) Boyle’s law (v) PV = constant

3. (a) Gas pressure (iii) force per unit area

1. Kelvin temperature is equal to 0 � C or 273 K .

what will be the molarity of the final solution?

molarity of the final solution?

(i) Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid.

(i) Calculate the molar concentration of sulphuric acid.

1. Molarity means [mol dm-3; m mol dm-3; g dm-3].

2. (a) Acetic acid (vi) ethanoic acid

3. (a) Primary standard used (v) Na2CO3

1. (a) 96500C (ii) one faraday

2. (a) Electroplating (vi) electrical precipitation of one metal on another

3. (a) Electroplating (iii) metal deposition on a surface

4. (a) Conductor (vi) conduct electricity by moving electrons

(i) H 2SO3 + HNO3 H 2SO 4 + H 2O + NO

5. Balance the following equations.

6. Balance the following equations.

(i) Cr2O 72- + I- + H + Cr 3+ + I 2 + H 2O

7. Balance the following equations.

(i) Cr2 O 72- � I - � H � � Cr 3� � I 2 � H 2 O

(i) H 2S + Cl2 S + 2HCl.

* 1. The removal of an electro negative element from a substance is oxidation. (positive)

1. Oxidation is the [grain; lose; acceptor] of electrons.

2. (a) Reducing agent (v) a donor of electrons

3. (a) Reducing agent (iv) carbon

1. Addition of electronegative elements to a substance is called oxidation .

17. Summarize the effect of pressure on gaseous system.

1.Write TRUE or FALSE for the following statements.

1. An activated complex is [stable; unstable; highly energetic] intermediate.

2. Fill in the blanks with correct word or words of following statements.

2. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanol,C2H5OH(1)if its heat of combustion is–1468kJmol–1

4. (i) Explain Hess’s Law of comstant heat summation.

5. Calculate the heat of formation of CH3COOH(1)

6. Calculate the heat of formation of ethanoic acid CH3COOH(1).

8. Calculate the heat of formation of oxalic acid;C2H2O4(s)if its heat of combustion is

1mol 1mol 1mol

(9) One calorie

1.Write TRUE or FALSE for the following statements.

1. For an exothermic reaction ΔH is always negative.

1. The study of energy change in chemical reactions is known as [chemical kinetics;

2. (a) potential energy (vii) energy due to the position of a body

3. (a) electrical energy (v) produced by a generator

2. Fill in the blanks with correct word or words of following statements.

1. Monoclinic sulphur and rhombic sulphur hvae different enthalpy contents.

ACIDS , BASES AND THEIR NEUTRALIZATION

1. Calculate the pH of solution with [H+] is,

{NaCl , KCl , NaNO3, KNO3 }

- N H +4 combine with OH– from water..